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NVIDIA。.


Wikipedia card. .


Company LOGOnVIDIA (known as nVIDIA Corporation, NASDAQ: NVDA, the official Chinese name yingweida), was founded in January 1993, is a design display chip and motherboard chipset-based semiconductor company. NVIDIA kernel will design, such as the Xbox games and PlayStation 3. nVIDIA's most famous product line is designed for gaming GeForce graphics card series, designed for professional workstation Quadro graphics card series, and for computer motherboards nForce chipset series. nVIDIA is headquartered in Santa Clara, California. Is a fabless (Fabless) IC semiconductor design companies. Current president of the Jen-Hsun Huang. .


[Edit this] NVIDIA overview.


NV-founder: Jen-Hsun Huang NVIDIA Corporation (Nasdaq code: nvda) is the world leader in programmable graphics processor technologies. Focus on building to enhance the personal and professional computing platforms, man-machine interactive experience. Its graphics and communications processors have broad market, has been a wide variety of computing platforms, including personal digital media, PC, business PC, professional workstations, digital content creation systems, notebook PCs, military navigation systems and video game consoles and so on. NVIDIA employs more than 4,000 people worldwide.Many OEMs throughout the world, the video card manufacturer, system manufacturers, consumer electronics companies are NVIDIA processors as a their entertainment and business solution's core components. In the PC application domain (for example, manufacturing, research, e-commerce, entertainment and education, etc.), award-winning NVIDIA Corporation continually graphics processor delivers outstanding performance and fresh sharp Visual effects. The media and communications processor to perform a broadband connection and communication applications require very demanding multimedia processing tasks, and audio application capacity breakthrough. NVIDIA products and technologies based on NVIDIA ForceWare, which is a comprehensive software suite, to achieve industry-leading graphics, audio, video, communications, storage and security features. NVIDIA ForceWare can improve the use of NVIDIA GeForce GPUs and NVIDIA nForce platform solutions for various types of desktop and mobile PC's efficiency, stability and function. .


NVIDIA company dedicated to create object-oriented computer, consumer electronics and mobile terminals, can change the industry's innovative products. Specialized build object-oriented computing platform, consumer electronics and mobile devices boost the development of innovative products in the industry. These product families are changing the visual richness and calculation-intensive applications such as video games, film industry, broadcasting, industrial design, financial modeling, space exploration, and medical imaging.


In addition, NVIDIA is committed to leading the industry trend of development and provide advanced technologies, including NVIDIA SLI technology - the flexibility to significantly improve system performance of revolutionary technology, and NVIDIA PureVideo HD video technology. .


2701 San Tomas Expressway Santa Clara, CA 95050 408。.486。.2000 | www。.nvidia。.com 。.


[Edit this paragraph] NVIDIA brand NVIDIA TNT. .


Usher in the era of NVIDIA products.


NVIDIA acquisition of graphics chip maker 3dfx known before, NVIDIA royal road to lay their own brand, to the TNT2 era, 128-bit core, AGP4X, support 32M memory, these features are for the GeForce series laid the foundation for success. .


NVIDIA GeForce。.


Is designed for graphics and video GPU. .


Equipped with NVIDIA GeForce series GPU's desktops and notebooks bring users unparalleled performance, crisp photos, high-definition video playback, and hyper-real effect in the game. GeForce Series notebook GPU also includes advanced power management technology, this technology can not overly expensive battery under the premise of ensuring high performance.


NVIDIA GoForce. .


Designed for mobile phones designed for ultra low power handheld GPU.


True mobile digital television, game console like 3D, high-fidelity surround sound, DVD quality video playback smooth, and bright vivid photos. All of these have a longer battery life as a guarantee. .


NVIDIA Quadro。.


Complete professional solutions deliver breakthrough performance and quality. .


All leading professional graphics applications are identified. Professional display part of the King. NVIDIA Quadro Plex is the industry's first dedicated Visual Computing System (VCS).


NVIDIA nForce. .


The world's most advanced core logic solutions.


nForce media and communications processor (MCP) to bring high-bandwidth system performance, advanced networking, storage, and digital media connections. In desktop computers, notebook computers, workstations and servers. .


NVIDIA solutions applications are transforming many sectors and many organizations, such as the Massachusetts General Hospital, NASA, the u.s. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the company and the Royal Opera House in Sportvision.


[Edit this paragraph] NVIDIA products desktop product. .


NVIDIA is the world's first company to provide suitable for work and entertainment applications and also supports numerous operating systems portfolio theater-level rendering 3D graphics solution for the semiconductor company. Its GeForce series graphics chips (GPU) for entertainment and game applications to provide the most excellent three-dimensional and two-dimensional and HDTV performance and meet user demands for high speed performance, Visual effects, as well as fresh, sharp crystal clarity. GeForce has become the world's leading PC manufacturers and the video card manufacturer's preferred brand.


Platform. .


The digital media revolution has come. Today's users want to be able to handle, store and distribute large amounts of digital content of PC solutions. NVIDIA's nForce media and communications processor (MCP) can achieve unparalleled performance, high speed networking, to expand digital media connections and high-fidelity sound. Based on the NVIDIA nForce MCP motherboards and PC solution to meet your 32-bit and 64-bit computing environments for scalability, functionality, and performance needs, is a professional and home users as well as games enthusiast..


Workstation. .


NVIDIA Quadro ? company's product line for professional 3D and 2D graphics market. NVIDIA with leading technology is based on the Quadro Workstation solutions and NVIDIA unified driver architecture (UDA) and nViewTM software perfect for design, creativity and research professionals to provide a stable development and application environments. NVIDIA will also be series of mobile workstation graphics chip - NVIDIA Quadro Go into their workstation solutions to the mobile workstation to achieve a professional workstation-class features and performance for mobile professionals to bring tangible benefits. .


Mobile products.


NVIDIA provides a set of mobile solutions to meet a variety of end-user requirements, including the premise of maintaining the system performance to run engineering applications, multi-functional entertainment devices for the graphics processing power and so on. With the GeForce ? Go mobile graphics processor family (including the superior performance of GeForce FX Go series) the release, NVIDIA offers the industry's first market for mobile high-performance 3D graphics processor business.For engineers and animator, the world's first mobile workstation graphics Quadro lets them Go GL on a mobile platform for real-time interaction. Based on the success of the media and communications processing technology, NVIDIA nForce3 GO MCP integrates to expand capabilities and achieve the ultimate portable digital media PC experience hardware technology.


Handheld terminal. .


NVIDIA GoForce media processor product line enables OEM build handheld Terminal very attractive products. NVIDIA GoForce graphics chip is capable of saving in extremely low power consumption and efficiently handle graphics and video content for handheld Terminal Designer provides an exciting product, to enable them to prepare digital camera mobile phones and other handheld terminal development of high-resolution picture collection, video capture, video playback, games and MMS applications. NVIDIA's GoForce family of products can be compatible with the software company's early release MediaQ media processors, therefore, has a product design based on MediaQ OEM to quickly upgrade to support new applications. With hardware-based multimedia processing technology, NVIDIA GoForce to achieve industry-leading performance and stunning visual effects. .


Consumer electronics products.


Microsoft XboxTM with NVIDIA Xbox video game console graphics processor (XGPU) and the Xbox media and communications processor (MCPX) to achieve superior graphics and incredible audio effects, and the most dynamic gaming experience. In addition, NVIDIA's XGPU and MCPX can achieve extraordinary and refined three-dimensional graphics, DVD and high-definition television, three-dimensional environment, audio and broadband connectivity. .


[Edit this] NVIDIA development January, 1993.


NVIDIA from the Jen-Hsun Huang, Chris Malachowsky, and Curtis Priem three co-founders. .


April, 1994 。.


NVIDIA to make the three founders developed a revolutionary computer program. .


June, 1994 。.


NVIDIA and the world's leading semiconductor manufacturers SGS-Thompson to establish strategic partnerships. .


May, 1995 。.


NVIDIA Release NV1, the first mainstream multi-chip? Joystick, game port, sound, display, 2D, 3D. .


July, 1995 。.


NVIDIA partnership with SEGA. .


March, 1996 。.


NVIDIA and game developers to develop Union Direct 3D of primary rules. .


June, 1996 。.


NVIDIA focused their efforts on developing the leading dedicated desktop graphics chips. .


April, 1997 。.


NVIDIA released the first high-performance, 128-bit, Direct3D display chips: RIVA 128?. .


August, 1997 。.


NVIDIA's leading OEM manufacturers with global computer build cooperation, including: Dell, Gateway, Micron and others. .


November, 1997 。.


NVIDIA's RIVA 128 received Editor's Choice Award. .


December, 1997 。.


NVIDIA by FSA as the world's most respected private semiconductor company. .


January, 1998 。.


NVIDIA's RIVA 128 shipments to reach one million. .


February, 1998 。.


NVIDIA Release RIVA 128ZX?. .


March, 1998 。.


NVIDIA and TSMC (TSMC) to establish a strategic alliance partnerships. .


March, 1998 。.


NVIDIA released the industry's first multi-textured 3D graphics chips: RIVA TNT. .


May, 1998 。.


NVIDIA and Microsoft? Joint session in the computer game developers to promote their joint development of DirectX? 6. .0. .


September, 1998 。.


NVIDIA was named PC Magazine's most influential 3D graphics chip company. .


September, 1998 。.


NVIDIA OpenGL structure to be elected to the Audit Committee. .


November, 1998 。.


NVIDIA''s of RIVA TNT was editor of PC Magazine Choice Awards. .


December, 1998 。.


NVIDIA FSA again as the world's most respected private semiconductor company. .


February, 1999 。.


NVIDIA to win all the major computer OEM manufacturer Intel? Pentium? III spring orders. .


February, 1999 。.


NVIDIA access to computer game players who award the fifth annual Special Achievement Award. .


November, 1998 。.


NVIDIA Release NVIDIA Vanta? Display chip, to enter the commercial desktop PC market. .


May, 1999 。.


NVIDIA has released the industry's first 32-bit image structure: RIVA TNT2,. .


May, 1999 。.


NVIDIA's graphics chip shipments to reach 10 million. .


June, 1999 。.


NVIDIA''s CEO Jen-Hsun Huang has been named Ernst & Young accounting matters by the annual high-tech entrepreneurs. .


July, 1999 。.


NVIDIA and SGI to establish strategic alliances. .


August, 1999 。.


NVIDIA released GeForce 256?, This is the first trade show graphics processing unit (GPU). .


August, 1999 。.


NVIDIA and the introduction of integrated graphics chip ALI. .


November, 1999 。.


NVIDIA released the world's fastest workstation GPU: Quadro?. .


January, 2000 。.


NVIDIA access Microprocessor Report Analysts Choice Award: The best 3D accelerator. .


February, 2000 。.


NVIDIA and S3 signed an agreement to share a broad patent. .


March, 2000 。.


NVIDIA was named Microsoft X-Box game console graphics processing units specified. .


April, 2000 。.


NVIDIA released a world's first line of each color rendering of graphics processing units: GeForce2 GTS?. .


June, 2000 。.


NVIDIA released the mainstream graphics processing unit GeForce2 MX?. .


June, 2000 。.


NVIDIA access. .


<商业周刊>As the world's first semiconductor company.


July, 2000. .


NVIDIA released the world's fastest workstation graphics processing unit: Quadro2 Pro?.


July, 2000. .


NVIDIA releases high-end Professional workstation graphics processing unit: Quadro2 MXR?.


August, 2000. .


NVIDIA released the first billion-pixel graphics processing unit (GPU): GeForce2 Ultra.


August, 2000. .


NVIDIA releases Detonator 3, improved software structure.


September, 2000. .


NVIDIA is recognized as one of the fastest growing Silicon Valley technology companies.


September, 2000. .


NVIDIA to Microsoft's Xbox supply second main processor: media processor (MCP).


November, 2000. .


NVIDIA releases industry's first mobile graphics processing unit GeForce2 Go.


November, 2000. .


NVIDIA will breakthrough 3D technology licensed to Microsoft.


November, 2000. .


NVIDIA to Comdex "most popular product" award.


November, 2000. .


NVIDIA to CADENCE Magazine Editors Choice Award.


November, 2000. .


NVIDIA is PC Magazine recognized as the industry's technology leader.


November, 2000. .


NVIDIA's acquisition of 3dfx's core graphics assets.


January, 2001. .


NVIDIA and Apple Computers establish Alliance partnership.


January, 2001. .


NVIDIA release DirectX 8 technology, thus contributing to the Microsoft Xbox and PC.


February, 2001. .


NVIDIA releases industry's first programmable graphics processing unit (GPU): GeForce3.


Febraury, 2001. .


Supply for XBox NVIDIA graphics processing unit (GPU) MCP media processor.


February, 2001. .


NVIDIA GeForce3 is the world's leading computer and board the selection of OEM manufacturers.


March, 2001. .


The expansion of the NVIDIA GeForce2 MX family graphics processing unit, GeForce2 MX 200 publications and 400 GPUs.


April, 2001. .


NVIDIA GeForce2 Go use in Dell Inspiron 8000 models.


May, 2001. .


NVIDIA announced that it has become a global workstation graphics processing unit is the largest supplier.


May, 2001. .


NVIDIA launches Quadro DCC, which is the leading global provider of specialized graphics solutions, developed by game developers to develop new games required programme.


May, 2001. .


The NVIDIA Quadro2 EX is Intel and Compaq selection in professional high-end workstations.


May, 2001. .


NVIDIA WINS Nasdaq-100 index shares.


June, 2001. .


NVIDIA the first to launch the desktop real-time Dolby Digital decoder.


June, 2001. .


NVIDIA in Taiwan COMPUTEX trade show publish nForce? Platform, into the chipset market.


June, 2001. .


The nForce platform was NVIDIA''s Fujitsu-Siemens use.


June, 2001. .


NVIDIA is.


<时代周刊>Awarded first place in the global semiconductor industry. .


July, 2001 。.


NVIDIA's GeForce3? Was E3 Game Critics as the best computer hardware. .


August, 2001 。.


NVIDIA launched the world's first mobile workstation graphics processing unit: Quadro2 Go. .


August, 2001 。.


NVIDIA launch of Personal Cinema. .


August, 2001 。.


NVIDIA announced HP's professional workstation will use the Quadro2 Pro graphics program. .


August, 2001 。.


NVIDIA releases new prolong battery life of mobile technology PowerMizer?. .


September, 2001 。.


NVIDIA 3D graphics processing units released Detonator? XP unified software. .


September, 2001 。.


NVIDIA released GeForce Titanium series, once again expand the graphics processing unit leadership. .


October, 2001 。.


NVIDIA's Quadro2 Pro is IBM's workstation is designated as a fixed structure. .


October, 2001 。.


NVIDIA's Detonator XP is Windows XP certified. .


October, 2001 。.


NVIDIA graphics processors (GPU) in the top 10 list. .


November, 2001 。.


NVIDIA nForce platform was MicronPC use price structure. .


November, 2001 。.


NVIDIA's GeForce3 graphics processing unit (GPU) is. .


<电脑显示世界杂志>As in 2001, the most innovative products.


November, 2001. .


The NVIDIA Quadro2 Go was named the best hardware.


November, 2001. .


NVIDIA WINS S&P 500 index.


December, 2001. .


NVIDIA GeForce3? 3D graphics technology.


<游戏开发杂志>The most innovative award. .


December, 2001 。.


NVIDIA was named the most respected FSA and financial management best semiconductor company. .


December, 2001 。.


NVIDIA to become the fastest to reach one billion U.S. dollars worldwide sales of semiconductor companies. .


December, 2001 。.


NVIDIA's GeForce3? Received Editor's Choice Award. .


February, 2002 。.


NVIDIA introduced the industry's fastest, most powerful, the most abundant product line of graphics processing units (GPU): GeForce4. .


February, 2002 。.


NVIDIA graphics processing unit (GPU) shipments to reach 100 million. .


February, 2002 。.


NVIDIA's Quadro4 launch cover-bottom family of workstation products. .


February, 2002 。.


NVIDIA designed the game for the XBOX chip was named "the year 2001, the best game chips." .


February, 2002 。.


NVIDIA launch NVDVD player / decoder software. .


March, 2002 。.


Lenovo GeForce4 been adopted as "family Cyberport" product standard. .


March, 2002 。.


GeForce3 graphics processing unit (GPU) is. .


<电脑游戏杂志>Awarded the "2001 annual best hardware".


March, 2002. .


NVIDIA and Sony Online Entertainment companies work together to promote the online games market.


April, 2002. .


GeForce4 420 Go is Lenovo notebooks used as standard zhaoyang V80 configuration.


May 14, 2002,. .


NVIDIA GeForce4 series graphics processing unit (GPU) was chosen as the industry's best products.


June, 2002. .


Launch of NVIDIA Cg: C for Graphics.


July, 2002. .


NVIDIA releases digital media platform: nForce2.


September, 2002. .


NVIDIA releases industry's first GPU support: AGP8X specifications, NV28 NV18.


October, 2002. .


NVIDIA released the fastest, most powerful mobile graphics processing unit (GPU): GeForce 4 460 Go.


November, 2002. .


NVIDIA launches the industry's fastest, most powerful graphics processing unit (GPU) GeForce FX. At the same time, it has a number of industry firsts leading technologies, including: the first to use 0. .13 micron manufacturing process, with the speed DDRII memory 1GHz, perfect support Direct X9. And so on.


February, 2003. .


GeForce FX was awarded the 2002 best graphics processing unit.


March, 2003. .


NVIDIA to launch coverage of high school end support Direct X9 graphics processing unit: NV31 and NV34.


March, 2003. .


GeForce FX is the world's leading computer manufacturers and machine operators as 2002 the best hardware.


March, 2003. .


NVIDIA and IBM establish strategic alliance partnerships.


March, 2003. .


NVIDIA nForce2 chipset is the world's famous IT website was awarded the best tomshardware AMD platform chip.


April, 2003. .


NVIDIA and the famous game developer EA to establish a strategic alliance partnership.


In January 2004. .


NVIDIA was Fortune's "100 best companies to work for one.


In April 2004. .


NVIDIA unveils new mobile media processor ultra low power consumption.


In April 2004. .


NVIDIA releases GeForce 6 series products-the company's history, the most significant leap in performance.


In April 2004. .


NVIDIA released Gelato — the industry's first hardware-accelerated film renderer.


In May 2004. .


NVIDIA and leading notebook manufacturers combined publishing MXM.


June 2004. .


NVIDIA is "WIRED" and "Business 2. .0 magazine as America's fastest growing technology companies.


June 2004. .


NVIDIA SLI release — — based on the PCI Express bus technology, a revolutionary graphics processing solution.


July 2004. .


The NVIDIA GeForce 6800 Ultra and GeForce 6800 GT was hailed as a driver of the Doom 3 best chip.


In September 2004. .


NVIDIA releases world's first 3D wireless media processors — GoForce 3D 4500.


In November 2004. .


Fabless semiconductor Association (Fabless Semiconductor Association) 2004 annual grants to huangrenxun "Chang exemplary leadership award".


In November 2006. .


NVIDIA video card DX10 games published top-level 8800GTX.


In November 2007. .


NVIDIA released the most cost-effective 8800GT video card, with the introduction of new core G92. Its performance exceeded 8800GTS (G80 core Edition), less than 2% only backward 8800GTX's performance.


In December 2007. .


By business week rated the 2007 American high growth top 10 IT companies (article 6).


Sales growth: 30%. .


Annual profit growth: 84%.


Stock returns: 28. .4%. .


December 26, 2007.


The official opening of the Chinese name "British Hill & Knowlton." .


February 24, 2008.


NVIDIA 9 Series on 65-nanometer graphics in the future released. .


June 18, 2008.


NVIDIA's new generation of graphics cards using the GT200 GTX260/GTX280 release. .


2010 March 27.


NVIDIA next-generation graphics cards using the GF100 GTX480/GTX470 release. .


。.


Naming. .


NVIDIA video cards generations followed the descending naming rules.


Ultra> GTX> GTS> GT> GS. .


[Edit this] NVIDIA NVIDIA Outlook 2008 14 February release next-generation mid-range graphics card products, G94 core code D9P or GeForce 9600 series of graphics cards in place of the GeForce 8600 series. GeForce 9600 will be NVIDIA's first support 256Bit midrange graphics interface graphics products, projection performance than competitors Radeon HD 3850 20%-40%. 65-nanometer process used by the TSM contract, and the core structure is basically half the G92 has 64 Stream Processor, supports Pure Video Gen 2 image processing engine, but the memory interface will remain 256Bit, standard memory capacity of 512MB, which NVIDIA is the first midrange product support 256Bit interface, the first model for the GeForce 9600GT. .


NVIDIA launches GeForce 9600GT one selling point is to rescue the SLI technology needs too low, the SLI-enabled SLI chipset pin, GeForce 9600GT SLI technology is expected to be smaller than the existing GeForce 8800GTS 512, rather than on 30-40%.


"Fortune" highly profitable technology companies in 2008 list (NVIDIA in the 17th). .


Ranking the company Fortune 500 rankings 2007 net profit increase.


1 44 14.1 billion Microsoft's 12%. .


2 IBM 15 104 billion and 10%.


Cisco 71 3 31% 7.3 billion. .


4 HP 14 73 US $ 17 per cent.


Intel 60 5 38% 7 billion U.S. dollars. .


$ 137 6 Oracle 43 26%.


Google 150 7 37% 4.2 billion. .


8 Apple 103 billion 76%.


Qualcomm 297 9 34% of 3.3 billion U.S. dollars. .


$ 34 29 10 Dell 14%.


11 Texas Instruments 39% 185 2.7 billion U.S. dollars. .


12 Corning 417 billion 90%.


Applied Materials 270 13 13% 1.7 billion. .


14 billion EMC 201 36%.


Xerox 144 15 8% of 1.7 billion U.S. dollars. .


MEMC Electronic materials, 16 8 913. $ 124 per cent .26.


17 Nvidia 543 7. 78% .98 billion dollars. .


18 Adobe 7 651.43% .24 million.


19 Electronic Data Systems 1157. 52% .16 billion dollars. .


Lam Research 6 20 759. $ 104 per cent .86.


NVIDIA products in past 15 years. .


Starting from 1993 PC 3D graphics system.


● Review the massive changes in industry history. .


With the end of AMD's acquisition of ATI 06 case settled, computer graphics hardware as a result of the war has been clear: NVIDIA became the only stand-alone graphics hardware manufacturers to survivors, officially became emperor in this area, which is 14 years ago huangrenxun in the United States and Curtis Priem, Chris Malachowsky establishment of the company at the beginning of the development of objective — the world's most advanced graphics acceleration chips and achievements of a great technology company.


More than half a year before the event, so NVIDIA on ATI, Intel on AMD were both on the surface parallel to the competition against the state of simmering in their internal cross a sea change under the Strike: Intel face a more powerful pursuer, and NVIDIA seems to have lost the struggle of the object, the establishment of the three companies confront and balance between how the changes will happen, no doubt we are in one of the most concern. Six months later, NVIDIA still maintained their rapid growth, business is good, the absolute leader in market share, product technology and updating is also faster than the fastest competitor by half a beat。 The future is certainly the most useful IT industry perspective, but I wanted to do here is to recall the history, look back on these, NVIDIA graphics hardware change history, and this is almost a PC history of 3D entertainment technology, we use several representative model of video card to string up to 15 years.


To the whole world of NVIDIA. .


? Innovation in 1995 started NV1.


In 1993, NVIDIA was founded in the United States Santa Clara, the first 2 years after the product is launched to NV1 graphics chip as the core of multimedia solutions, This is so because the PCI bus, this card also features an integrated voice and even is the handle to connect game consoles. NVIDIA 3D graphics can be seen in the entertainment industry, from the beginning to show in the traditional style of the informal and very ambitious to become the overlord of all-round entertainment PC platform.Unfortunately NV1 programmes are not successful, the most naive approach is to abandon the independence standards of the industry's common 3 angular depicts 3D modeling and switch to the quadrilateral, and OpenGL and D3D are not compatible, even if we have a reputation in the Diamond has it produced was chosen Diamond Edge 3D series graphics card, but basically there is no industry in formation affect.


Diamond NV1. .


After the NV1 NVIDIA continues to try to develop a NV2 this 2D + 3D integrated PCI graphics chip, but because the funds and a number of other reasons, they are not in the face of the finished product on the market, perhaps in our present perspective, could not be launched successfully for many years the time products are a technology company, how to get accredited investors continue to burn money in r? but NVIDIA did it, there is no doubt at this stage of the NVIDIA very difficult, but in the end is quite over.


PC graphics hardware market during this period also belong to the Warring States period, in order to develop chip-based companies, including ATI, 3dfx, 3Dlabs, Rendition, S3, Cirrus Logic, Trident, etc., which the S3 peak and strength of other manufacturers are also not weak, but There has to seize the opportunity to become 3dfx upstart PC 3D entertainment new leader.In 1995, the 3dfx has released since the creation of the company's first product, Voodoo, and won wide, slightly earlier than the Rendition in 3dfx also released the V1000 chips, and has been used in several large video card manufacturers, sales last rival Voodoo, becoming the second popular products. All this for you is rather delicate NVIDIA, it needs to make a breakthrough new product.


Time to seize the opportunity Riva AGP system into the early Empire. .


● 1998 Riva128 prowess which spelled death.


97 years, AGP graphics interface, as the PC platform in the motherboard, it is designed to meet the increasing demand for high bandwidth, 3D accelerator card, the technology changes all the graphics hardware vendor is an opportunity and a challenge. NVIDIA finally found a rapid increase in opportunities, it launched the chips, code-named NV3 the AGP 3D accelerator card, the famous Riva128! . .


ASUS Riva128。.


Riva128 was the only market with a true 3D acceleration capabilities of the 2D +3 D AGP graphics card, as opposed to the application of mainstream games were pure 3D PCI Voodoo +2 D graphics acceleration combined mode, Riva128 simpler, cheaper, more scale Chemical production cost advantage.Although the 3dfx's Voodoo by virtue of the prevailing preconceived game manufacturers support and faster actual speed in the player more influential in the farm, but the emergence of Voodoo Riva128 to created a serious threat, and became the winner of the shipments, and STB Diamond, Hercules and the old video card, such as a strong production lots Riva128 graphics supply based OEM and retail markets, NVIDIA have accumulated their first pot of gold, stamina and more. The end of the winter of 1997, this improved version of the product Riva128ZX came, it boosts the local memory capacity, and supports AGP 2X. .


Riva128ZX relative Riva128 is particularly significant improvement, nVIDIA just tell you its capacity in six months for the replacement products. The new chip is still by Taiwan's TSMC to production. From that time onwards has NVIDIA TSMC is put in the first position of chip manufacturing partners.


● 1999 年 Riva TNT2 redouble our efforts. .


After Riva TNT in early publicity on foot, NVIDIA announced that it will be the end of the Voodoo 2 SLI, but the final result is only a little faster than the Voodoo Banshee, Voodoo 2 SLI become beyond a joke. Such consequences attributable to Riva TNT chip 0. .35 Micron process limit and the core frequency of 125 from the initial design to final cut 90MHz shipment.


DIAMOND Riva TNT2. .


In February 1999, nVIDIA has finally released the outside this period Riva TNT2 terminator, which is an improved version of the Riva TNT, you can work at higher frequencies while also supporting a number of new features: 32MB local memory and AGP 4X, etc. NVIDIA Voodoo 3 directly as a competitor. Riva TNT2 and the subsequent success of high-frequency each scored NVIDA release the first 3D performance crown, with its very sophisticated detonators are due to drivers, NVIDIA products from the beginning to focus on the OpenGL API support, which means that they were superior performance in Quake3 excellent series of games, players win a lot of support. .


Riva TNT2, another important significance is NVIDIA learned better planning product line covering more comprehensive market, 99 days in summer, more versions of the TNT2 graphics in marketing and sales, including a Riva TNT2 ULTRA, TNT2 M64 Standard Edition, TNT2 VANTA, TNT2, Voodoo3 and ATI Rage 128 series of already in all areas was completely overwhelmed.


Geforce GPU forward to reform the traditional graphics chip life. .


● Hardware transform and lighting! Geforce 256.


Riva TNT2 next generation NV10, in addition to its high speed characteristics of the high frequency with TNT2 addition, the introduction of a more revolutionary transformation and illumination geometry engine (T & L), which share the CPU calculation in 3D geometric computing tasks, so display pixel chip is not only filling machine and triangle generators, hardware T & L indirectly improve fluency in the game, and far ahead of other product design ideas over the same period.In August 1999, the NVIDIA Geforce 256, forsaken to help my lay of the land, the new Riva brand Geforce stressed power enabled and still in use and driving brand Forceware and nForce Chipset brands!.


Geforce 256 level and release the true warm front line, but it's core frequency is relatively low, only 120MHz, fill rate at the time stressed the programming environment of the game relatively high frequency version of Riva TNT2 sometimes leading distance is not great, But the hardware T & L technology is still shown its value, Geforce 256 frequency relative to its level is quite fast, especially the local DDR SDRAM memory configuration version. .


Creative Geforce 256 SDR 。.


Geforce 256 cards excellent performance, NVIDIA strong technical strength, fully released, this card is the overall leader in the real products, rather than 16bit color and 32bit color or rely solely on the regional advantages of a particular 3D API support, it is Geforce 256, also announced other companies only as a catch-up role, ATI is confused even launch Rage MAXX such short-lived two-chip monster. .


? Climbing the peak Geforce 2 GTS.


From today's point of view, to find 2000 S3, 3dfx two products is the last of a stroke, they are the S3 Savage 2000 and the Voodoo 5. Unfortunately, the rapid introduction of the NVIDIA NV15, which is Geforce2 GTS graphics card, complete suppression of all competitors (at the time in the slow development of ATI R200). .


Canopus Geforce 2 GTS。.


Geforce2 GTS graphics card, 3D performance is the Geforce 256 to 150% more than standard DDR SDRAM type of local memory to 32MB capacity as standard, its technical and Geforce 256 from the same vein, similar compared to the previous Riva TNT2 Riva TNT.Subsequent releases Geforce 2 Ultra is continuing to consolidate the NVIDIA in 3D acceleration on the status of the King, and later the Geforce 2 PRO this product is pushed into the mainstream, against late show Radeon LE.


Mid-2000, nVIDIA company also introduced a simplified version of the Geforce2 GTS Geforce2 MX series of graphics cards ranked as the bottom. .


? Geforce 3 Shader first experience.


Into the era of DirectX 8, Microsoft's D3D become the mainstream 3D gaming API, starting from this version, introduced the concept of shader (Shader), Geforce 3 is the first full feature support for DirectX 8, 3D accelerator card, NVIDIA now has completely defeated, and the acquisition of 3dfx, the emerging new competitors are old Canadian company ATI.ATI in the OEM market has a very rich experience and resources in retail-oriented product development also has strong strength, after several years, it has been trying to compete with NVIDIA and divided world, and in a short period of time to achieve this goal.


Hercules Geforce 3. .


The core code for NV20 Geforce 3 has new PixelShader VertexShader hardware logic, and truly support the programmable pixel and vertex, which is a hardware PC graphics technology T&L after another major leap, 3D entertainment visual experience is so close to the real big step forward, sparkling water is used to demonstrate in that period Shader capabilities of typical DEMO, compared to DirectX 7 draw water effect. NV20 also added a series of advanced technologies, such as the speed of light addressable memory interleaving controller (lightspeed crossbar memory controller), Z axis lossless compression (Z-compression) and Z-occlusion culling (Z-occlusion culling), are mainly used to improve memory bandwidth.Geforce 3 at approximately six months time, dominated the market until late in the half-generation ATI Radeon 8500, Geforce 3 Ti500 Radeon 8500 and still be able to draw. Geforce FX 4 faces and a generation of confused.


● sales king Geforce 4 MX440. .


Faced with the same level, support for DirectX 8 and PixelShader and also into the VertexShader features SMARTSHADER TRUFORM, HYPER-Z SMOOTHVISION II, and the new technologies of the Radeon 8500, lived in Sente's Geforce 3 cannot be formed oppress, Geforce 4 Ti took over from the former rapid emergence as the undisputed king of the DX8 graphics performance. But the Geforce 4 series is really the biggest sales of the core structure and the Geforce 2 similar, still in the era of DirectX 7 level Geforce 4 MX440 and later Geforce 4 MX4000. .


Gainward Geforce 4 MX440。.


Geforce 4 MX440 mature technology, products cheaper, ATI's Radeon 7500 series its no way, even long after the advent of DirectX 9 products market is still the highest selling products generational old Geforce 4 MX440, its success is evident.This product is technically method tries, success can be attributed to cost control, timing, and price card bit accurate, after all, DirectX 8 application, the software is still in the Shader programming of feel, DX7 level game continues to be the mainstream applications, but also on the horizon, DirectX9 Geforce 4 MX440 in entry-level system revealed high performance-cost ratio is still very apparent. In addition, this period is also a research and development in the NVIDIA drivers, is the most powerful stage.


● sales of the II has Geforce FX 5200. .


And the perfect combination of DirectX 9 and practical achievements of the hardware configuration of the ATI Radeon 9700 generation products stand at the end of 2002 the Radeon 9700 incontestable sat on the graphics performance of the King's throne, remodeling ATI and nVIDIA battle of faith, the NVIDIA Riva TNT2 suffered from successfully for the first time such a serious failure: the Geforce FX series core schema deviations from the application of the DirectX 9 direction, the Geforce FX 5800 self-admiration use 4 * pipeline 2 mode and 128bit GDDR2 local memory and Radeon 9700 standard 8 * 1 + 256bit DDR local memory, technology-leading image encountered serious . .


NVIDIA Geforce 5200。.


Although the Geforce FX 5800 (NV30) and FX5600 in the end is not successful, but for entry-level market Geforce FX 5200 called magic, it is simply Geforce 4 MX440 The engraved version, succeeded in occupying the original Geforce 4 MX440 market, and firmly occupy the lowest domestic standalone graphics card with regional, or even 5 years later, still in the market in large shipments. .


Geforce FX 5200 significantly streamlined to itself and the Geforce FX 5800, published at the time of 3D acceleration is extremely limited, 5 years later it is still active in the DIY market, this can only be attributed to the last position AGP products + solutions for ultra low price, after all, in the present standard, the Geforce FX 5200 has and a 2D graphics as well.


Fresh air through the PCI-E SLI regain the throne and rebirth. .


? Geforce 6800 Ultra return of the King.


After Radeon 9800 Geforce FX 5900 对 buffer, in April 2004, NVIDA NV40 rallying to bring the latest API DirectX 9. .0 C, and PCI Express bus immediate concern. 2004 is the PCI Express standard large spread of the year.I915P/i925X and nForce 4 series chipset PCI Express rapid popularization let have a broad market, the opportunities for the NVIDIA caught again, rely on the Geforce 6800 Ultra retaking 3D performance head country, ATI is emerging technology research and development to decline, Radeon X800 series did not support the latest API and does not have such similar to NVIDIA SLI dual card parallel acceleration.


NVIDIA NV40 Geforce 6800 Ultra is the flagship product line, with 0. .13 Micron manufacturing process, the core frequency of 400MHz and 350MHz. As a top graphics card, internal 16 pipelines, 256MB 256bit GDDR3, with local memory. This card full support Shader Model 3. .0's DirectX 9. .0 C, built-in CineFX 3. .0, 64-bit texture filtering and blending 32bit pixel rendering accuracy, with the second generation shadow rendering optimization technology UltraShadow also supports Color-compression (compression) and Z-compression (Z compression) compression technology. NVIDIA Geforce FX deeply learned too self, ambitious series of Geforce 6800 technical routes, the NV40 and Microsoft D3D specification standard consistent is extremely high, its excellent hardware architecture is ready.


Leadtek Geforce 6800 Ultra. .


Using the PCI Express bus architecture with NVIDIA SLI technology in Geforce 6800 Ultra, was first introduced, the number of GPU parallel technology can effectively lifting system with 3D acceleration, basic to realize a single video card 3D 175% of the speed, the Wal-Mart, Voodoo SLI early user acceptance is very high, even though the same approach was later ATI Crossfire technology, but still better than SLI, widely known high.


● dual track Geforce 6600. .


AGP and PCI Express interface of the two products are very popular, is the Geforce 6 mid-range Geforce 6 main market characteristics. Although early listing of flagship Geforce 6800 still uses the AGP interface, but the location is slightly lower, native PCI Express based bus chip Geforce 6600 then immediately appears in the retail market, making the PCI Express graphics leap of popularity. About 1 / 4 NV40 NV43 hardware scale of the core GeForce 6600 there are two specifications: Geforce 6600 GT and Geforce 6600 Standard Edition. One more performance GT version, the core frequency to 500MHz, with GDDR3 memory. The Geforce 6600 Standard Edition frequency of 300MHz, with GDDR2. .


Chaintech Geforce 6600 GT。.


Give up the NV3X generation midrange Geforce FX graphics, GeForce 6600 received unprecedented support, it is the NVIDIA product line, the frequency of limit of rare loose, relaxed memory products with downstream manufacturers of high activity, this policy almost reproduces Radeon 9550 the successful models, such thinking has proved very good indeed. Objectively, Geforce 6 series is really successful product, ATI's Radeon X700 not with anti-cross, NVIDIA. .


Even in the ATI Crossfire technology released Geforce 6600 after announced Standard Edition can support SLI technology driven, it is also possible for authorized VIA DualGFX SLI chipset support, support for Geforce 6600 is unprecedented.


● Core Series renamed Geforce 7800 GTX. .


DirectX 9 .0c on. supporting backward at the end of 2005, ATI will own all 3 products into ShaderModel. .0 era. But ahead of NVIDIA has been strong in the summer of 2005 and launched their own second generation DirectX 9. 0c product Geforce 7800 GTX, Geforce 6 times in the accumulation of the advantages of further expansion of this generation started, GPU core chip, code-named renamed Gxx, which corresponds to Geforce 7800 GTX is G70. .


Albatron Geforce 7800 GTX。.


From the perspective of product technology, Geforce 7 Geforce 6 more like an improved version of the ultimate, its hardware features almost no changes to enhance the transistor size and GPU computing power. G70 is still using a mature 110nm process, the NV40 based on the increased transparency antialiasing to many new technologies, powerful Geforce 7800GTX graphics performance occupied the king of half a year. .


Lead generation NVIDIA's progress and future tense.


● power duplex Geforce 7950 GX2. .


In March 2006, with the Geforce 7900/7600 Series video card, display all core G7X series for 90nm. The new manufacturing process enable Geforce 7900/7600 Series video card manufacturing costs and power consumption reduction, frequency and increase in performance. In addition, Geforce 7900/7600 provides DVI output of DualLink specifications, support for high-resolution displays, 2560x1600 PureVideo HD acceleration through the Forceware procedures are performance gains.


NVIDIA has also launched a top position in the Quad SLI technology, which coordinated the operation with four GPU up to achieve 32 times the anti-aliasing, providing more than two-GPU SLI performance of image quality and speed in order to meet future ultra-high-end load calculation basis. Corresponding to this technique,. .


NVIDIA5, publish the world's fastest single card Geforce 7950 GX2. Geforce 7950 GX2 graphics card includes two 7900 GTX GPU core frequency for each core 500MHz 512MB GDDR3 1. .2GHz local memory configuration. The card design is excellent, based on SLI technology, but can be normal in non-SLI motherboard to use, but also be able to use two Geforce 7950 GX2 SLI motherboard to support realization of Quad SLI, built far more than rival the Super 3D acceleration platform. .


NVIDIA Geforce 7950 GX2。.


NVIDIA Geforce 7950 GX2 is the most beautiful ever demonstration of technical ability, is more symbolic than practical significance. .


? Unified new era of Geforce 8800 rendering GTX.


November 2006 release, full support for DirectX 10, the total unified shader architecture style of the Geforce 8800 GTX is NVIDIA since the Geforce 256 attention has been the most revolutionary product, this product a leading 3D API standard 3 months, leading slower than their competitors listed six months, setting a NVIDIA flagship 3D graphics entertainment sales records. Through the Geforce 8800 GTX, NVIDIA has entered a nearly non-rival Empire, independent of the pinnacle of 3D graphics hardware industry。.


ASUS Geforce 8800 GTX. .


Geforce 8800 GTX GPU G80 is used, it provides 4 .0, ShaderModel. NVIDIA Quantum Effects physical processing support, NVIDIA Lumenex engine introduced in the 128-bit floating point achieved high dynamic range lighting, and 8 times the multiple sampling of anti-aliasing effects. G80 unprecedented design: Unified Shader Architecture (Unified Shader) brought a strong performance, full hardware support of the advanced features of DirectX10, with 128 general scalar shaders Geforce 8800 GTX has 1 trillion floating-point processing power (Teraflops of floating point), GigaThread logic to support thousands of threads run in parallel, the effective scheduling of all shader load balancing, maximum 3D calculation of DX9 and DX10-level 3D applications have become the perfect adaptation theory。 Geforce 8800 GTX also supports 384bit memory bandwidth, with nearly 2GHz frequency 768MB local memory, even in the 30-inch LCD games won't encounter the local memory capacity bottlenecks.


Geforce 8800 Ultra appears, Geforce 8800 Ultra is not the fastest 3D accelerator, but when he came the shock of the early days people still can not forget, Super previous generation flagship 100% acceleration, driving fast pace of the game, and even some occasions instead of general-purpose CPU's computing power, NVIDIA has been leading farther and farther down the road. .


● Civilians HD + Geforce 8600 GT DX10.


ATI, NVIDIA planes in hand in the trend continued in the seven years after the acquisition by AMD after the AMD-ATI revealed during the launch speed of decline, the opposite NVIDIA is a powerful innovation and vitality. Introduced in the first six months ahead of the competition's top DircectX 10 after Geforce 8800 3D Accelerator, NVIDIA again on April 17 Geforce 8 product line expansion complete, Geforce 8600 and Geforce 8500 series extends the two cards into the mainstream market. .


Geforce 8600 GT with flexible relaxed specifications configuration, reasonable price, balanced DX9/DX10 application acceleration and sharp high definition hardware decoding logic has become the mainstream of next-generation mid-range discrete graphics representative-type products, and competitors, the Radeon HD 2600 PRO/XT, Geforce 8600 GT in the same grade frequency setting under speed faster, more stable driving performance, the market was also more optional.


Geforce 8600 GT GPU used for the G84-300, by the power station base (TSMC) using 80nm process manufacturing, G80 revolutionary can be maintained up to 4096 threads GigaThread logical part is completely retained, and its interior does not have the G80 also incorporates The new version of Video Processor and H. .264 BSP engine, enhanced high-definition video decoding capabilities. Geforce G84-300 GPU is basically a target of 25% of the G80 hardware.It is a 32 common shader GPU, but actually it is 16SPs * 2 configuration. G84-32 universal scalar shader frequency and ROP standard frequency 675MHz run asynchronously in a ratio of roughly 2. .16: 1, it is only a memory controller 128bit bits wide, much smaller than the G80 384bit/320bit low.


NVIDIA Geforce 8600 GT. .


NVIDIA GPU on NV4x generation begins by introducing secondary HD decoding technology PureVideo HD and an increase in early 06 H .264 encoded video. decoding support. PureVideo HD has been effective in relieving pressure on the CPU, but the decoding process still needs the CPU is very high, not completely release the CPU load. The latest version of PureVideo HD is now in the NVIDIA G84 and G86 GPU been introduced, it's the biggest improvements are: 100% high-definition video decoding can be calculated by the GPU! CPU complete liberation. .


G7X GPU G80 and PureVideo HD features rely on internal VP (VideoProcessor), high definition video decoding, and Bitstream can be completed in addition to handling and operation other than InverseTransform, including CPU power requirements are not low De-Blocking operation. But H, 264 encoded video playback of high bit rate, even if the CPU is PureVideo HD liberated from the De-Blocking, Bitstream processing to the CPU is still pressure. .


G84 GPU in internal design greatly enhances video decoding logic, in addition to VP version update and enhance performance, count for H .264 decoding of BSP. (Bitstream Processor) engine, solve the original G80 GPU for G7X and PureVideo HD still requires CPU for Bitstream handling, completely took over the high-definition video decode all the work. To G84GPU core Geforce 8600 series graphics cards can now basically do not need CPU computing power to support, you can smooth playback of high bit rate H. H.264 compression format, high definition video, BSP support CABAC / CAVLC two ways of Bitstream, even if using a low speed CPU, CPU utilization can also be kept below 40%, system responsiveness and smoothness players can guarantee. .


It's the era of DirectX 10 performance prove everything.


● 8 to 9 lines in the Department of the extension. .


NVIDIA in the first generation DirectX 10 products on Geforce 8000 series victory, both from the low end or high end try with absolute market share. Since November 2007, AMD-ATI to first generation product loss position, going to the second generation DirectX 10 products — Radeon HD 3000 series counterattacks. However, with the first generation of NVIDIA DirectX 10 products to win the time, early in the week released Radeon HD 3000 series, but the NVIDIA Geforce 8000 series is not like giving up the marquee name, although the use of a newly designed G92 core, but its named Geforce 8800GT, it also indicates the emergence of a new round of struggle between the beginning of the GPU. .


We all know, the Geforce 8800GT with core G92-270, the core technical support can be seen as extending G8X, but in the core process and performance are relative G8X has made tremendous progress. First of all, the G92 core to a smaller area integration more features, it has used state-of-the-art 65nm manufacturing process and includes 7 million transistors, .54. and so far the G92 still maintained a solo transistors. Secondly, as a new generation of NVIDIA high-end products, for the first time joined the BSP and the VP2 engine technology, from NVIDIA in the high-end products to solve high-definition playback capabilities regret the poor. .


Geforce 8800GT。.


Geforce 8800GT uses G92-270 core has 112 stream processors and 16 raster processor, 3D performance is outstanding, particularly in the performance of DirectX 10 games impressed by many users. However, NVIDIA released a new generation of products is not the strongest design, because the G92 core hardware specifications for the full 128 stream processors and 16 raster processor.But the face of the subsequent publication of a weekly rival HD Radeon Radeon HD 3870 and 3850, Geforce 8800GT or demonstrated its strength.


● 8800 and then upgrade all specifications G92 attack. .


Geforce 8800GT G92 in successful after NVIDIA G92 core saw great potential and then launched the Geforce 8800GTS 512MB Edition. Although models and early adoption of G80 core Geforce 8800GTS 640MB/320MB duplicate names, but in the specifications, performance Geforce 8800GTS 512MB has made great strides, and realize upon publication is the strongest single card. It is worth mentioning that the relative generation of top class products for the Geforce 8800 Ultra, Geforce 8800GTS 512MB Geforce 8800 Ultra is only less than half performance was a tie in the various tests and even beyond. .


Geforce 8800GTS。.


Geforce 8800GTS 512MB in TSMC 65nm technology manufactured using G92-400 core, which has one of specification and design of the 128 stream processors and 16 raster processor. While the Geforce 8800GT with just under 16 stream processors, but because of Geforce 8800GTS 512MB default frequency, fundamental opened between performance and determine the high-end product image. .


Geforce 8800GTS 512MB and Geforce 8800GT have the same design, P393 editions differ mainly in the appearance of the radiator is upgraded to a dual-slot graphics card heat sink, high-efficiency power supply module into a 3 + 1-phase, these designs are designed to address such factors as the frequency of large power consumption and heat issues.


Epoch-making march 9 Series full DX10. .


● $ Heavily guarded the 9600GT in full.


If the Geforce 8800GTS 512MB and Geforce 8800GT is G9X earlier application, then February 21, 2008 debut of the Geforce 9600GT is the Geforce 9000 series really start. .


As already mentioned, the introduction of the core products of the G9X 2007 publication, such as using the new G92 core Geforce 8800 Series and G98 new Geforce 8400GS core, and core and named belonging G9X Geforce 9600GT is 9000 series, Geforce, paragraph 1. It is worth mentioning that the Geforce 9000 series NVIDIA new beginning in the past the usual order from high to low release different models 100 median "6" it is clear that NVIDIA's product positioning in the end. The end began with NVIDIA released from the main reason may have two, one is the formation of industry pressure on competitors to NVIDIA getting smaller and smaller, and the second is the NVIDIA on this Dan did a lack of flexibility in excessive supply operation . .


NVIDIA Geforce 9600GT has adopted a new design of the G94 core 65nm process, its native 64 stream processors and 16 grating processor. Although the specification and the number of shader, G94 core G92 core is like reducing 64 stream processors, but the core from the core area and number of transistors can prove the G94 core product for a new design, not defective G92. shielding specifications.


Geforce 9600GT. .


Since specifications, cost advantages, NVIDIA to its precise positioning in the low price of $ at the beginning of the listing, although prices but after 3 months, plus the production process and manufacturing cost of further optimization, many feigongban Geforce 9600GT prices have fallen below $ 900 mark, and a lot of emphasis on price/performance, in particular with regard to the user's preferred performance.


Have to say that the current Geforce 9600GT and Geforce 8800GT in performance and price, there are many overlapping parts, it is clear that NVIDIA and all graphics card manufacturers are out to promote the Geforce 9600GT, mainly because in the near future Geforce 8800GT will be restored Masachika for the Geforce 9800GT, with the Geforce 9600GT completely Scatter, and further improve the whole of Geforce 9000 series wiring. .


● The strongest single card duo's "heart".


NVIDIA Geforce 9000 series in the second shot is the flagship product - Geforce 9800GX2, this product release in March 18 after recapturing the Radeon HD 3870x2 just won the title of the most powerful single card.And on the top-level product AMD-ATI design, and are based on a single card dual-core design and the design and technical maturity on NVIDIA chips in the world, after all, on NVIDIA Geforce 7000 series era in designed Geforce 7950GX2 this dual core products.


Geforce 9800GX2. .


And Geforce 8800GT, 8800GTS, Geforce Geforce 9800GX2 also uses the G92 core, but numbered G92-450 chip. Geforce 9800GX2 uses a single card dual-core design, each core G92-450 has full specifications of 128 stream processors and 16 grating processors, and each core exclusive 512MB RAM. NVIDIA HD playback capabilities have been pushed to the 3D performance with the same primary position, and the careful user can notice the video signal output interface, the Geforce 9800GX2 HDMI standard native interfaces. .


Enable ensure that leading suspect GT200.


● has a G92 luxury 98GTX born. .


G92 powerful performance, classic design make it have the tenacity and plasticity, Geforce 8800GT is complete, the Geforce 8800GTS Geforce 9800GTX products formed and later, the Geforce 9000 series are the most intense solo product — Geforce 9800GTX.


But we can as a Geforce 8800GTS its upgraded version, because both use the same G92 core specification, for example, has 128 stream processors and 16 raster processor.But Geforce 9800GTX frequencies relative Geforce 8800GTS with greatly, so performance will be significantly improved, but it is worth mentioning that the Geforce 9800GTX PCB did a redesign, and Geforce 8800Ultra as a symbol of high-end, luxurious all-black PCB, and power supply modules with luxurious design with 4 + 2, which is far civil level solo video in the most luxurious materials.


Geforce 9800GTX. .


AMD-ATI and NVIDIA have seen the product in multicore performance advantage, have launched the CrossFire and SLI technology, this technology not only can you bring a stronger performance, but also as a platform provides more space for the upgrade, and then single card multi-core products are based on the number of cards multicore CrossFire and derived SLI technology.


Of particular concern is that in the era of DirectX 10 graphics card into the post, AMD-ATI and NVIDIA is launching a more mature collaborative model card (GPU number greater than 2), such as AMD-ATI's CrossFireX now supports up to 4 cards Internet There NVIDIA's 3-Way SLI and Quad SLI support 3-core and 4 respectively, the nuclear interconnect.Which Quad SLI is a single card dual core products of dual SIM card Geforce 9800GX2 Internet technology, and it can be achieved with conventional single-card Solo card SLI dual card set up just like a group you can SLI MIO; but the SLI 3-Way SLI requires more demanding MIO, you must use two sets of SLI MIO bridge, currently supports this technology products have only a Geforce 8800GTX, Geforce 8800Ultra and Geforce 9800GTX.


● Future Exploration into the third generation of NVIDIA DX10 era. .


NVIDIA pace never stopped, Geforce 9000 series is not yet at the conclusion of the layout-new generation DirectX 10 product and knew that it was mysterious GT200. Although NVIDIA Official on unpublished products continue to himself, but in the network the information highway in front of the very fragile. Some netizens through unofficial channels received a lot of information from the GT200 frequency to specifications and even product flow sheet.


According to current news online, using the core code for the GT200's products for the Geforce GTX 280, but this product according to the definition of future model NVIDIA D10U. This product is not just G9X core or a simple PCB, frequency of upgrades, but in the product specifications do a major update. Such as stream processors and raster processors jumped to 240 and 32, relative to the full specifications of the G92 core of almost 100% gain. .


Geforce GT200。.


Geforce GTX 280's PCB version number for the P651 long 10. .5 Inches, the same size with the Geforce 9800GTX. In the 3D performance and technology, Geforce GTX 280 to support DirectX 10, PhysX, CUDA, PureVideo HD, OpenGL 2. .1, SLI, PCI-Express 2. .0, Etc., may be that the current NVIDIA DirectX 10. .1 API is not yet mature, so in the third-generation DirectX 10 products that have not joined on DirectX 10. .1 support.


Another noted that, based on reduced version of product specifications GT200 GeForce GTX 260, GeForce GTX 280 is relatively reduced with 48 stream processors and the 32bit memory interface, that is 192 stream processors and 448bit memory interface, in other specifications and technical support for GeForce GTX 280 and the same. .


Geforce 9800GTX+。.


June 16, 2008 NVIDIA released the next-generation flagship product Geforce GTX280, attracting the industry's eye, but when we focus on the body when the Geforce GTX280, Geforce 9800GTX + quiet airborne arrival, NVIDIA Corporation in June, local time 19 posted on 55nm manufacturing process Geforce 9800GTX +. .


GeForce GTX280。.


GTX280 65nm process by TSMC, the core area of 576 mm2, while the same process for the 65nm G92 is 330 mm2, 90nm process G80 is 484 mm2. GTX280 positive eight GDDR3 memory, the back there are eight GDDR3 memory, 6pin +8 pin Power Supply, PCB length 10. .5 Inch (26. .67 Cm), dual-fan design. .


CUDA。.


With the development of graphics cards, GPU more powerful, and GPU is optimized to display images. In the calculation has gone beyond the common CPU. Such a powerful graphics chip, if only as far too wasted, so NVidia launched CUDA, so cards can be used for purposes other than the image calculation. Only G80 platform NVidia graphics card to use CUDA, a core set of tools is a C language compiler. G80 has a 128 in a separate ALU, so it is suitable for parallel computing, and numerical computation much faster than CPU. .


CUDA [1] [2] the SDK compiler and development platform support for Windows, Linux systems can be integrated with the Visual Studio2003. At present, this technology is in its infancy, and only supports 32-bit systems, the compiler does not support double data issues to be addressed at a later date. CUDA 2. .0 have solve the above problem. Starting from the GTX280 is a double-precision calculation support.


[Edit this paragraph] NviDIA card defect. .


G84M and G86M faulty laptop video card.


NVIDIA admitted that part of the G84M and G86M core notebook graphics / packaging material composition of the defects, if the core temperature rise and fall more frequently, it may lead to failure, has multiple images, random characters, vertical and horizontal lines, not one or more of video signals kind of phenomenon. Card type affected mainly G8400M G, G8400M GS, G8600M GS, G8600M GT, G8700M GT, Quadro NVS 135M. .


Solution.


Radical solution is to provide replacement service companies, using brush approach BIOS palliatives. .


[Edit this] CEO introduction huangrenxun huangrenxun (Jen-Hsun Huang, 1963 – February 17), United States | American, Chinese, Taiwanese, drawing the chip company founder of NVIDIA, as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the company.


Huang was born in Taipei, Taiwan, Thailand, in 1972 moved with his family, and was sent to Kentucky, a Christian school, moved to Oregon after the course, 15 years old to participate in the U.S. Table Tennis Open Doubles at the youth group won the third race. 1984 Oregon State University in electrical engineering degree, then a master's degree at Stanford University. Huang had AMD (1983 年 -1,985 years) and LSI Logic (1985 年 -1 993 years) of work, and in 1993 founded NVIDIA. .


In 2001 was below 40 years in the United States the richest people, ranking 12th.


References. .


1.


NVIDIA CUDA technology has brought about what to give? . .


http://technic。.xkq。.com/20090615/97166。.html。.


2. .


How to use NVIDIA physics acceleration.


http://technic. . Xkq. .com/20090615/97163. . Html. .


Extended reading:.


1. . British Hill & Knowlton (NVIDIA friction machine community): http://www. . Nvmod. . Com. .


2. Introduction: http://www .nvidia. .driverscenter. .org.


3. . Http://tech. .163. .com/digi/08/0521/09/4CF59SJP001618J7. . Html. .


4。.http://qzone。.qq。.com/blog/363073328-1220167327http: 。.


5. . / / Hi. . Baidu. .com/kiddvon/blog/item/ef822f1fc48d59c0a6866978. . Html. .


6. .NVIDIA company Chinese http://www. .nvidia. .cn/home page/. .html.


Open Category:. .


Company, nVIDIA, video card, chip, GPU.


[I have to complete] "NVIDIA" related entries:. .


More.


Intel's dual-graphics card Logitech VIA ViewSonic XFX SGI amd3dfx. .


Oracle。.


Wikipedia card. .


Oracle is the ruins (Yin Xu) unearthed in Oracle (oracle bone inscriptions) English translation of the first word in English is "the Oracle". Oracle is the world's leading information management software developers, because of its complex relational database product. Oracle database products to the Fortune list of top 1000 companies have adopted, many large websites also use Oracle system.


. .


[Edit this] database vendors Oracle company types listed on the stock market (NASDAQ: ORCL).


Slogan Oracle is the information company. .


Established in California (1977).


Headquartered in Redwood City Beach. .


Important figures · Lawrence Ellison Lawrence (Larry) J.. Ellison, CEO.


Industry database software. .


Employee number 35000 +.


Oracle's relational database is the world's first database to support SQL language. In 1977, Lawrence J. . Ellison led some colleagues set up the Oracle Corporation, the success of their counter those powerful relational database that argument can not be successfully commercialized. Now, Oracle's net worth has been value added by the original 2000 U.S. dollars to the current annual income of more than 9.7 billion U.S. dollars. .


Oracle's target high-end workstation and server small computer. Oracle's line, with the Sun Microsystems company similar to the concept of the network computer. Oracle touts itself as the world's first 100% for Internet-based software company, enterprise software.


Entire product line including: database, server, enterprise business applications and application development and decision support tools. From Oracle CEO Ellison's speech can be seen on the network computing confidence Oracle, he said: "Oracle's success or failure depends on whether the Internet can become the future mainstream formula, if the answer is 'Yes', Oracle will win" . .


Oracle Corporation is the world's largest information management software and services provider, was founded in 1977, is headquartered in California Redwood shore. 2000 (June 1999 to May 2000) 101 billion turnover, Oracle Corp., sales year 13 billion US dollars, earnings growth 61% to $ 21 billion. Oracle company's existing staff of more than thirty thousand, 145 countries worldwide. Oracle, the world's only fully integrated E-Business Suite Oracle Applications R11i, it can automate the process of business management in all aspects, are very popular to promote Oracle application software in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2000 sales of up to 4. .47 Million, and SAP's application software sales over the same period 3. .52 Billion dollars compared to nearly 100 million U.S. dollars more than the fact that, Oracle is already the world's largest application software provider.Oracle e-business suite covers the business management process, although it is on a different aspects in the face of the different competitors, and Oracle e-business solution's core strength lies in its integration and integrity, a user can gain from Oracle Corporation for any desired application functionality and, more importantly, they have a consistent application of Internet-based architecture, but if the user wants to obtain from other vendors Oracle e-business provides the full functionality, not only from many manufacturers buy different applications, respectively, and the need to consult with the company to these different applications together, you must ensure that they are able to work together . .


Advanced products and efficient business operation is the Oracle company profits continue to grow, a year ago, Oracle Corporation identified through the use of its own Internet e-commerce solutions, to achieve annual savings of $ 1 billion in cost of the day-to-day operation of the enterprise, the data corresponding to the profit margin will be our year increased by 10%.


Four years ago, a worldwide e-commerce still only in an embryonic state, Oracle Corporation would make a prospective database from the leading vendors to order Internet-based computing a complete e-commerce solutions provider transformation of Zhanluebushu.This forward-looking strategies for the Oracle had brought great benefits today, Oracle can lead the competitors include platform products, application products and perfect service, advanced and complete, integrated e-commerce solutions can be seamlessly integrated supply chain management (SCM), enterprise resource management (ERP), customer resource management (CRM) and enterprise business intelligence (BI) and e-commerce application IP (Internet Pocurement), Exchange, Portal-to-go etc. Oracle from the low-end to high-end program 100% of all Internet-based application architecture, are available through Web security, direct access, enabling enterprises to be completed through the Web, including quotes, orders, payment, execution, and service enterprises, including business process All links to help enterprises existing e-business content fast to quickly get high returns from e-commerce. .


Oracle application products include financial, supply chain, manufacturing, project management, human resources and sales and marketing, 150 more modules, won several awards in the world, has now been nearly 76 for many companies. Because e-commerce aspects of outstanding performance, Oracle Corporation in the United States Mongan Stanley company the latest authoritative global corporate 1000, from last year's article 122 became the No. 13, the world's second largest independent software company and the largest e-commerce solution provider. Currently, Amazon and Dell and other world's ten largest Internet e-commerce site, the world's ten largest B-to-B site in the nine, 93% of the market. . COM Company, 65 "Fortune Global 100" companies feel that people are using Oracle e-business solutions. .


[Edit this] About Oracle Corporation chronology in the 1970s, Ampex for software companies, just as the CIA a named Oracle database, Ellison is one of the programmers.


1977, Ellison and the female boss Robert Miner founded the "Software Development Lab" (Software Development Labs), IBM was issued a "relational database" in the paper, thereby creating new ones from the database Ellison, called Oracle. .


In 1978, the company moved to Silicon Valley, renamed as "relational software company" (RSI), two years later, a total of eight employees, annual revenue less than US $ 100 million. The first of the "database" is associated with the IBM database with RSI. In 1982, and then changed its name to Oracle (Oracle).


1984, three years, has to enter Canada, the Netherlands, Britain, Austria, Japan, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Australia, Finland, France, Hong Kong, Norway, Spain. Listed in 1986, the annual income soared 55 million U.S. dollars, the same year in March offering, raising 31.5 million U.S. dollars. .


1987 1billion 1. .31 billion, a year after Oracle to become the world's fourth-largest software company. Two years into Mexico, Pakistan, China, Cyprus, Malaysia and New Zealand. A year later, the income then doubled to us $ 2. .82.


Hui Jun 1990, Oracle two years into Chile, Greece, Korea, Portugal, soil, Venezuela, Taiwan, Belgium, Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica and the Philippines and other places, but the first recorded loss of Oracle, the market value plummeted 80% Allison, experienced management personnel in the first operation. .


In 1992, Oracle 7 flagship product, the company regaining, 1billion 11. .79 billion. Oracle has been regarded as the successor, but then out of Raymond Lane served as chief operating officer.


1995, Ellison announced the PC is dead, to all products to the Internet development, and the other group "Network Computer" (Network Computer), sales of "network computer" and eventually end up being eliminated. .


In 2000, the branch network was launched, the application Suite, preemption E-Business products market, and its business partners to constitute a serious conflict of interest. Over Microsoft and IBM data skills upgrading, the number of new orders since Oracle share over a period of two years by .6 percent, 6. downturns 10%.


2003 hostile takeover of PeopleSoft software company (Peoplesoft), the industry and stir. The two companies dispute news after another. The case of the same year the United States to stop Oracle acquired tribal justice. .


In 2008, Oracle Corporation (Oracle) announced the acquisition project portfolio, as well as management software vendor Primavera software companies. Primavera company is the world's largest independent cooperative project management and resources portfolio management solutions provider in the world, 85 countries 450,000 multi-user, and dozens of countries around the world with agents.


2009, Sun and Oracle on the 20th the two companies announced that they have reached an agreement to share by the Oracle 9. .5 U.S. dollars to buy shares of Sun common stock, all cash transaction will be completed. Click here to price, the total amount of Oracle's acquisition of 74 million, but excluding cash and debt Sun, excluding the net value of transactions was 56 million. .


2010 USA 17 March, in Oracle's acquisition of Sun Microsystems, James Gosling, the father of Java for the first time in public, and that Java in Oracle's in charge of ordering the reassuring. In Oracle, an attempt was made to the acquisition of Sun, IBM is regarded as the most suitable acquisition Sun, and this acquisition is quite controversial and unpredictable process. But the Sun was taken over by Oracle, Java or the IT industry both are very useful. .


[Edit this] Oracle market share in 2007, Oracle database market remains strong momentum in occupies .6 database fields 48.% market share. As the database software market leader, Oracle database since 2007 July introduced since version 11g throughout 2008, the biggest bright spot is in late September in San Francisco organized by Oracle Global Conference announced and cloud computing service providers expand more cooperation. At the same time in 2008, OOW (Oracle Open World) on the strong cooperation launched with HP HP Oracle Exadata Storage Server is also quite impressive, known as the "world's fastest database machine." .


[Edit this] Oracle China 1989 Oracle Corporation formally entered the Chinese market, became the first to enter the Chinese world software giant, has just taken off of China's national informatization has received a positive response to Oracle, Oracle's first relational database technology has begun to serve users in China. July 1991, after nearly two years of efforts to develop, in order to better with the rapid development of business establishment in Beijing, Oracle. Oracle today has more than 3,500 Chinese companies to employees, and 12 cities in the country set up a branch. .


In order to help Chinese users in a timely manner, make full use of the world's most advanced computer software technologies and products, Oracle product localization company in China to invest a lot of resources, at present, the majority of Oracle products are already complete in culture, the Chinese version of the product updates for rhythm and basic synchronization in the United States. 与此同时，Oracle在中国得到了数以百计的国内计算机企业的合作与支持，除了惠普、Sun、康柏、Cisco、Intel等Oracle全球联盟合作伙伴和普华永道咨询有限公司、安达信企业咨询有限公司、安盛咨询、德勤企业管理咨询公司、凯捷安永咨询(亚太)有限公司等Oracle全球系统集成商外，Oracle公司在中国还建立起完整的合作伙伴体系，6家增值经销商、72家独立软件开发商、3家应用软件合作伙伴、180家授权分销商和4家授权培训中心，他们共同构成了基于Oracle技术产品基础的全国性市场开拓、系统集成、增值开发与技术服务体系，为Oracle在中国的业务发展提供了强有力的支持。 The development of hundreds of Oracle-based platform of application software package, has been widely applied in national government departments, such as telecommunications, postal services, public security, finance, insurance, energy, electricity, transport, science and education, petrochemical, aerospace, aviation and other industries.


[Edit this paragraph] About Oracle Oracle products company's main products are now divided into two categories:. .


* Server (server) and tools (main competitors: IBM, Microsoft).


* Database server: the latest version of the 2007 11G. .


* Application servers: Oracle Application Server.


* Development Tools: Oracle JDeveloper, Oracle Designer, Oracle Developer, and so on. .


* Application software (main competitors: the German company SAP. ）。.


* Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software. More than 10 years old. In 2005, the acquisition of PeopleSoft software development enterprise software companies to enhance competitiveness in this area. .


* Customer relationship management (CRM) software. Since 1998, began to develop this software. In 2005, the development of customer relationship management software for the Greek Pak software company (Siebel).


* Human resources management software (HCM). Acquisition of PeopleSoft (PeopleSoft) software. .


1. Oracle e-business suite (Oracle E-Business Suite).


Oracle E-Business Suite is the industry's first integrated suite of Internet-based business applications, it will be front and back-office operations in the key business process automation. Oracle E-Business Suite covers the marketing, sales, service, contracts, order management, product design, procurement, supply chain, manufacturing, finance, project management, human resources and professional service automation, including firms in every area of business.In 2001, the global total of more than 1100 enterprise implementation of Oracle e-business suite, the current global has over 12000 users are benefiting from Oracle e-Business Suite brings unprecedented benefits.


Since the first launch since the Oracle E-Business Suite, Oracle has introduced six kinds of an enhanced version of E-Business Suite, to form a complete set of mature, full-featured suite of applications. Oracle E-Business Suite enables users to implement business applications have unprecedented choice and flexibility, its open architecture and single data model to enable users to deploy the application software suite has several options, either alone Use can also be composed of business flow, but also as a whole integrated package to deploy.Oracle e-business suite is available as CD ROM as the carrier in the form of traditional software, can also be used as a form of online services available to the user.


2. . Oracle10g - a new generation of e-commerce platform. .


Oracle10g is the industry's first complete, intelligent next-generation Internet infrastructure, Oracle10g e-commerce platform actually refers to the Oracle database, Oracle application server 10g 10g and Oracle Developer Suite 10 g full integration.


Oracle Database 10g is the first set with unlimited scalability and high availability, and can run in the cluster environment of the Internet database of commercial software, the leading database with more than 400 functions in clusters, high availability, business intelligence, security , system management, have achieved new breakthroughs. Oracle decade as a software technology R & D results, Real Application Clusters technology (Real Application Clusters) can provide virtually unlimited scalability and the overall usability for users with transparent, high-speed growth of the cluster function。.


Oracle Application Server 10g is a J2EE certified, lightest, fastest, most scalable application server, provides enterprise portal software, wireless support, high-speed cache, lightweight J2EE engine, business intelligence, rapid application development, application and business integration, Web services, application development and other functions, a complete e-commerce application development and deployment environment. Use the Oracle Application Server 10g users can upgrade by upgrading the software to replace hardware, much of the savings in the cost of infrastructure spending. .


Oracle Developer Suite 10g is a complete set of integrated development tools for rapid development using Java and XML language for Internet applications and Web services, and supports any language, any operating system, any development style, development life cycle at any stage as well as all the latest Internet standards.


Oracle 9i after the high hardware requirements, (Windows version) 9i proposal with 512M RAM, 10g proposal with 1G memory. .


3。.oracle11g。.


July 12, 2007, Oracle announced a database in New York, Oracle 11g, this is the latest version of Oracle Database. Oracle, said, Oracle 11g, 400 a number of functions, after 15 million hours of testing, development effort has reached 3. .6 Million / month. .


It is interesting to note that several under Oracle's previous releases, the release version of your experience with Oracle database frequency in about 3 years, and so on, Oracle 11g should end in 2007, published in July, I do not know whether and codenamed Katmai SQL Server 2008, which is currently still in the testing phase of a SQL Server 2008 will be released in February 2008, the industry with Oracle and SQL Server 2003 10g do comparison Oracle once offended.


Five Characteristics of Oracle 11g. .


With no compression format to store data, the new Oracle data compression technology to ensure that the cost savings of more than three times the storage space of the disk. This is more than just conserve disk space you want to have a greater advantage, because it enables enterprises to save more expenditure, so that you have more funds to consolidate their position.


Auto Diagnostic Knowledge Base (Automatic Diagnostic Repository, ADR) is a serious error-specific knowledge base. Basically, the knowledge base to automate some of the past need to be completed by the database administrator to manually operation. .


As part of the ADR, SQL Performance Analyzer (SQL Performance Analyzer, SPA) is one of the surprise one of features. SQL Performance Analyzer is an overall adjustment tool, administrators can use this tool on database definitions and repeated (replay) for a typical workload, an administrator can adjust the overall parameters of the database as soon as possible to achieve optimal performance — and this is also a lot of years completed manually by the database administrator.


Having obtained the optimal initial parameters, database administrators do not need to adjust the tens of thousands of SQL statements. Administrators need to do is given a typical load, according to historical records by the SPA to determine the final SQL settings without the administrator to detect which setting is the most reasonable SQL. .


Over the years, Oracle has been completed, another new feature is the "online update" (without down-update software). In fact, it is difficult from software engineering to design an upgrade automatically the next time you run the software. Due to the real application clusters (Real Application Clusters, RAC) features, Oracle Corporation once again on a different database vendor creates more pressure. In actual use, the database product users always want a continued high product availability, this does not mean just to meet before the next patch update 3 years is enough. .


Automatic memory management features can integration to Oracle 9i, Oracle Corporation introduces first automated tool for regulating the storage pool. AMM tools is actually a detection mechanism. In fact, there are many Oracle 11g random access storage pools, when storage management mode (Mode Access Management, AMM) detected a storage pool is full, it is the entire RAM (Random Access Memory, RAM) from one area to another relative fit.


XML was high. .


When XML, maybe none of database Manufacturers Association on this technology to adequate attention, however, has already begun on the XML data store. Until now, the Extensible Markup Language is a variety of data, in particular, the preferred format of the document, the international mainstream database vendors are naturally subject to market fluctuations, are all introduced compatibility with legacy relational data and XML data mixed application of next-generation database products.


XML data storage has a clear advantage, it is that you can write directly to the logical relationship among XML documents. A fashionable XML database which should provide functions? Be summed up in four basic functions: the use, storage, query and generate XML capabilities. .


In Oracle 10g, has been one of the most important of which is an increase in the XML schema (XML syntax) support, which allows users to convert existing data mapped to the new schema to XML schema conversion. Instead of having to put all of the XML data export again enter into other things will be done automatically by the database.


In Oracle 11g in, XML DB's performance has greatly improved access, XML DB is a component of Oracle database, customers can operate the machine and stored XML data. 11g adds support for binary XML data, customers can now choose their own specific application and performance requirements of XML storage options. .


Of course, not just Oracle optimistic about XML, Oracle, IBM DB2 9 play banner directly to XML XML as its new products in the biggest selling point for Microsoft and Sybase also claim that their products can also implement high-performance storage and query XML, so that existing applications better and XML coexist.


Grid computing a bit cold. .


New Oracle 11g still use g (Grid) as a suffix, to represent this includes grid technology based database. Oracle, Oracle 11g on low-cost servers and storage devices running on the grid. However, currently only supports the IBM DB2 database grid computing technology.


Grid computing multiple servers and storage as a large-scale coordinated use of computers, high-speed networks to enable them to share computer resources dynamically to meet changing computing needs. In short, be more servers and storage to use as a host coordination. Grid computing is widely regarded as the future method of calculation. .


Despite Microsoft's interest in grid computing is also very strong commitment to allow Windows to better adapt to high data for calculating the strength of the grid. But Microsoft in addition to internal research, seems to have been in a very quiet on this topic. For database, grid computing, Microsoft and Sybase applications that grid is technically also need to solve some problems (e.g. multiple node performance problems), grid technology to become the mainstream of business application, you also need several years in the application and further improve on the product.


Not optimistic that in the consulting firm released a survey conducted by Quocirca, the actual adoption rate of our grid is still low, the overall Grid Index of 15 countries surveyed ranked only 9, in the middle and lower reaches, Oracle said that the Chinese users The value of the grid could not really acceptable. Many Chinese companies have a wait and see attitude, there is a risk that application of the grid. .


11g safe?.


Insiders said, Oracle 10g can only be a transitional version. Since 2006, Next Generation Security Software for Microsoft SQL Server and NGSS Oracle database to do a vulnerability, results showed that Oracle's database products, there is more weakness. .


NGSS researchers that Oracle has 233 defects, and SQL Server only 59. These flaws in SQL 2000 and 2005 Server7,, Oracle8, 9, and was reported in version 10g and was fixed. ESG analysts also publishes investigation reports that security forces defeated Oracle, Microsoft seems to be the "perfect" Oracle database security myth has ceased to exist.


For those constantly on the Oracle security experts said the criticism, Oracle has finally started to fight back fiercely. The end of 2006, Oracle Global Technology Business Unit safety Eric Maurice, manager of the company's blog, said Oracle in the development and the technological level of home security industry-leading position. And compare the safety performance of Microsoft's database, but people with ulterior motives in the numbers game, Oracle will not allow external pressures to change its established security policy. .


Until now, at least you can see from the information on the Oracle security certification, the highest certification level of ISO 9000 certification, and SQL Server does not receive any security certification. This proves that the Oracle security should not be subject to such allegations.


From the launch of Oracle 11g you can see, in terms of security in addition to 10g of data that already exists outside the valve and encryption, 11g added four security features that secure backup, non-symmetric data retrieval authorization security, monitoring, management and alarm. .


Oracle database enhances Oracle 11g transparent data encryption function, this function extends to the volume-level encryption. 11g also added tablespaces encryption functionality that can be used to encrypt the entire table, index, and other data is stored. Stored in the database of large objects can also be encrypted.


Oracle 11g seems very focused on the safety performance of Flashback technology can remove the error trade transactions and any related transactions, parallel backup and restore functionality. In addition, a new consultant software - data recovery consultant, survey questions automatically, intelligently determining recovery plan and handling multiple failure situations. .


Oracle Oracle Data Guard 11g components can be used on a production database reporting, backup, testing, and "rolling upgrade". By placing the workload from the production system to standby systems, and formed a cost-effective disaster recovery solution.


Perhaps the increase in security, which makes the Oracle database server technologies Andy Mendelsohn, senior vice president, said confidently: "Oracle 11g really overcome challenges and achieve real innovation..


。.


ORACLE feature. .


* ORACLE7. Since the introduction of shared .X SQL and many clues server architecture. This reduces the resource consumption, ORACLE and ORACLE capacity in low end hardware and software platform using fewer resources can support more users, while in the high-end platform can support hundreds of users.


* Provides role-based (ROLE) division of labor security management. Management functions in the database, integrity checks, security, coherence has a good performance. .


* To support a large number of multimedia data, such as binary graphics, sound, animation, as well as multidimensional data structures, etc..


* Provided with the third generation of high-level language interface software PRO * series, in C, C + + and other embedded SQL statement in the main language and the process of (PL / SQL) statements, and manipulating data in the database. Plus it has many excellent development tool, such as POWER BUILD, SQL * FORMS, VISIA BASIC, etc., can produce rapid development of PC-based client platform application, and good portability. .


* Provides new capabilities for distributed databases. Network more easily read and write data in the remote database and the symmetric replication technology.


　　Oracle也许是最流行的服务器，占有最大的市场份额，它被广泛用于各个市场领域，满足一系列的存储需求，例如财务记录，人力资源及订单编制等，造成这种现象的原因之一在于Oracle较早的进入RDBMS(关系型数据库管理系统)领域，并且提供可运行于大多数操作系统上的数据库版本，虽然Orcle的首选操作系统似乎正由Solaris转为Linux，但是Oracle仍然在进行与其他操作系统的兼容工作，尽管Oracle经常在Unix或是Linux平台上运行，但是也有大量的Oracle在HP-UX和AIX上运行，随着几年前电子商务的激增，将会驱使Oracle成为WEB应用所需数据库的选择，这使数据库更容易受攻击者的控制。 In fact, once the background into the front end from Oracle, then people will be more concerned about the security aspects of it.


[Edit this section] Oracle acquisition SUN Under the agreement, Oracle will be 9 per share. .5 U.S. dollars to buy Sun, the total transaction value of about 74 million. The acquisition is completed in the summer of 2009, this news release beyond many people's surprise, including IBM, Microsoft, and other mega-companies. .


This Oracle Corporation's position on the database more secure, and most importantly now Java is Oracle.


Oracle will become the industry's only vendor to provide integrated system, system performance, reliability and security will increase, while prices will decline. Oracle access to Sun 2 software assets - Java and Solaris, customers will be long-term benefit. Oracle will ensure that the Java technology, innovation and investment, to benefit customers and the Java community; acquisition of Sun, Oracle can end Solaris some unique features to optimize its database software. .


oracle。.


KK: [. .


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DJ: [. .


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n. . [C]. .


1. 【 】 Oracle Office were.


2. . 【Number】 God, oracle. .


3. 【 】 Oracle applications.


4. . Saints; philosopher. .


5. Holy Word; words of wisdom.


【Abstract】 life, although this will happen "at a loss" phenomenon, but I hope we solve the lack of money to teach your way to financial issues will not allow you to worry, not to hesitate. In fact, you are not short of money, but your home equity does not flow up, now let the greatest impact on existing assets, liquidity it so you can enjoy the comfortable life. .


Home of real estate, cars, jewelry, antiques, paintings, these seemingly valuables, real property and personal property, need to be hospitalized at the family doctor, you will need to pay more than the cost of studying abroad, it looks like these valuable assets, but looked so helpless, and sometimes we just need cash! hasn't expired deposits, just bought bonds, we now run short of money, to pay maintenance fees, tuition, would also like to buy a car, do we have to be in due time to be able to check out these time deposits and bonds, they do not lose our receipts? but we pay for our consumer is delayed. But we have to how to let mobile home up these assets, a better solution to our life? . .


Let's take a look at Mr. Wang, he seems to have very strong asset, but he really does his lack of money?, 30 years old this year, the Manager of a company, when purchasing property there are 35 million, 20 million be paid in full; a year ago bought a modern car, now also yilante value of 10 million, and a month before they expire 10 million three-year bonds usually like to do some painting and antique collectors have value; there are tens of thousands bought last year have even 10 million, now has the basic double, with 20 million. Now in addition to the monthly cost of $ 5 savings, all current savings will have 1 million pieces. Over to next year and his parents lived, he would like to buy a bigger house sets, but also the decoration, but at present these seem not enough ready cash. .


1. can be moving house –--second credit mortgage loan.


Mr. Wang was introduced to by friends, to a bank of "secondary real estate loans," according to the current property valuation of 40 million, receive 80% of the value of the home line of credit, or 32 million, in addition there are 200 000 not repayment, the actual Mr. Wang could receive 120,000 yuan in loans. If Mr. Wang that "with the use as also" application, while another has a 30 000, it can also obtain 15 million line of credit, with the reduction in the amount of the original housing loan repayment, can credit the amount to the higher, This is equivalent to the existing real estate into real estate, home financing to maintain liquidity.Mr. Wang, you can use these loans to buy more and live with my parents, in addition to the first annual instalment payments, must also be able to enjoy preferential loans, this can save a lot of money! Wang also understands that these loans can be used to decorate, or future payment for the child for a greater amount of tuition, suddenly feel that life is not very difficult, and feel very rich.


Individual housing loans second mortgages, the bank has obtained bank for the mortgage borrowers to provide the additional mortgage loans. After repayment of principal and interest in certain loans, such as the temporary need for funds for personal consumption or business, can the value of the mortgage balance after subtracting the difference between the original loan as collateral for loans to banks again. .


Link:.


Line of credit formula:. .


Credit = housing value × mortgage rate-the original principal balance of the loan.


Among them, the value of a house to house twice the original purchase price and the mortgage of the assessment of price comparison, whichever is lower. To the secondary mortgage loan mortgage rate no more than 70%; to commercial buildings of secondary mortgage loan mortgage rate no more than 50%. .


Different banks on its name, such as the Bank called "personal housing mortgage loans" for the second time, Minsheng Bank called "second mortgage credit" Bank called "personal housing and mortgage loans," the China Merchants Bank called "personal housing cycle credit", etc. Most major banks to Transact the business of real estate also has certain conditions: for second mortgage loan housing should be for commercial housing; must also be xianfang. In the course of the loan, the banks Fang Ling, loan term, loan percentage, the maximum credit limit, etc. There are specific provisions, such as the relevant provisions of the Bank of China, second mortgage loans extended under the loan to determine the specific uses, Personal consumer loans for a maximum of 5 years, loans for personal business class a maximum of 3 years and the maturity date of not more than the first mortgage loan due date. .


2. let the car there is a temporary home.


Mr. Wang worked for many years and finally built up three weeks of annual leave, want to travel, to visit the mountains Silk. However, the thought will have to spend a lot of money, or a bit distressed. If the current savings are taken out, not enough travel expenses! If the 3-year bond taken out, 100,003-year interest rate is 2. .52%, And if taken out a month in advance, it can only be in accordance with the current interest rate 0. .72%, The less it will be a lot of money. Left with no alternative, passed pawn, Mr. Wang to ask whether it can be car pawn.Surprise to get a good result, Mr. Wang has a maximum loan-to-6 million, but at the same time, Mr. Wang has a monthly payment to 4 .2% integrated in.. Mr. Wang immediately decided to loan 1. .5 million, so as long as it takes 1. .5 million × 4. .2% = $ 630. A few days before holidays in Mr. Wang, with purchase invoice, motor vehicle driving license, identity card and related documents, to the pawn shop, has signed a contract and pay the mortgage for one month $ 630 scored complex cost 1. .5 million of gold. When you pull into the garage at the pawn shop, Mr. Wang has a more secure, indoor car parks, as well as professional expert management . Imagine if this is the right point to find a parking lot, at least four or five hundred dollars. In this light, Wang Dao Shi earned both got the money, it was control car, we called double benefit. .


。.


According to February 9, 2005 promulgated the "Measures for the Administration pawn" pawn is "when users of their movable property, property rights, as when the physical custody or to real estate as collateral when the property to pawn shops, deliver a certain percentage of expense When the gold, and pay within an agreed period of interest when the money to repay when the payment, redemption when the material behavior. " Family real estate, property rights, there is residential property, commercial establishments, cars, gold and silver jewelry, antiques, stocks, bonds, deposits and so on as if things, pay certain costs, obtain appropriate when the gold. .


With the Bank the borrower's credit condition almost demanding requirements compared to the pawn shop on the customer's credit request almost to zero. To pawn shop pawn articles start low, mortgage firms pay more attention to individual clients and small and medium-sized enterprises; and the mortgage loan process is very simple, mostly while you wait. However, the mortgage loan interest, fees compared to other financing methods are very high, and the small size of the loan. Small amount of working capital, you can go directly to the pawn shop. Pawn loans is only suitable for short, temporary financing for long-term borrowing, pawn is definitely not cost-effective.


3. . Credit card allows you to more casual consumer. .


For Mr. Wang, if not taken into account in the custody of the vehicle, there are other ways to successful completion of the tour, to travel with a credit card would be a good way to enliven the capital, you can easily make use of "credit, interest-free overdraft of consumption, you can pay the Bill" to buy airline tickets, lodging, shopping, visiting the tourist attractions. However, different types of credit card overdraft limit is not the same, such as Mr. Wang has a stable job, good credit card holders, if in the future due to travel abroad, decorating homes, marriages, children, students, etc. in a certain period of time need to use a higher credit limit, some banks offer cardholders credit card center can increase the credit line service for cardholders to fully enjoy the convenience of flexible lines. .


In addition to the interest-free overdraft, credit cards can also be a cash advance. However, the Cardholder shall be borne by each cash advance by calculation of the amount of the fee, minimum charge $ 30 for every $ 3 USD or RMB, in the territory of transactions (except HK, Macau and Taiwan) received by the Renminbi overseas transaction (including HK, Macau and Taiwan) received by us.


Cash advance transactions do not enjoy interest-free repayment period of treatment, daily interest rates from the billing date to the settlement of five ten thousandths of dollars on interest income only. Account cash advance on this specific transaction date, the banks party to recover interest accrued on a monthly basis. Credit card financing is infinitely long period, generally the banks have 52 days interest-free period, interest-free period in addition to the interest is quite high, so the cardholder's financial period of limited interest-free period is best , as no more than an interest-free period. If the consumer can overdraft outside dollars, back then the repayment of RMB, but also need to pay attention to the repayment period.Because the current dollars also credit card in u.s. dollars on the day of entry into force of the overdraft, but it needs RMB also USD 3 to 5 days of recorded time, if in the event of a missed the grace period, the card holder may have to pay a sum of the interest and late fees, and in this way to use a credit card, the cost is very high.


Links:. .


Consumption in peacetime use a credit card, you need to pay attention to the following questions: A.. accommodation deposit it is best to use the cash payment, if you use a credit card, cash is 30 business days to return to the credit card account, you may want to have one month in advance; B deposit. purchase big-ticket consumer goods with credit card installment payment functionality, once you want to give up this article, the first down payment of at least 30 business days to return to the credit card account and payment delayed return to the credit card account, it is possible to pay the purchase price in advance. C。. Using credit card cash advance interest and fees are very high, so try to avoid taking cash advances, particularly the way short-term financing. .


4. policy both security and when cash.


Investment with insurance policies could be turned into live money? Certainly a great loss to surrender, if paid in advance must pay a fee, not to mention the stock market now so well paid part of the profit is not lost in vain What future opportunities to make money? So how this kind of financial assets to help us solve the current financial difficulties? There are two ways to obtain a certain line of credit that banks and insurance companies to pledge to. One approach: Bank pledge.The insured will pledge to the Bank in the policy, the bank pays the loan to the borrower, when the borrower can not be due for that bank to Bank and the applicant of a pledge contract, insurance payments and repayment of the loan by the insurance company. Approach 2: insurance companies pledge. Direct the applicant to the insurance policy as collateral, directly from the insurance company to obtain loans, if the borrower is not able to discharge the debt, the amount repaid to surrender, the insurer terminated its insurance contract validity.


Not all policies can be pledged, the pledge of the policy itself must have a cash value. And Mr. Wang's investment with insurance, there are nearly 200,000 cash value, such policies can serve as a pledge. In addition, there is the nature of life insurance savings, dividend-based insurance and pension insurance, annuities, long-term heavy illness insurance policies such as life insurance contracts, the payment of a certain time, have a certain cash value of all loans to function with ; and short-term accident insurance and medical expenses insurance, because there is no cash value, is not a loan function. .


But banks and insurance companies for insurance loan term and loan amount limits, there are also some differences. Policy loan period is shorter, the insurance company loans are generally not exceeding six months, while in Bank loan period is 1 year, 3 years or 5 years. Maximum loan balance does not exceed the cash value of the policy, a certain proportion, each insurance company on this scale has different requirements, generally 70%; whereas the Bank requires relatively relaxed, line of credit up to 90% of the value of the policy, but generally is the Bank has its own specific insurance products. After the expiry of the policy loans must be returned immediately, once the loan principal and interest than the policy cash value, the policy will be permanently disabled. Insurance companies and banks to their own situation, their specific policy loan interest rate to determine their own lending rates. While the policy is derived from capital, if the dangerous condition, and the availability of claims it? Generally get a loan, simply continue to pay, the policy is still valid, if the event insured the loan can still be claims. Even in the short term inability to pay, but the policy's cash value sufficient to repay the loan principal and interest, the policy still valid. .


5.-bank deposits and bonds become live money.


Deposits and bonds belong to the family assets, securities, bank or mortgage company can make as security for loans. The focus here is here in the bank as security for business. The current amount of bonds as security for loans from the general to 5,000 yuan each denomination of loans does not exceed 90% of pledged goods. .


Bonds loan loan in principle, not exceeding one year, and the loan period must not exceed the expiration date of the mortgage debt. Take a look at Mr. Wang's national debt, if you go to bank loans as collateral, for one month, in accordance with the provisions of the loan less than 6 months, 6 months, the statutory interest rate determined, although a maximum loan-to-9 million, but a month in interest will pay 9 million * (5. .85%/12 months) = 438. $ .75.


Links: Bank pledged loans a month, according to the provisions of term of the loan for less than 6 months, by 6 months of the statutory interest rate to be confirmed; period of 6 months within 1 year, according to one-year lending rate to determine the legal, So. In addition, the bank will be different according to the customer's situation be adjusted interest rates on loans, lower loan interest rates in the benchmark interest rate is 0. .85 ~ 0. .9 Times the upper limit is not set. .


Here it is worth noting that, if more than one of different period for mortgage bonds to maturity nearest to determine the loan term. Bonds mortgage loan interest rates over the same period in the same grade, in accordance with the statutory interest rate (floating) and related regulations.


Banks for deposits pledged, interest rate and loan terms and similar bonds, only different is that each bank and the maximum amount of loans from different, such as the China Industrial and Commercial Bank of China credit is hypothecated deposit no more than 10 million and not more than certificates of deposit denominated in 80%; Bank of Communications, the highest quality materials required for 90% of face value; Industrial Bank personal deposit receipts as security for loans from the 1000 yuan, the same currency certificates of deposit pledged the highest rate of no more than 100%; different currency certificates of deposit pledge the highest rate of no more than 95%.Bank mortgage greatest advantage is that bank to the borrower if the procedure is complete, you can sign the contract on the same day to get the loan, deposit collateral loans generally suitable for short, temporary financial needs.


6. . Collection of antique paintings and so can be used as the flow of funds. .


All home valuable goods, such as collection of antique paintings, jewelry, jewelry or gold collection, etc., can be used as a pawn shop when things go, you can resolve home emergency funding, just different jiawu to charge different fees in pawn, be sure to look for legal compliance of pawn shop for mortgage business, otherwise you are likely to spent some costs achieved when gold, but could not find a mortgage company redemption or inappropriate when the products are damaged, saved and lost his home, or in other blows, it won't be the value.


Link: pawn integrated process need to pay various fees, mortgage fees, including a variety of integrated services and management costs. Chattel mortgage mortgage rate of the monthly consolidated payments shall not exceed 42 ‰. Comprehensive real estate mortgage rates monthly mortgage must not exceed payment 27 ‰. Pledge of property rights comprehensive monthly mortgage rate may not exceed payments 24 ‰. Current less than 5 days, by 5 to the fees.When families or continued when the pawn period expires to absolutely current redemption, subject to reimbursement of the principal and interest when gold, integrated cost shall, in accordance with the provisions of the financial institutions such as the Bank of overdue loans interest level, the cost of mortgage firms develop standards and overdue days, back when the interest and related costs.


Although life will occur "at a loss" phenomenon, but I hope we solve the lack of money to teach your way to financial issues will not allow you to worry, not to hesitate. In fact, you are not short of money, but your home equity does not flow up, now let the greatest impact on existing assets, liquidity it so you can enjoy the comfortable life. .


With regard to China on a number of u.s. monetary policy analysis and recommendations.


First, burn the bridges behind U.S. monetary policy, the strategy of passive into strategic initiatives. .


Xinhua, 13 Mar, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao again reiterates its request to the United States maintain credit, keep their promises to ensure the safety of China's assets. [1] at present, China is still the largest creditor nation, about seven thousand US $ 40 billion of holders of US Treasuries, including January China holdings of US Treasuries, 122 billion [2]. Obama was the 14th U.S. President, said investors around the world including China, should their investment in the security of the United States have "absolute confidence" [3], but then the Federal Reserve on the 18th regular meeting of the monetary policy decision-making issued a statement after the decision "a large-scale quantitative easing", which related to real estate to buy mortgage-backed securities and agency bonds totaled 850 billion U.S. dollars, which it bought this year related to the amount of debt reached 1.45 trillion U.S. dollars.At the same time, the Fed will over the next six months to purchase three billion of total long-term debt to lower your mortgage and other consumer credit long-term interest rates, the Fed 40 years for the first time purchase related financial products. [4] This announcement is made following the sharp decline in U.S. Treasury bonds rose nearly 10%, but can not stop a lot of Banknote Printing and sooner or later because the government increased inflation, leading to the decline in U.S. Treasury bonds, at the same time U.S. dollar depreciation also U.S. dollar-denominated value of U.S. Treasuries has shrunk significantly, so the U.S. view, "even if China decided to sell part of the hands of U.S. Treasury bonds, it is almost impossible to sell large quantities. substantial sale of U.S. Treasury bonds will certainly lead the United States depressed market, making China the hands of the remaining value of U.S. Treasury bonds shrink.Anyway, it's the Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao and colleagues and we, in addition to observing, wait and worry about the economic situation in the United States, the u.s. economy has imposed no influence. [5] "— apparently cheap currency manufacturing number completely depends on its attitude. On the other hand, although the United States continue to boost investor confidence and to promote its "new" economic policy, but its nature still get out of the large-scale distribution of currency and ease credit, economic cycle, therefore, Putting aside the over-easy monetary dollar policy could have brought heavy pressure, so the monetary policy to stimulate the economy lose momentum, then America has experienced in 1990 the Great Depression and inflation while the situation appears worse. .


So for us, what exactly why walk out the back step? it seems to me that the United States this meaning four aspects of strategic intention. First, the transformation in international economic discourse to weaken and monetary system dominance threatened a disadvantage as well as strategies for active and passive strategy. Whether it is the people's Republic of China, Japan, Russia, as the United States the major creditor countries and dollar foreign exchange reserve powers, threatening the US monetary policy in the domestic and international strategic initiative. Reconstruction of the French EU also clamoring against the U.S. dollar the global monetary system and to challenge the dominant position, and in the United States opposed the question of NATO enlargement, pointing out that the problem is not just the United States and Russia, NATO dialogue, "France and Europe should be this process take its rightful place. "At the same time, French said the desire on the ABM issue with Russia to a European response to the threat of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles, anti-missile system development.[6] in this, irrespective of States based on the credit crisis and the massive sell-off of US Treasuries and foreign exchange reserves, or USD currency leading threats are shaken u.s. power status of the underlying issues. Therefore, choose further depreciation of the dollar and the "relaxed" mass orientation of monetary policy after the US dollar since roads, but also for his back, and the global strategy and monetary economy initiative.


Second, dollar depreciation and low interest rates on loans to attract foreign hot money investments in the United States, or U.S. foreign investors to return home, so as to stimulate the U.S. economy, stimulate domestic consumption, while trade in the country to enhance competitiveness, reduce trade deficit . On the other hand, if the international hot money can not be high enough in the United States return, it will withdraw from the U.S. market caused a further blow against the U.S. dollar.Therefore, China's trade surplus with the United States maintains, it is expected that the United States will see Clinton's foreign policy toward China, especially in the bilateral trade issues to increase friction and a large number of manufacturing to China dumping proceedings, trade sanctions, enhance the protective tariffs and other policy instruments. In fact, the United States Government has claimed that the Renminbi exchange rate is too low, or even whether the United States Department of the Treasury or the Wall Street Journal found that "in fact, according to an objective standard, China is an exchange rate. "[7] Clearly, the U.S. dollar in the depreciation of its own as a threat to the yuan's appreciation, which, as the twentieth century the sixties the first time Japan's trade surplus with the United States after the US-Japan trade friction and the more speech lasting more see-saw strong, leading to the signing of the Plaza Accord, the yen appreciated, and in 2097 forced the Asian financial turmoil "lost decade.".


Third, the continued depreciation of the dollar and dollar caused mass directed easing inflation reduces the purchasing power of the dollar, while leading US Treasuries fell rapidly in price, which will let us $ creditor and those massive reserves to pay for the crisis cizhai. The u.s. Treasury Department has 23 announced a help banks split bad assets "recycling program" to the end of up to $ 1 trillion of "toxic assets", at the same time encouraging investors to purchase these stripped out of "toxic assets" [8]. 显然美国政府的这一清毒计划是以国债为抵押而发行的货币为最终的买单者，而这些国债筹集资金则正是来源于美国国债的债权国，因此无论这些债权国是因为无法承受的亏损而以极为低廉的价格抛出美元储备和美国国债（对于美国或将策动的国内反华势力和民间公众舆论对政府外汇储备决策施压问题，中国方面要有所准备和应对），还是不为所动继续持有大量美元储备和美国国债，都会面临替美国次债问题买单这一终究的事实上，而美国则充分掌握着通过货币供应量和利率的调节而在事实上操纵美元的外汇和国债市场的主动权。.


Fourth, the United States can wage war in a third country, the international capital inflows to the U.S. market to avoid risks, to stimulate the U.S. economy and U.S. dollar's rebound.. Therefore, whether in Afghanistan, Somalia, Israel and Palestine, India and Pakistan, ROK, or South China Sea, the Diaoyu Islands, Taiwan Strait issue, the United States, is a constant search for the "right opportunity" to start. .


Second, China's response to u.s. monetary policy in a number of recommendations.


(1) U.S. Treasury bonds and U.S. dollar foreign reserves is the U.S. strategic nuclear weapons, this is a good tactical nuclear weapons, has a special performance, so in terms of ideology and understanding should have a high degree of knowledge and material ready, just as moving in war must be fought the Chinese military demarcation line is not justified by military needs, but for the consideration of the overall international situation in order to seek patterns in China in the international political strategy as well as victory.If we do not know to look at the problem in a comprehensive manner, can only see one side, you are not able to find a solution to the problem, it will not be able to recognize the Sino-US strategic initiative that convert and contradictions dialectical characteristics. In the past, we are not in the 1997 financial crisis had a very good "test"? it's not a big deal, costly, and can not be thrown out, and measures must be taken to ensure that the reserves, capital flows and safety during use. Here there is an important issue, we can design, enhance or weaken the strategic nuclear weapons, some of the anti-breaking ring factor, its a good use of tactical and technical performance, also will be more widely used. .


(2) for the diversification of China's foreign exchange reserves for possible losses of over US $ 80 billion [9], to sum up experiences, on the financial war in defense strategy, strategic attack, mobile warfare and specific implementation to analysis, capital of guerrilla warfare should be regular. Regardless of where you want to have a plan and strategy, publicity, to pin down, confuse, deceive, luring the market, things if you leave the planned, active, agile, attack, defense, etc., are not implemented. According to the U.S. market diversification, the coexistence of a variety of trading patterns characteristic linkage flexibility to transfer (changes in) financial arrangements, such as forward contracts and spot matching, exchange rate arbitrage, risk hedging through options trading, bonds and the application bond futures, foreign exchange and foreign exchange options, stock and index linkage effects, and create a favorable environment for their own conditions, etc., understanding of the situation, task of defining the deployment of funds, the implementation of strategic and political education, financial planning supplies, equipment finishing, with environmental conditions, etc., should be included in the plan as closely. .


For u.s. Government purposes, perhaps arise only when the dollar amount of DEM as malignant inflation crisis will stimulate their domestic consumption. Then the peace of China as a preference is not supposed to be helping the Government of the United States — the Federal Reserve provides massive public debt so that its currency? or is at the same time throw our dollar reserves the right to choose, purchase transactions to hedge risks, and to promote the rapid devaluation of the dollar in order to increase the US domestic market liquidity? of course the United States of low interest rates of overnight deposits are us $ through heat-promoting a further devaluation. You see, when the dollar attractive enough, those hot money will naturally tend to market the low-lying, large-scale orientation of monetary policy easing and the inflow of foreign capital makes the hot domestic market liquidity increased, the huge growth in government expenditure will pushed U.S. inflation rate, so the U.S. Treasury prices fell, then a backhand short China is a clearly a bond initiative, is not it? So no matter what dollar monetary policy, China's largest creditor and the dollar as foreign exchange reserves, should the U.S. strategy of exercising the initiative. .


(3) based on the response to the United States trade protectionism strategic initiative in high point, China's foreign policy should make lasting struggle. Both the Clinton Administration's policy on China or Japan in the 20th century since the 1960s, the United States fell into a depression, the u.s. trade balance problems tend to become a u.s. Government public dissatisfaction with the focus, therefore, the Obama administration's China trade issues will become the u.s. foreign policy. Well, the United States on China's trade protection measures taken by China is not completely harmful for? I do not think so, there is a contradiction we must have mutual conversion and dialectical analysis. China has adopted over the past U.S. economic blockade against Cuba has carried out economic sanctions, but the end result of the Chinese people and the Cuban people to stand up, but the sanctions were to be sanctions against those who have lost the market. China is so big countries, like a little United Nations, the United States not let us into the past, the United Nations, we said so.European countries as a province of China, our province and the province is also engaged in trade, foreign trade, we must strive to resist the United States trade protectionism, internally we can engage in regional economic development, stimulating domestic economy, such as the United States trade protection a few years looking back on it, sorry to lose such a market. The so-called economic sanctions bluntly tells us that sanctions would lose market, we want to own production, technology development, to be honest we would also like to thank them upside down!.


(D) proposed "putting the house before inviting guests" of the international monetary system, and between great powers and high-level strategic dialogue and negotiations, and to seek international support and response. Chinese round-Japanese proposal to create a new international reserve currency in order to eventually replace the U.S. dollar [10], reconstruction of the currency system is bound to lead to the existing international monetary organizations to reshuffle the cards, the right of contention will be the focus, as proposed China, who will also be bound to the currency of discourse in the international economic right to occupy a more leading role.In fact Russian or French EU alike want to be able to reconstruct the international monetary system, to weaken and subvert the hegemony of the US dollar, which has a regional currency between bilateral and multilateral cooperation, so as to completely replace the US dollar currency. On the other hand it is important to note that the Wall Street Journal 17 news, Stiglitz on the foreign exchange reserves itself raises a new point of view, that is, "States maintain their foreign exchange reserves of the reorganization of the system," and the establishment of a global reserve system, which in principle allows a country to use funds in another country, for example, a bilateral agreement of Chiang Mai currency swap . [11] Thus, binding of the regional currency swap allows national currencies to contain each other, but also makes the dollar's foreign exchange reserves over the last huge reserve system in the global consensus moment, lost its important economic strategic weapons. Therefore, for China, is not able to open a separate bureau to the negotiating table, with emphasis on "talk about" reconstruction of the monetary system rather than "reconstruction" money system, and through the high-level strategic talks and dialogue, to Russia, French EU suck, it also can be strategic deterrence and containment policy of the U.S. monetary system.In addition to currency right as bait to attract Japanese, making the United States and Japan in the economic and monetary issues, mutually exclusive, mutual struggle to contradictory. (1986: Geof) ffice: smarttags "/> 2009 3/25/2008 McDonald's sponsorship of the Olympic Games in Beijing, which is sponsored by McDonald's seventh Olympic Games. As a veteran of Olympic sponsor, McDonald's is how to find the Olympic marketing breakthrough success? McDonald's CMO in an interview with Zhang Yan media gives his answer.


19 days of the Beijing Olympic Games, McDonald's Olympic marketing as an integral part of four McDonald's Olympic restaurants to 56 million customers serviced. A written message to the AP's main McDonald's (China) CEO Schwartz (Jeffrey Schwartz), talking about McDonald's Olympic restaurants on the impression that McDonald's employee can remember the names of many customers, even from what the media, eat what, and finally the editor said: "There are better brand ambassador than this you?." .


Perhaps this can be seen as a McDonald's Olympic marketing a microcosm.


The interview with correspondents in Shanghai, Zhang Jia Yin, the Beijing Olympics is over a month. Starring Anthony Wong's "Cinema," which has a plot: the economy began climbing in 1990, 1994, the market slump began in 1995, the rapid development of the economy, the results of the 1997 financial crisis until 1998, the Depression lasted until 2001 In the beginning recovery, happy not two years, 2003 to a SARS, Hong Kong people repeated or repeated, the tough do not give up. .


When Zhang Yan, also feel the kind of tenacity, but doesn't do market of fire, aggressive atmosphere. Of course, she also has a unique competence in Hong Kong and easy-going.


Zhang Jia Yin really want to know the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games in Beijing that night to do what is not like a lot of the management of Olympic sponsors, like those in the field watching an exciting show. The answer is that she's home, general manager of McDonald's in Beijing watching the opening ceremony of Beijing Olympic Games broadcast live on television. Wonderful to watch her live performance opportunities left for the Olympic marketing colleagues to do a lot of things. .


Reporter lets her in a few words to describe the McDonald's brand personality, she said that is forever young, full of childlike innocence, curiosity and joy, if an appellation to McDonald 's, she believes should be the "Chief happiness officer".


In describing the McDonald's on the "happy" interpretation, Zhang Jia Yin spoke about McDonald's "Hamburger University", where learning often see squirrels running around in the woods, climbed up and down, is a dream of the pastoral. .


But McDonald's China headquarters in Shanghai the Bund, interview space, far from time to time, there was a ship docked in the dock when they whistle sound.


Interview in a mixture of happiness, retirement, whistle brought a sense of reverie in time and space began. .


The new marketing ": McDonald's sponsorship of the Olympic Games in Beijing, the greatest challenge? how to find the Olympic marketing breakthrough?.


Zhang Jia Yin: This is our seventh Olympic Games and the challenges we face is that we each must do in accordance with the characteristics of the local market, while also consistent with our own characteristics. Our preliminary market research found that consumers viewed the Beijing Olympics, that this is a very glorious moment, and hope to have the opportunity to participate, so we see the chance for the Beijing Olympic Games - many people want to participate in the Olympics. McDonald's as a brand in China, nearly 1,000 restaurants, spread throughout the country, it is very difficult to do other brands.Therefore, the restaurant is actually a very good place to put it as one of the people's participation in the Olympic Games. We encourage consumers to participate in Olympic play intermediary role, for example, we held "the McDonald's Olympic champion" activities were small, this is our home marketing part of the project, from 40 countries and regions of more than 200 children have been drawn to Beijing, experience the Olympic Games.


Olympic marketing to do, must have its own focus point, McDonald's Olympic marketing focus on cohesion and create a platform to bring together all people. This is our biggest advantage. So our most important end result is that allowing consumers to participate, rather than simply advertising. .


The new marketing code: Olympic marketing is a lot of inputs, including sponsorship fees and late fee, what do you think for McDonald 's, Olympic marketing return on investment is worth it? in?.


Zhang Jia Yin: Beijing Olympic Games is to enhance the brand image of McDonald's global health an important opportunity. On return, I think there are two main aspects, first of all is the McDonald's brand awareness increased; Secondly, we very much hope that McDonald's customers to participate in the Olympic Games, participation in Olympic sponsorship, so they more actively to our restaurant. In addition, we also get a lot of learning opportunities, and we cooperate with BOCOG and Coca-Cola, Adidas, to let us know more about China, and different areas of marketing, we have a lot of inspiration. .


The new marketing: what do you think of as Chief Marketing Officer should have which quality? one of the most important is that?.


Zhang Jia Yin: I think the most important thing is to have cross-sectoral way of thinking, is not just marketing product, price, restaurant atmosphere, packaging, personnel services, are brand contact points, the CMO (Chief Marketing Officer, Principal Marketing Officer) have the ability to cross-sectoral collaboration, if not all experts in the field, and must have understanding and ability to affect other areas. .


The new marketing chief market officer ": in this position, many domestic enterprises and is not, do you think the position of special is that?.


Zhang Jia Yin: the role of this position is the most important inter-departmental cohesion forces to promote the brand. CMO to marketing to management to enhance the most special place is that their senior leaders (including the CEO, CFO, etc.) to understand how the business goal into consumer understanding of the language, which is the most important ability CMO. .


Businesses do not have to set the position, but businesses must have such a concept to a whole new market promotion: marketing is advertising, sales promotion, but in doing the corporate image, brand integration work, we must raise the height of the marketing.


"New Marketing": you work and what is different? . .


Zhang Yan: I used every day to participate in the project, from planning to execution and personally. Now you can stand in the higher point of view, a more macro-level thinking. You can have time to do some things over long distances, objective observation. I now have a very important task was to training, training, team building. Would also like to do some other professional to ensure that all authorities with a voice, and find different opinions, find the best solution. Now I go to restaurants to eat at least once a week, called a MAK to send each new product promotion, promotions, I will go to the restaurant to see, travel to other cities also must go to McDonald's restaurants to see. .


The new marketing ": training content?.


Zhang Jia Yin: fact-based marketing is something a lot of good brands are the basic things to the extreme. For enterprises, the system is a huge need to develop criteria to determine what McDonald's can do and what is not done. For example, the pre-market research and marketing plans in how to do, in fact, requires a systematic approach, the first step to do the second step what to do ... ... For example, McDonald's restaurants often have children to play the game for exercise.Exercises look very simple, but we elaborated actions, first of all the action you want to learn, but also to ensure that whatever is a few tens of individuals or individual jump movements look good, whether it be skillfully jump or to jump start a mess, this is nice in practice is the accumulation and bit by bit. These things are training content. Of course, I was doing this thing, McDonald's has a professional team of output.


"New marketing": advertising agency before you have a professional experience. From the well-known professional advertising company to McDonald's, you think that many of the professional advertising companies have been good practice ideas? . .


Zhang Yan: advertising companies on strategy, if there is no way, you can always stay on paper, McDonald's has given me the opportunity to practice. McDonald's is an employer to establish a brand of the company, the brand is the product. McDonald's has something called "McDonald's Chief Executive of the blood of one third is ketchup." From the staff, the dining room to the McDonald's to give every customer experience is the brand, the starting point in each Department are the brand, and the General company does not have this kind of contact points in all directions (360 degree). From this point, McDonald's is a very unique and strong company.


"New Marketing": your own career is a professional advertising agency catering to the well-known enterprises, do you think of professional competence? . .


Zhang Yan: it is very important to professional competence. But most importantly, do not forget your company's strategies and business objectives, what is the starting point. Chief Marketing Officer's role is to bring consumers and companies act. Because sometimes do it too long, every day to stay in the company, the colleagues, the daily pursuit of sales and profits, it is easy to forget to give consumers a real experience. Therefore, we must not forget marketing actually represents a very deep meaning, it will always be a curiosity, his piety at the consumer level, not too "McDonald 's". Always use fresh eyes, telling myself: As a consumer, I will look at how this matter? . .


The new marketing: do you consider yourself a curiosity, daily reflections on what consumers want?.


Zhang Jia Yin: Every day I remind myself to learn to forget, learn to pull, whether marketing or public relations, not simply what to think McDonald's because McDonald's to be no matter what, are based on what consumers want. Edit entry. .


EDGE network.


EDGE network where you opened it? EDGE signal in your house are you? You are surfing through the EDGE wireless network it? I am afraid they have been gradually replaced "wireless network card you buy it? Words. I believe that many readers have heard of the EDGE, and related services, more or less open area in the hope that their EDGE network. But really EDGE that can bring great speed wireless Web surfing you? EDGE is a 3G greatest highlight? his powerful than the CDMA network where? Today we take a look at the national EDGE network on the Great Leap Forward..


I. domestic EDGE network climate:.


EDGE mid last year, this new term has gradually aroused attention, first move a few cities in the south of the EDGE network Test, when the user is very high on their evaluation, have come up with their own test data and traditional GPRS and CDMA network comparison, advantage is quite obvious. Next EDGE network in the country began to test various cities and regions, of course, does not include Beijing, Shanghai and major cities such as testing new technology in the course of these cities are lagging behind. .


After nearly a year of experiments and investigation stages present in multiple cities have universal access to the EDGE network, many users are surprised to discover their own cell phone showed signs of E, which is representative of the EDGE.


I also consulted several local network users learned through repeated internal investigation launched EDGE networks already know that cities and regions are Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Zhuhai, neighboring, Zhaoqing, Shenzhen, Huizhou, Dongguan, Jiangmen, Shunde, Jinan , Qingdao, Chongqing, Nanjing, Beijing and Shanghai have also launched EDGE in parts of the signal. Judging from the distribution of the majority or the EDGE network in Guangdong. But the future of EDGE network will rapid development from south to north. .


So why Telecom to develop EDGE network? he and GPRS and CDMA network advantages compared with what? here we from requirements and technical analysis of the domestic network of the great leap forward EDGE.


Second, what is the EDGE Network:. .


EDGE is Enhanced Data Rate in English for GSM Evolution, i.e. enhanced data rates for GSM evolution of technology. EDGE is a transition to 3 g GSM technology, mainly in the GSM system a new modulation method, EGPRS modulation technique. Due to the existing 8PSK GSM networks use of GMSK modulation signal space from 2 to 8, so that each symbol contain information of the original four times.


GPRS to EDGE for the reason that the third generation mobile communication technology transition program, mainly because the technology GSM to make full use of existing resources. Because it is in addition to the existing GSM frequencies used outside, and also use most of the existing GSM equipment, but only on the network software and hardware to make some small changes can allow operators to provide mobile users such as Internet browsing , video teleconferencing and high-speed e-mail transmission of wireless multimedia services, that third-generation mobile network users in advance of the commercialization of personal multimedia communication services. .


Because the EDGE is a cross between existing second generation mobile networks and third-generation mobile network transition technology, and therefore some people refer to the "half" of the second generation technology. EDGE with subsequent WCDMA standard coexistence, it has the advantage of flexibility.


Third, development of EDGE network Why:. .


Any technology is linked to the application, even if it is a good technique if you do not have the manufacturers and users of praise Labs also just survival. So why get EDGE network, so many manufacturers and telecom sector users?.


1) Technical:. .


First of all, from the development trend of EDGE is 2. .75G, GSM network enhancements. The access EDGE service performance markedly improved bandwidth, point access rate 2Mbit/s peak, single-slot channel rate can reach 48kbit/s, enabling mobile data transfer rate can reach the peak 384kbit/s. In addition because EDGE enhancement is a GSM network, so he could use the existing GPRS network development, does not require additional investment, requires no additional equipment can be significantly improve network speed.


2) telecommunications:. .


It is this good backward compatibility allows GSM and GPRS EDGE to become network expansion, the current mobility strategy is opened if the local EDGE network will provide users with the EDGE network services, if you do not use the traditional opening EDGE GPRS network provides users with services. I.e. EDGE is GPRS upgrade, this network upgrade and service upgrades do not require users to pay, we can spend and previously used as the cost of GPRS to access high-speed service EDGE. So at least for Telecom is to spend money to improve the speed of wireless networks, seek more capital for their profits. .


Manufacturers: 3).


EDGE and GPRS networks as inherently compatible, so the telecommunications sector does not need to spend a lot of money on equipment upgrades. For network equipment manufacturers who only need to put attention on the central office users. EDGE network is not using the key point is that the user equipment, the telecommunications sector and whether to support the EDGE network. .


In general the user wants to access the EDGE network, on the one hand you can buy support EDGE phone to the Internet (mobile phone or notebook via the Internet directly to a mobile phone dial-up on the EDGE network), on the other hand you can buy support EDGE wireless Internet card directly into a notebook wireless surfing. Currently on the market of mobile phones support EDGE network, the basic price of over $ 2000; and support for the EDGE network, wireless network card has sprung. This is illustrated in the vendor area is support for the development of EDGE, after all, why earn money.


But although the city has computer interface that EDGE PCMCIA wireless network card sales, but prices are very expensive, as we buy a whole to support EDGE mobile phone and then connect the laptop on the EDGE network cost-effective. .


Users: 4).


As the user side is certainly want to spend money to enjoy at least most of the services, such as faster and more convenient services. When the telecommunications network in Hong Kong after the opening of EDGE does not require users to pay extra, because he is a GPRS network upgrade; so I spent the least money objective was achieved. .


Because the EDGE network is much faster than GPRS itself going to achieve access rate 2Mbit/s peak, single-slot channel rate can reach 48kbit/s over existing CDMA and GPRS network speed. So surf feeling better, upload and download speed of browsing information can maximize close to ADSL users enjoy more services faster goal reached. Comprehensive comparison of natural users very much welcome the EDGE network in this area is opened.


Also used GPRS wireless network to surf the reader will know in the GPRS network in CMWAP CMNET and divided, the former expensive but comprehensive services, and the latter by the much cheaper but limited access to the network. Therefore, many users have tried various ways to spend money to break out CMWAP CMNET network access, but the EDGE is, regardless of CMNET and CMWAP, users no longer need to spend too much energy to break out on. .


IV. remarks on the Outlook for the future: EDGE.


Domestic consumption is often the user with a high degree of impulsivity, and pursuit of technology is also blind. The author's feelings and learned through multiple sources of information, I think that EDGE is nothing but a hatred head. .


Technical aspects: 1).


After by many and I know that dealing with telecommunications telecommunications technical parameters for the number of water claims, generally speaking, high stability and high speed telecommunications advertising is measured in ideal conditions, so that the so-called EDGE 2Mbit / s but also Ideally. I asked a friend to come personally tested the EDGE network download speeds are almost more than 20 K per second, not much difference between this and CDMA. So technological leap is not as powerful as the telecommunications advertising. .


Manufacturers: 2).


Want to surf on the EDGE network, then you replace the phone right before Taoyin Zi, current mobile phone to support EDGE and not become standard. As EDGE equipment EDGE wireless network card to another area is more a luxury, the prices of thousands of us, probably not cost-effective plan carefully to achieve the highest wage-earners are willing to pay. Therefore, only the manufacturers as a selling point for EDGE mobile phones bundled with it high, and the promotion of EDGE technology is not sincere. .


Telecommunications: 3).


For the spirit of monopoly industries is often earn money slowly and gradually make the purpose, which is why the promotion of 3G telecom delay's sake. Telecommunications from the 2. .5 G started to use 2. .75 G spare the article, they might someday will pop out of a 2. .875 G does. So EDGE network testing and promotion of telecommunications at every step only the profit of the strategy so that the advent of the 3G GPRS devices will soon play out in the second spring. .


Users: 4).


Users are seeking cost-effective, if only for a few more K's download speed and cost several thousand dollars to buy support for EDGE mobile phone card mobile phone or change the words are not worth the candle. So the real cost-conscious users will not spend the money wasted. And a few more K rate is not fundamentally to meet online to see video interactive games demand. .


5. conclusion:.


Of course, this point is only personal opinion, value each and every person are different. I just hope this can be advantages and disadvantages from both the analysis of the EDGE network, the National EDGE Network with cold watching the Great Leap Forward of right and wrong. .


The native corporations undergoing mergers and 4 years in the most serious of a test, Yang can regain trust?.


Two years ago, Lenovo Group, the annual summary to the usual high-profile announcement, "Lenovo has become the symbol of overseas Chinese enterprises rushed", its founder Liu in the U.S. "Business Week" interview that, while not a major issue However, Lenovo's most dangerous period is not over yet. In another interview, he even in a rare tone of the Chinese people, said: "Today no one can blame him not, they (the new generation of Yang Lenovo managers) are the biggest advocates of the acquisition at that time, so now's suffering must be considered a. ". .


When reality and self evaluation phase deviation, generally also crisis knocked at the door. After the end of 2008, compared to the message of "them", the founders of the Association of judgment may be more accurate...


These messages are being gradually opened to mature and this high profile company known for the dark side: one of the two consumer PC business unit general manager Zhang Hui left; leaving the Japanese branch president; Finally, even this Yang, chairman of the company are transferred because of poor performance is fast approaching. Lenovo posted a message for the 30-character simple statement, said media reports "false", did not make even a little more description. . .


This kind of publicity of passive and not difficult to understand, because for this company for many years at the helm of PR business partner and Senior Director of brand communications Zhu Guang also announced on December 22. separation.


Still remain in the association's director of colleagues who did not stop working. They also actively in the low-pass to the outside world with a message: change is coming. It may be in the mid 2009's in January, this has always been seen as the Chinese companies to go international Hua's Daibiaoqiye disclosing further Chongzujihua, Baokuozuzhi Jiagou re-adjustment, Xin of layoffs Jihua so. However, the outside world to understand is, the greater the shock is still in the pipeline. . .


This had to be recalled are still in charge of the Lenovo Group, the parent company of LIU Chuanzhi 11 months ago said, he called for Lenovo holdings of five tectonic plates, their "most on remains Lenovo Group." LIU Chuanzhi now represent the largest shareholder in the Lenovo group exercise "non-executive directors". He said, "I am legend with the. The exit after Lenovo Group executives focus on fostering the development of three subsidiary companies, is also based on the diversification of risk of practical considerations, at least inside less stress and anxiety. "" Up to now, had to admit that M & IBM PC business, Lenovo to take great risks. . ".


Lenovo's latest quarterly performance results, of course, is one of the factors that caused confusion. In associative November 2008 release of its earnings, net profit declined 78%, the forthcoming restructuring plan is Yang in this cut looks becomes difficult?.


Do not blame all the problems are economic crisis. Over the past year, ranked the world's top five PC makers, only Lenovo's sales grew by less than 10%. Lenovo's third-quarter PC shipments grew 8%, but this is only half of the overall market growth. . .


Gartner research institutions, associations in the global market share from a year ago 7. .8% dropped 7. .5 percent. Even before it has been ranked among the global PC market in the second camp ASUS now or you can stand up and challenge to it. Its CEO Shen to making that, in the second quarter of 2009, ASUS can gradually widened and the market share of Toshiba, Lenovo, living alone, the world's fourth largest PC manufacturers...


Really a problem of its own Lenovo. "Whether the introduction of new products, gross margin, or to control the implementation of regional strategies are not in place." Yang is frankly the release of earnings call. . .


Over the past 25 years, the company is China's computer market almost invincible. Regardless of the size of a small country with peers or transnational giants compared to the company's strategy was more keen and practical. They have long dominated China 30% of the PC market, and his own channel to each province and county-level market. ..


However, in 2005 that cost 12. .5 Billion U.S. dollars on the IBM personal computer business after the acquisition, the company appears to have been some changes. . .


The acquisition is completed, the purely Chinese origin company yanked the dragged onto the global stage. Just three years later, the company has 60% of sales from overseas, delivery statistics, it is already the world's fourth largest computer manufacturer. The acquisition is completed, the Association was with international brands, international channels and many contracts and perks reserved for International executives. Everything looked good, this is a mature multinationals, but the reality is not so simple...


Mary Ma, Lenovo's former chief financial officer pointed out the crux of the problem: "The most worrying situation in the United States. We are strong in this market is facing price pressure. We have repeatedly mentioned in the supply chain to make the situation more complicated - we create the demand, but not ready to meet this demand. "seize Mary Ma, a key question: cold consumers, consumers will soon leave you, this brand-building is disastrous. . .


Supply chain is Lenovo China market after the first problem encountered, it is explained that after several years of continuous changes in the Association a major clue. Initially, IBM team on Lenovo internal to the lofty position, they have than Lenovo employees much higher salaries and performance appraisal is more relaxed. However, even in IBM's original structure, personal computer business is also dependent on the blue giant's server business. Lenovo's old employees know how to manufacture computers, also know how to sell your computer, but they don't know how to put a computer from Shenzhen to Boston to be more efficient. Unfortunately, these IBM's technical officials also do not know that. .


Since the acquisition in 2005, Lenovo's global supply network has always been a problem. Lenovo is responsible for the global supply chain Senior Vice President Gary? Smith (Gerry Smith) has described the entire supply network looks like Italy hollow face the same disorder. Dell, competitors can be shipped within a few days, but Lenovo delivery time has lasted a few weeks or even months.


By the end of 2005, the former president of Dell Asia-Pacific J · William Amelio (William J.. Amelio) replacement from IBM's Stephen? Ward (Stephen M.. Ward), as Lenovo CEO. To May 2006, five Dell executives joined almost the same time, Lenovo, Lenovo became Amelio gave the gift. The Dell executives in the significance of association is the "supply chain experts" - all make the computer know that to most would be looking for on this earth to do supply chain group of people should go to Dell. .


According to the Wall Street Journal revealed that the adjustment of the initial efforts of the supply chain has been raised within the company. As Amery Austria considers that the measures taken to promote fast enough, he removed the 2006 as associate in charge of the supply chain, so that Liu Jun, a former Dell executives to take over the popular Chinese executives. Liu Jun is temporarily closed for a period of time, go to the United States. Over the years, he has been seen as a rising star. He was cut off by a sudden news company atmosphere. Another two Chinese executives soon resigned...


Yang said the Chinese workers's guess whether the company still needs them. . .


Lenovo's Vice President of human resources responsible for Ken? di ETRO (Ken DiPietro) later admitted, Liu Jun dismissal caused conflict on Lenovo is a bad moment. He said, some people began to leave, the company also appeared ganged up. ..


But Yang rapidly becoming convinced that Lenovo wants international, must be full rights to IBM and Dell have the best two were the best sources of computer technology and the company's talent. . .


In October 2008, is located in Monterrey, Mexico in occupies 26 million square feet of new factories started operations. From China to the United States sent computer takes approximately 30 days, and from Mexico shipping generally require only 3 to 4 days. This looks like a good plan, you can associate the purchase link of the supply chain is still in the world. And Lenovo's headquarters moved to the United States, further away from the familiar vendor...


Those familiar with the U.S. market veteran and former Dell did not put together the annual report were made after a bad public commitment. But hard to understand why the 7 consecutive profitable quarter after growth of only a quarter of the decline occurred, one>> want to move their headquarters to the United States, North Carolina, effectively discouraging the time. Lenovo's long-term concern, analysts Wang Yukun was once criticized the production of tobacco and cotton industries dominated state despite cheap land, but the lack of suppliers together. From scratch to build a consumer electronics industry, communities, easier said than done? . .


Yang on the difficulty of integrating the supply chain is a vivid metaphor, it is also very adventure: "the flight of aircraft to refuel at high speed, fast moving cars for wheels" — like LIU Chuanzhi, Yang also accurately gives a self-fulfilling prophecy. You can associate wangyukun said that, if the supply chain to create really need such a risk, investors or there is every reason to worry about...


Lenovo, IBM's culture will soon be Deilgat combination of association pushed to the edge of the problem behind the culture and Dell, Lenovo became cultural differences. Compared with other European companies, Dell is more emphasis on efficiency, the pursuit of supply chain to achieve a degree of paranoia. Lenovo's original culture is flexible and practical. No matter what may eventually become a strong association will be success, but unfortunately, the two cultures in the company's dispute seems no sign of ending. . .


A recent resignation of associative media told the "business weekly", from the merger after the IBM personal computer business ourselves often participate in global meetings. These meetings often a very long time, but it does not solve the problem. The only change is that they get more severely...


Liu Jun was arranged to study in before, he said: "In the past six months is the most memorable of my career six months.". .


Some older employees begin to believe that in the process of westernization, Lenovo is getting out of their own traditions. On many occasions, they began to meet China's habit of silence to express their emotions and their Western colleagues who feel that this silence is not understood. The Wall Street Journal to a recent report, December 2007, the Association of executives in Laguna Beach, California, destroying a high degree of trust between the tubes. After two days of the storm, they finally agreed to prohibit "under cover" behind, and as the Executive Council has made a new rule. Western managers speaking time per person will be limited to 5 minutes, the Chinese executives can talk for 10 minutes, but half-way shall not be interrupted. . .


This is clearly in order to reinforce the confidence of the executives. However, such arrangements for those executives who can receive a great effect, I am afraid it is very difficult to optimistic...


If it is not IBM's brand with high visibility, Lenovo may also not feel so troubled. They have been wavering on these issues the following: It is to be a robust small IBM, or to keep the original sharp? Insist on "Think" in the commercial and high-end or low end of the market while at the same time attack? Let the commercial sector is profitable, or at the same time to attack consumer PC market? . .


Just purchase IBM personal computer sector, Lenovo and IBM's full of high quality and high prices. Yang yuanqing was once said, "we will insist on IBM high-value principle of high-end brands. To this end, we are uncompromising. ” 　　 。.


The result is the consumer notebook market, Lenovo missed the wave of rapid expansion. Since 2006, consumption of notebook markets began to break out. By 2007, although the total PC market growth of only 5. .2%, But the growth of consumer notebooks are up to 21%. Unfortunately, Lenovo seems to have been indifferent. . .


In 2006, Lenovo's business focus significant cost savings and "Think" brand: Amery Austria began to cut the IBM personal computer costs, so that the "non-profit sector profits"; at the same time, want to make use of the Olympic Games of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games in Turin, and let the world know Lenovo Think of quality and excellence as. ..


After the acquisition of brands and products to the discussion of the layout, all the discussion around the "Think". It was suggested could Think encompasses as a high-end commercial and consumer PC brand, and then re-add a corresponding low-end brand; was suggested directly to gradually reduce the Lenovo brand. . .


The debate lasted for almost a whole year, Lenovo consumer notebook market strategy seems hesitant. Lenovo myself to consolidation strategy is divided into three steps: first, maintain business stability, and improve operational efficiency and competitiveness, and finally in search of greater profit margins. But the market analysis of the institutions have been pushed into the consumer market, Lenovo. "We had more than one analysis recommended by the Association to do so. We all felt it (Lenovo) should invest more in the field of consumption. "Market analysis Gartner analyst helin said...


In such hesitation, the association ran into the end of 2006 the commercial needs of the U.S. market decline, and consumer notebook product line with its competitors the gap. HP is benefiting from its retail business volume of the active and resorted to an increase of 16%, which also makes the quarter, HP has become the fastest growing since 2000, a quarter. .


The "business weekly" was informed that, at that time, Lenovo, Lenovo has decided the "inside" (Lenovo) as the company's brand, "Think" as a commercial PC sub brand, "Idea" as consumer PC sub brand. But people until the end of 2007 was only announced this Yang new business and brand architecture. You know, back in late 2006, the Lenovo brand group in the United States has an internal employee comments and queries whether the mark has been registered; in early 2007, the Ministry staff is the brand for the Idea of the what the font color of our brains. .


In this full year, the association not only lost in the occupation of the consumer market opportunities abroad, but also the Chinese market to the competitors the opportunity to catch up. This year, HP's consumer notebook to achieve 273% growth, with the share of Lenovo consumer notebooks to narrow the gap to 0. .8%. Lenovo in the global market share in this area only about 4. .6%, And most of the revenue from the Chinese mainland. . .


Waiting for the Lenovo IdeaPad GA is March 2008. This makes the Lenovo compared to its competitors far behind in terms of more than a year. Early in 2008, Analysys International consultants Wang Tao in the "business weekly" interview with mixed feelings: Lenovo (consumer PC) is a non-doing. Later will become more and more difficult. ” 　　 。.


Lenovo was finally beginning to expand consumer notebook market, but the trouble is still not over. In the consumer area, Lenovo is still hope the Idea brand vigorously advertised himself as among the high-end, to give people the impression and image of the same Think. But the fact is that in the field of consumer spending more sensitive to price. Current Analysis analyst Toni Duboise data provided in 2007, the global notebook average selling price fell by 15%. .


Lenovo once ignored this. In Lenovo will push the Idea to the sight of all brands, the flagship of the three products are relatively high. One of the most shining U110 with its compact, beautiful, graceful and amid sharp details touched the 2008 CES Consumer Electronics Show, judge, he was elected as the best notebook products, but also the price for the 1999 dollars (-1. .3 million RMB). At the launch of the Y710, Y510 minimum configuration are 1 million or more...


"We do not want people to think as the manufacturers can only produce low-priced products." When he was associate senior vice president and president of the Consumer Group, Liu Jun, the media to explain why such a price. At the same time, Yang also mentioned in the foreign market, Lenovo will be the mainstream and high-end products are the main, such a firm foothold and then expand the product line - Lenovo does not want to own low-end brand image affect Think high-end brand image. . .


This concern is in Lenovo has been on the market. In the merger discussions even raised inside Lenovo to diminish "Lenovo" brand, the company brand directly using the "Think" in determining is divided into two kinds of commercial and consumer brand, it was also proposed to use the IBM used consumer brands "Aptiva" to use as a consumer brand names.


In addition to the deliberately high price, many people feel the colorful appearance on the Idea failed to conceal his and Think similar. Gartner analyst Lin He said: "I think the Idea is still very much like Think, do not make me feel special and innovative. Perhaps it should be a little more creative.". .


This positioning enables Idea in the beginning of market status. "Our main goal is to establish a new brand and a complete product line, with high-end products enable us to recognize that Idea is a very fun and lively brand. "Lenovo greater China and the Russian area consumer division General Manager Jay said...


Lenovo have a clear positioning also allows the introduction of the Internet than any other competitors products slow the entire film. The product from ASUS Netbook to launch in late 2007, the price of 300-400 U.S. dollars (4000 yuan or less) of the EeePC, this low-cost, feature simple, compact design, after-market of young consumers by surprise welcome Acer, Hewlett-Packard following the rapid introduction of the corresponding products. Acer even with rapid response in the European market took away a part of HP's market share. . .


According to Jay, Lenovo in mid-2007, had already begun researching and EeePC similar cheap NetBook. To early in 2008, this product has been able to market. However, in order to tie in with the Idea of the overall brand-to-market strategy, Lenovo NetBook product listing date postponed from April to August. Lenovo NetBook in September after GA good sales. According to Jay give data, Lenovo NetBook in China has occupied a 30% market share.


Lenovo's loss in the delay can be calculated from a Gartner client operations chief analyst Mika? Kaitajiawa would be seen. He said Asustek and Acer are the biggest beneficiaries of the Internet in this hot, there is no time to launch a netbook manufacturers of the growth rate much lower than they are. Low-cost netbooks in global economic recession is still eye-catching performance, the market research firm Display the statistics in early December, the third quarter of 2008, the global Internet market, increased by 160% year on year. . .


Consumer PC business strategy and execution errors culminated in a notebook Lenovo global consumer division General Manager Zhang hui's resignation...


Lenovo in 2009 will face more severe than the 2008 situation: the low prices will make their margins continue to decline; to channel more of the account provider and the price of such security measures will affect the association's cash flow; and consumption notebook market growth is not as high as in previous years. Technology Business Research analyst Ezra Gottheil said that the association now than its competitors to be more susceptible to financial crisis. . .


When Siemens to lose out cash for BenQ Siemens mobile phone business plate, Lee Kwan Yew Chung had temper excitement. BenQ therefore became the world's fourth largest mobile phone provider. A year later, the result is: BenQ will cease to be injected into the German mobile phone subsidiary, German subsidiaries filed for bankruptcy protection.


KY Lee forthrightly BenQ BenQ's head of acquisitions of Chinese companies fail. He believes that there are at least three lessons to share: "First of all, the acquisition of a loss of corporate bodies, there must be more adequate funding to prepare and continue to bear the psychological loss is expected; secondly, to acquire a part of large foreign companies, certain requirements with mother the company cut a clean, independent operation for some time, look at the re-enter; Third went to breakfast for future generations want to change, especially competent, but also that they have enough talent to take over. "nurture a global talent management at least a decade. . .


If you get these three lessons and Lenovo, one after the second is the Lenovo peers. Lenovo has never given up through various means of cultural integration to deal with mergers and acquisitions of this type of pain, but obviously more complex than you think. Offer some English classes and cannot let Lenovo who I solve the "puzzle". "In the past, we are all struggling to try to thoroughly understand, in a diversified global company, who we are, how we should do. "Lenovo global consolidation and diversification, Vice President of friends of the El wire Randa? Kang (Yolanda Conyers) said. That's true, but the problem seems to not only stay in the past tense. .


Huiyuan Valencia entering our horizons, because other beverage Giants home, he's "capital" of the unique and setbacks. From that year and quickly built a joint venture and transfer its 51 per cent stake to each other, to then struggled to get away from DeLong lines, and then to open joint venture in only 5 per cent of the equity to Taiwan reunification and capital rounds "across" the zhuxinli gradually finds such a choice of capital principle: accept industry investment and rejected financial investors, select cooperation to refuse the listing.


Since 1996, the Danone Wahaha 10 years since the opening stock, including beer, dairy and other beverage industry, beverage industry, including China, capital has gradually become one of remarkable keywords. .


In an interview with Chinese entrepreneurs ", to start the zhuxinli mengniu group Niu gensheng forget such accounts: equipment rental, dealer support, after entering a supermarket to recover money for at least three months account period, it started to market on a large scale, the need for flexibility in capital brand mengniu at least $ 1 billion to $ 2 billion or so. Zhuxinli laments, except for three foreign shareholders of Morgan Stanley's "Devil's agreement", Niu gensheng simply had no choice.


Danone Asia Holdings Robust, holding and Wahaha joint venture companies and stakes in Bright Dairy to become the third largest equity shareholder, the United States AB fully acquired Harbin Brewery, and 27% ownership stake in Tsingtao Brewery to become the second largest shareholder Danish beer Carlsberg 100% acquisition of Dali, China Lion Brewery, Interbrew of Belgium holding 70% equity interest may shut down, holding the Pearl River beer 24%, SAB 49% stake, China Resources beer ... .... .


In a strong capital campaign, each enterprise's soul could not have thought to yourself, and the distance between the capital and relations. Niu gensheng's frustration is not just his helpless, wahaha Zong qinghou, Guangming fen, Qingdao Beer Jinzhiguo heart, is it not just toying their capital and strong intrusion between the field and see the future of gaming?.


In 2001, Huiyuan Group has lead the fruit juice industry in recent years because of the accumulation of relying solely on industry growth sensed the difficulty, when the heady DeLong Huiyuan its joint venture and transfer 51% of the controlling stake. Two years later, before the building collapsed in Delong, Zhu Xinli, perceived risk did her best not hesitate to "gamble", and may be losing way Huiyuan, the final escape from Delong regain control of Huiyuan. .


Since then, the bitter taste of the capital, hibernating zhuxinli for two years, patience, tried to alternative methods to override 10 years beverage industry entrepreneurs face the weakness of the capital. Recently, Huiyuan group open to Taiwan, a joint venture between 5 per cent of the equity capital is zhuxinli chessboard just first particle.


Huiyuan chairman Zhu Xinli, and the capital of war. .


Breaking up with Fandango. Insider.


By the end of 2002, in Delong another single on a loan, Huiyuan chairman Zhu Xinli, has once again signed his name, remember this is the first few times, but to this Delong has been accumulated from Huiyuan Group, borrowed 3. .8 Billion yuan. Zhu Xinli, should feel at this time to do something. .


At this point distance Huiyuan and DeLong, a joint venture in less than two years. 2001 March DeLong's Xinjiang tunhe to 5 .1 billion cash capital contribution. ' holding 51%, Huiyuan to capital shares, 49% of the venture Beijing Huiyuan. In 2000, Huiyuan Juice already has dominated the domestic market share of 23%, is closely followed by the second name of nearly 10 times the Delon at the amalgamation area of operation has already begun to take shape. Two perfectly complement the excellent corporate joint venture was praised for the industry.


Most of the time Huiyuan core assets have been installed in a joint venture company, Zhu Xinli, Huiyuan Group, and even plan for the future will gradually into other assets, the joint venture. Complementary effect in the joint venture a year and a half soon became apparent, with Beijing Huiyuan platform, Delong in the beverage giant in the field and launched several domestic merger and acquisition negotiations, and Huiyuan intensive one and a half years of construction base in the country, factory initially completed the overall layout of fruit juice industry. .


But at this point to the beginning frequently DeLong has stepped out to lend money, riddled with a start is 50 million Yuan, then borrow one billion, and then later changed to 2 billion, while at the same time commitments of repayment DeLong is becoming shorter and shorter, from the earliest three months, reduced to one month, and finally became a week.


Obviously Delong on the large demand for funds has become more urgent. Zhu Xinli, the mood started to borrow money relatively easy, Delong interest on the loans as high as 15% -18% return on equity products than the Huiyuan business profits higher. But when the borrowing has been as high as 3. .8 Billion, the return prospects look was so uncertain, Xinli aware of the danger coming. .


Produced from the beginning of 2003 zhuxinli DeLong, and then start planning, searching for the hands from DeLong Huiyuan equity repo man.


And Delong's first talks in Shenzhen. Zhu Xinli, the first to find a Hong Kong company, but this time the biggest problem is simply unwilling to Huiyuan Delong shot. The initial negotiations, Delong's attitude is ambiguous, and constantly repeated, today agreed to sell Huiyuan shares, and tomorrow go back on, and the purchase price has also repeatedly lift, making the Xinli, extreme anxiety. .


DeLong first 51 per cent stake in a joint venture of the selling price and profit compared to the year is not less than 6: 1, with the same joint venture profits of approximately 1 billion RMB, priced at around 6 billion, subsequently this ratio was raised to the 7: 1. ultimate when Delon reluctantly agreed to hit 7 billion yuan, SARS, investment confidence shaken by the Hong Kong people rushed to withdraw from this acquisition saga. Zhuxinli is being left in situ.


Has been plunged into financial crisis at Delong, very much like to fully acquire Huiyuan, Xinjiang Tunhe by Huiyuan shares subject lift to ease the funding crisis. So, once people withdraw, chaired the negotiations Tang Wanping - Tang Wanxin's brother immediately offered to seven times the annual profit in joint venture to buy Huiyuan Group held 49% stake in Beijing Huiyuan. Zhu Xinli, also made at this time by themselves to repurchase shares held by Delong, Delong asking price and quite. Tang Wanping this tough stance, "Huiyuan buy it, less than 8:1 is absolutely not for sale.". .


Both sides at a stalemate. At that time, Huiyuan cast just 20 billion to build a factory, expanding base, account funding is already running, to come up with eight billion RMB was a fantasy.


Delong long-term presence in Beijing Huiyuan financial officer, Tang Wanping clear understanding of this, of course chest. And Zhu Xinli, the facts on the Boardroom building funds, the ability to buy does not really know. However, the crisis on speculation Delong, repeated before and after acting on their style, all the time reminding him of the industrial empire Zhu Xinli, will face enormous risks. New Year's Day began in 2003, three months later, negotiations are still no progress. .


In order to break the deadlock quickly shake off the major shareholder, desperation zhuxinli thought of a "gambling" ploy — to "last week" and "death," and "no matter what limit is 8: 1 or 9: 1, either you buy my 49 per cent, or I am buying your 51 per cent, a week, who get there money to buy!" zhuxinli issued an ultimatum to the manpei Tang. Because of the assumed Huiyuan must pay, Tang manpei eventually agreed to this proposal.


Zhu Xinli said this is a life or death decision, and urged him to make the decision, urging him to set "death limit" is that "too tight" intuition, "time is too tight," "without further delay," and " I am anxious to settle this matter ... ... "a strong intuition Zhu recalled after the event was repeated when the situation said. .


Ultimatum was down, but there is no chance of winning zhuxinli. "If he had the money, I'm sure it would have no choice but to sell. ”。.


Tang Wanping Delong proposed acquisition program: Deron can first pay 50 million to 100 million in cash to Huiyuan, the balance paid within three years. Huiyuan some of the executives and lawyers expressed satisfaction with the programs of the Tang on the grounds that large profits can take this part of Zhu Xinli, the money going back to do that part of the joint venture company is not installed in the raw juice (concentrated juice) business. "Deron such a big debt repayment capacity should be no big problem." Zhu frequently hear the case. .


And today, are also prohibited zhuxinli "if it was just sold to DeLong, how to get it paid off the balance over a period of three years from the Bank immediately after the? the Huiyuan were ...".


Fortunately, at that time insisted that Zhu Xinli, "regardless of who is going to buy a one-time purchase funds must be carried on all hit each other." Calculations Zhu, Delong has started to arrive from the time a joint venture company borrowed Huiyuan 3. .8 Billion yuan, coupled with early and Huiyuan joint venture 51% owned when the commitment to pay 5. .1 Million in funding, there has not been credited into account about 200 million. To 800 million yuan purchase price, then it Huiyuan raised 200 million if, bought the stake on the other side no problem. .


From Shanghai to the negotiating table, a return to Beijing, zhuxinli first ran to the shunyi County Clerk's Office, Mr bets in the area of Government. From 1994 meeting originates from Shandong move to beginning, shunyi district, 11 years in business development and personal style is extremely robust zhuxinli, Government has accumulated a huge personal resources. In the County party Committee Office, zhuxinli straight: "Huiyuan has encountered a problem, DeLong wants to buy Huiyuan, we also want to buy, Bank lending was too late ..." clerk asked: "how much money do you need?" and "two billion. ”。.


"I never thought suddenly solved! Next morning, two million will be allocated around!" Ready to be acquired Delong Zhu Xinli, a sudden backhand edge in this game with a victory. "Liaoding Huiyuan have the money to the Tang Wanping suddenly dumbfounded!" Zhu Xinli, could not conceal the pride. .


Change of Drilon in April 2003, finally withdrew from the Huiyuan.


Agreement between the parties broke up in about a month later, May 16, 2003 Notice to Xinjiang Tunhe 5. .3 Million in the sale of its 51% held by Beijing Huiyuan shares. In the notice it was actually surprised to find unknown buyer "Hubei Wei Ling," This has just completed restructuring of state-owned enterprises, the main textile and trade, had never set foot in beverage industry. Guess what the media quickly because the two sides suddenly breaking up? Hubei Wei Ling as what role? Control has always been strong in the acquisition of Delong on how to let go Huiyuan? . .


For why refinance to borrow "Hubei Wei ling" April 6, 2005 to accept the Chinese entrepreneurs "interview, zhuxinli with respect," this is to be built. Was too sensitive, they are afraid of Huiyuan direct repo, thrown from the outside, DeLong unfavourable to guess. "They found their own zhuxinli friends stepped in Hubei Wei ling area to act as a purchaser.


"Back and forth, God's help ... ..." For dramatic from Delong, Xinli, laments. Why is "God help", Zhu, for example, as a joint venture controlling shareholder, can insist on not selling Delong, Delong forced to accept this "gambler-type" proposal, the key is "Tang Wanping sudden brain haemorrhage." During the negotiations in Shanghai, Tang suddenly went to Zhejiang, according to Zhu Xinli estimate is likely to be raising private funds in the local. The day after returning to Shanghai from Zhejiang Province, physical and psychological anxiety Tang Wanping sudden cerebral hemorrhage, "after more than six months are unable to speak."See brother come to such a situation, tangwanxin very painful, coupled with all the fluff in the tangjia rescue work, simply unable to take account of the dispute with the Huiyuan's equity, tangwanxin grip, "forget it, sell it to the Huiyuan gourmet. ”。.


"There are many unknown factors can not tell Road, which, like Tang Wanping's disease, how can you expect." Get out of the experience for Zhu concludes. .


DeLong stage leave sequelae.


Zhu Xinli, 1992, to take a 11 million debt, discontinued three years, Yiyuan County, Shandong Province has closed down to do fruit canning factory. Into the beginning of the Xinli, to assume liability on the way, jointly completed a Hong Kong enterprise property rights reform of the enterprises. Zhu Xinli, then this vision to avoid the ills caused by unclear property rights. The second year of study on domestic and international markets, business Zhu Xinli, the canned food factory adjusted to concentrated juice. Zhu Xinli, Huiyuan in 1994 against all the odds will move its headquarters from Yimeng old liberated areas to Shunyi County, and created the Beijing Huiyuan Beverage Company Limited. .


As the earliest entry into the fruit juice industry enterprises, 8 years for rapid growth. " 2000 Huiyuan Juice, a leading industry in the last five years, with 23 per cent market share topped the highest in the fruit juice industry, Huiyuan growth mere industrial scroll realization of capital operation areas very familiar, which makes the determination and big capital zhuxinli together.


In September 2000 for the first time received a phone call from Xinjiang Tangwan Ping, Zhu Xinli, some ignorant, "My brushes Delong who do not know what." Through the Office of Huiyuan Group, Xinjiang, Zhu became aware of Delon in the field of production and finance have long to fame, "It's great, received a lot of business." Delong the time funds are urgently looking for a solid object can be integrated through the recommendation of the Chinese Beverage Industry Association, behind championship at the location of Huiyuan fruit juice industry has entered a Tang Wanping view. .


In multi-party Snoop DeLong's true intentions, heart health concerns of zhuxinli accepted the invitation of the Tang manpei in autumn on their aircraft to Xinjiang. On the operational capabilities of Drilon capital envy, coupled with the endless river stands the tomato base, rapid heart beat zhuxinli.


Tang Wanping "major Huiyuan," Zhu Xinli, the dream of tangent in the "vital." Attempting to combine the fruit juice industry, DeLong, Zhu Xinli, launched to a "platform of Beijing Huiyuan, gradually acquiring other beverage giant to build industrial giant" blueprint. In this blueprint, the next three years (ie 2003) Beijing Huiyuan will achieve sales of 10 billion target. In 2000, Huiyuan Group's annual sales revenue just more than 1.2 billion yuan. .


5 months later, in March 2001 the parties quickly form "Huiyuan" DeLong to 5 .1 billion cash capital contribution. 51 per cent of the assets financed riddled with shares of 49%.. most of the time "are core assets in a joint venture, zhuxinli even plan for the future will be" other assets gradually into the joint venture.


Delong's arrival will be a period of expansion Huiyuan into the wild. Previously only six in the national production base of Huiyuan Juice, a joint venture less than two years, adding more than 20 large-scale production base, geographical by the Shandong, Beijing massive expansion to the west, at least in 10 provinces completed the expansion of more shots in Chongqing 6. .6 Billion in investment and built Asia's largest fruit production base. Huiyuan has two years to introduce 11 PET production lines, each spend about 1. .5 Billion, and its PET production line when the domestic (including Huiyuan) a total of only 14, Huiyuan interior are extremely proud, "the House move that startled the world counterparts."Huiyuan group more in 2002 to $ advertising places win 7670 CCTV juice industry" tenders ".


Huiyuan under heavily on the industry will quickly complete the competition-based Qiangdian layout, forming the upper reaches of the juice processing in the field relative monopoly control; nearly 20 billion investment to Huiyuan was the world's most advanced equipment, it all depends if the simple Industrial accumulation of simply incomprehensible. .


In accordance with the two sides of industry in the early planning, a joint venture near DeLong on the beverage industry has launched a large-scale merger plan. DeLong and then, in 2002, some beverage Giants including Chengde Lolo, rising, jianlibao, Lam Tin, and other enterprises, has launched a takeover negotiations to acquire platform is a joint venture in Beijing Huiyuan. "DeLong idea is to purchase, I, I, we work together to do great in this industry. "On the" revenue Code "and inviting combination of Zhu Xinli, still quite a little regret," If he can keep up with the funds, if not the impact of China's stock market and macro-control, then ... ... "Zhu did not continue his description..


It is obvious that the expansion of the Fandango period Huiyuan entirely beyond their own speed. 2001 and 2002, Huiyuan Group's sales revenues, respectively, 15., 22. .4 billion to .5 billion yuan, the profit to .5 billion, 2.2.2 billion, according to information provided by the Huiyuan, "Chinese entrepreneurs" statistics during the Huiyuan long-term investment joint venture with a total of approximately 41 million.


Zhu Xinli, Huiyuan has confirmed two years to complete the first phase, two investment of about 20 million, but he said that in addition to acquisition of equity funds to pay about 300 million yuan, the Delong and no other direct financial injection, Huiyuan expansion large sums of money required for the major aspects of the financing comes from Huiyuan. Zhu does not deny that drive capital to catch car after Delong, whether banks or equipment suppliers are on Huiyuan open the door, "much easier than before financing, equipment suppliers repayment can be extended one to two years ... ... "Huiyuan's debt ratio was high in fact can be imagined. .


Therefore, after breaking up with DeLong riddled with solid heavy financial burdens, how to rapidly alleviate Huiyuan funding hunger has become 2003 zhuxinli imperative.


Investment banks stalemate. .


Acquired Hubei Wei ling DeLong in the hands of Huiyuan stock waiting for the grant period, the number of well-informed investment quickly to start contact Huiyuan. Including Morgan Stanley, Peregrine, Merrill Lynch, Goldman Sachs, HSBC, American Capital Group, a number of well-known investment banks, the Huiyuan column of their schedule.


June 28, 2004, in celebration of the 12th anniversary of Huiyuan create the ceremony, the traditional old company suddenly ushered in 12 international investment banks in Asia or China president, at which some people jokingly said, "These leaders together is not easy, Huiyuan can open a small workshop of investors. "Huiyuan until August 2004 that set out to find clear of foreign investors, the second dial investors again flocked to invest in the peak Huiyuan Evergreen Road, head of the Department set aside a day to host six investors. .


Morgan Stanley in early 2004 began fervently hopes that their "story" copy to mengniu Huiyuan. From Morgan Stanley's investment more than once to the road, Changqing mengniu dairy giant described the creation of successful, mengniu progress every step of the way, this is where the big mo-hand "legend" of the dairy industry in countless times to other industry giants deeply touched. And Morgan Stanley at the same time comes there are British and CDH investment mengniu's teams. It is packed when mengniu in way of the motherboard market.


Road Evergreen frankly, in contact with the investment bank Morgan Stanley is in and communication "deep." Morgan Stanley in the eyes of Huiyuan can undoubtedly "a few fish to eat" - Morgan Huiyuan desire to become the exclusive financial investors, then become a sponsor listed Huiyuan; second-best team is a joint investment in reproduction Mengniu Mengniu's story; If progress is not smooth, then the most incompetent can also act as financial advisor to Huiyuan this. Other investment banks have come awfully close to the idea. .


But despite great financial pressure, for the parties to the capital, that wouldn't budge, zhuxinli sting Volt nearly two years. And DeLong cooperative begins zhuxinli on capital ignorant, with an open mind to sell its Zhu DeLong core asset holdings, results not only in 2 years the Fandango successively gained from Huiyuan. JV 1 .7 million bonus, profit from the sale of shares, also has obtained from Huiyuan, large loans to Huiyuan leaving behind the huge debt. This may induce zhuxinli rethink Huiyuan's capital, on the capital increase of doubts and vigilance.


Especially for investment banks, Zhu Xinli, the attitude is more ambiguous and hesitant. When Morgan Mengniu legend to describe when Zhu Xinli, has just been shocked Chuyishenhan the Xinli, Delong has made a point of interpretation for the so-called success story of the capital. .


Mengniu listing, Morgan Stanley and other two investors and mengniu management performance guarantee signed by the following terms: "If mengniu in the next three years, the earnings compound growth cannot reach 50 per cent, mengniu management must be held by 7. .8% company ownership transfer policy at Morgan Stanley, etc.; on the other hand, if the shareholder reaches 50 per cent growth rate, Morgan Stanley, shareholders will have the same amount of equity transfer in company management. ”。.


In Xinli view, "(Mengniu financing) the cost is simply not big enough to imagine!" Zhu Xinli, explained, "the goal of financial investors are too short-term, two years is not profitable to turn hostile," and "harsh conditions, it is because of harsh access speed is relatively fast. "Niu Gensheng and its future with a big hand how the fate of the evolution of Mengniu, Xinli feel that they do not know. Zhu Xinli, the other to make the case much vibration is instant noodles and Nissin Hualong Group's joint venture, in Zhu seems like this and Mengniu signed a "devil agreement" financing case, "conditions just too harsh!." .


"China's too much money, not necessarily to do such a choice. "Zhu on this comment. He weighed myself as what choice is to select industry investment or financial investment financing?: Yes or cooperation? first round with investment bank after the end of exposure, the financing of the Huiyuan Zhuxinli explicitly in "cooperative prior to listing, industrial investors prior to financial investors" under the framework.


Some investors commented that the formal approval from the SFC Delong allowed after the year, Huiyuan can choose the market quickly, but Huiyuan miss opportunities. A and Huiyuan had close contact with the investment community to the "Chinese entrepreneurs," said Huiyuan, if not hope to Morgan Stanley, not betting too much hope on him, early selection of sponsors for other purposes, then simply "poor quality and the success of the country has long been the United States who was born in Huiyuan." "Morgan Stanley was expecting to become a direct investor Huiyuan, Guer listing issue dragged on.". .


Zhuxinli denied Morgan Stanley served as associate sponsor riddled with ".", emphasized that "in detachment after Huiyuan from DeLong did not establish clear listing of schedules, never determine any listing sponsors. "Huiyuan failed listing reasons, Zhu explained that they are not keen on the market," listing just completed a financing purposes, like the introduction of financial investors. ”。.


On the one hand, Xinli, to vote on the behavior of financial investors, the first a less cold, on the other hand, Zhu Xinli, Huiyuan deep breath and waiting to bring more industry to the industry blueprint for investors. He believes that the latter is right. .


Running out of big three.


Soon, Qin Peng arrived. .


Back in before entering the Huiyuan DeLong, French Danone Group China President Qinpeng already with his plans to visit zhuxinli several times. Its time for enthusiastic attitude of qinpeng, clearly, "zhuxinli Huiyuan when cutting out, I know what you are talking about. "Zhuxinli repeatedly emphasized the opportunity to put the heart of qinpeng will," the time is not, I need the most beautiful time with you. "As one of the earliest contact Huiyuan industry giants of transnational, qinpeng always shoot retaliation, a few years with frequent contact with zhuxinli and qinpeng" for many years, a good friend ".


Mid-2004, on the phone and Qin Zhu Xinli Peng smiled and said, "I become beautiful, you come." Immediately seeking for several years without the Qinpeng Li started a pursuit of Huiyuan. Later, when the negotiation situation and finally nosedive, Xinli preferred reunification, access to news from abroad back to China Qinpeng Li, who was trying to convince Zhu Xinli, Hainan change his mind, is something for the future. .


Zhuxinli with respect, in contact with several Huiyuan industry giants, Danone intervention the most deep, personal relationship with him qinpeng most cooked. "Danone joint programmes are the most beautiful, the most perfect!" has also been tempted zhuxinli, but in the eyes of an enemy among the factors or too much. Having carefully examined the Danone acquisition mode, directly on the qinpeng said: "I want large price, you get down to the last purchase or finance consultants to audit, you value Huiyuan, but they will only be used to assess the Huiyuan financial module. "Qinpeng doctored.


"French companies from long term values and differences between Chinese enterprises too." Zhu, for example, "such as communication, Unified morning with a phone call in the afternoon may be the problem solved, but Danone, phone the morning to hit France , over half a year may also be unable to settle down. "As the controlling shareholder of multiple brands, Danone Zhu Xinli on competition within the industry are worried about," co-ordination is very cumbersome, very difficult for them to solve this problem. ". .


Danone since the mid-1990s to equity investment style intensive subsidiary domestic drinks industry giants lashed intervention robust, wahaha, Merlin is wide and bright, Shenzhen bacitracin zinc, giants such as dairy products, soon shareholders several years later it gained through a variety of ways in which a controlling stake in most enterprises.


Large ones can reach the Chinese capital's entrepreneurs are confused, the Qin Peng, Xinli, sigh, "This man is too simple a!" But, "Danone has received a Robust, Wahaha, Bright Dairy, The addition of the words of Huiyuan, Danone will sweep China!. " .


Coveted Huiyuan shareholding is not only up to a House. 2004 September Zhuxinli selection shrinks to Danone, unity, Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola four industry investors, brought on by the end of that year zhuxinli four investors dumped out deadline — must be before the Spring Festival, the last day to submit their joint programmes. After seven days holiday, zhuxinli carefully compared, as appropriate.


Whispering "unification"? . .


21 March 2005 and the consolidated Group, Huiyuan through fax a signed form joint venture agreement. Huiyuan group split its juice products business, the Group spent $ 3030, approximately 2. .5 billion RMB, the joint venture "China Huiyuan Juice group holding", holds a 5% stake in the joint venture. And 15 months earlier repurchase Huiyuan 51 percent control over paid 5. .5 billion yuan, the appreciation of the magnitude of this joint venture higher than 400%, industry by me as "sticker shock".


Why Huiyuan's door open a crack to be the first to squeeze in uniform? Zhu Xinli, explains, "because both sides are highly complementary in nature", which several industry analysts all in agreement. .


Unity in Taiwan to rely on the "pathway of ?" push strategy, becoming the largest food and beverage Enterprise Chairman Kao, determined to make 2007 the consolidated into Southeast Asia's largest food company. In this vision, unity in addition to the newly acquired local enterprise wantonly, its success "pathway + products" to push the experience will also be copied in the South-East Asia region. Take the car to the South-East Asia's pioneering chariot, just in time can easily be riddled with Southeast Asian market. In addition, the longer the unified channel strategy for the extension of channel capacity in the mainland strong, this can also be sources of tension for the lack of Huiyuan used. Complement each other on in the channel up to and "two music" on the Huiyuan almost no help. .


"At least you can avoid our own internal competition. "Zhuxinli excitedly for example road," before we have to throw some money competition, advertising can now completely with each other! "and" before we went on price, and now a merger I'll be able to price! "has also been spoken about zhuxinli," future unity are likely to be mounted on both sides of all beverage business joint venture, "and" Huiyuan can lend Unity into other food areas. "For these great temptation zhuxinli could not have ambition.


According to an analysis of investment bankers, when these factors have been tempted Zhu Xinli, the selection of unity, to further strengthen its resolve that, after reunification Once The response of other investors. Obviously, after reunification with 5% interest, joint venture negotiations on the follow-up has little effect, at the negotiating table on the Huiyuan all investors will return to the starting point of the chase. This means that Zhu Xinli, still in control of the initiative in the face of the capital.And unified, Danone and "two" seem ambitious, zhuxinli confirmed that Danone hope at a higher price for additional shares, "two" are more inclined to direct a separate acquisition of 80% or even 90 percent of the equity and uniform willingness to only 5 per cent of the shares paid $ 3030 "sticker shock".


Zhu Xinli, according to the original plan, Huiyuan will continue to gradually opening up options, the maximum ratio of 35% (but Huiyuan Group Head Road, Evergreen Investment In an interview with "Chinese entrepreneurs," an interview that the maximum amount will not open more than 50 %), for who will receive these shares, Xinli, an ambiguous attitude, "Unity can continue to overweight, have other ideas if the uniform, then Huiyuan not rule out cooperation with other enterprises.". .


And your business analyst Cheng Siu Sun believes that consolidated to 5 per cent of the equity locked strategic relationships with the Huiyuan, but obviously this is not sealed Huiyuan to other investors, opening up the possibility of stock.


Coca-Cola is still determined to win - 4 6, in the "China Entrepreneurs" interview, Xinli, mentioned several times: "If the Coca-Cola bid for the second round of negotiations will be higher," "Unity is now sold to Coca-Cola, immediately to make money. "He also said he soon will be, and Qin Peng about meals. The April 9, Morgan Stanley Road, Evergreen has just received a phone call asking each other "(Morgan Stanley) have no chance?" Road Evergreen warm welcome: "Look at what level, how the two sides talked about the . "Huiyuan for investment and development in 2005 the main objective of the Ministry, Road Evergreen declined. .


As you can imagine, for a second round of Huiyuan rush for the war would soon commence unified price benchmarking established, a second round of price is bound to a record again, maybe there will be the third round, where the Grand campaign riddled successfully landed in the capital market, this is bound to be investors in hot pursuit of a new round.


Eager to expand into the mainland market, Taiwan's United Group, the acquisition of key words in recent years is "failure", from the bright, Wanda Jianlibao and PriceSmart to the nearest supermarket, uniform purchase is inconstancy, halfway. .


And this time, "this seemingly the least acquisition of toughness, but fully activated Huiyuan the joint position is just beginning. "An unidentified Investment Bank who is to say.


This may Zhu Xinli, the intention is. .


The mood that is in fact a "two-in-charge of music". Carbonated drinks market share decline in the Global 2000, "two" before and after both market fruit juice industry, as the most potential market, China has become the "two". And Jun Cheng Siu-business analyst, believes that the next two or three years China's beverage industry pattern will change significantly, "it will be China Huiyuan Juice market. "" Two Music "their concern is the other side an early lead with Huiyuan, this" two music "have moved their global business leader to co-related talk, Coca-Cola and even invited their Chinese partners - COFCO new appointed chairman of Ning Zhu Xinli, personally called lobbying..


"So choose a unified group, both of them are relieved," personality of the ?inner-ear zhuxinli, but "' music ' in fact defeated by financial advisers, Danone and unity are selected directly, rather than through financial advisors. ”。.


"Familiar with the industry who value the development of enterprises, and financial advisers will ask 'how much money you make, why do you so much money.'" He said. .


Within ourselves.


Pronunciation】 【fǎn qiú zhū jǐ. .


【 English ??seek the cause in oneself instead of somebody else.


Phrase now faces obstacles to refrain from blaming others, and it should turn from his body to find out the crux of the problem and try to correct them. .


【 Source: Mencius · Gongsun commentary on "hair and not for victory in character, it grinds to a halt within ourselves.


"Mencius Lou Chapters on": lines are not who are reflecting upon himself, his body is the return of the world. .


【 Usage ??verb-object type, object, attributes, but it contained.


【Example】 against all human beings should seek himself, is kind to all, in harmony and seek eternal happiness, for the total liberation of the spirit. .


【 】 Synonyms.


Blame and self-blame, self-examination, self-discipline, shut oneself up and ponder over one's mistakes, do some soul. .


【 】 Allusions.


According to legend, 4000 years ago, the history of the Xia Dynasty, when the king is the famous Yu. .


On one occasion, the leaders have Kao's next invasion, the US sent to Bertie Kai engaged, Bernard Kai was defeated. Men are not resign himself to call again demanded a battle. Bernard Anthony said: "no more war. My Bing, site is small, but the results still had defeated the war, this is my morality got under way, the Ministry of education is on his account. So I'll review my own efforts to fix their own problems. "Since then, restart the trials day just lit up, living, love the people as a child, be respected. After this year, with Hu's to know, not only dare to infringe, but willingly surrendered its allegiance. .


Language Note: within ourselves.


Xiao Xing = text to know October 1, 2005. .


Author copyright statement: [copyright, please do not spam].


The Analects of Confucius note (Xiao Xing = text to know). .


1. political 2 Zi.-in a Word and 3. King-to learn and 4.5. when the acquisition is not inverse not billion.


6. . Provinces of the body 7. . Return good for evil 8. . Straight, in which 9. . Introspection. .


Everyday we generally don't care for that particular like complaining about others. John Doe, too, is a cunning villain wangwu one ... in short, in this vision, there are no good hongtong County — in addition to his/her own. Slightly that probably intuition knew the place you want to have any problems, the core of the problem are often complain about who I am. I have done many years of large corporations, we interview the interviewer when you use one of the most common problems in the "trap" is to ask job seekers on the company, the former boss. If that job seekers who finally found listening to the grievances before the unit by a belly to back out of this job is mostly hot springs of. Not that you can not before the company, the former boss of complaining, but the interviewer is not worthwhile to find their own work for the judges, that Tang Hunshui run to you, for you non-judgment, straightforward solution: The next one! Therefore, the work had been wronged, wondering who change jobs to more than eye-certainly until the time of their composure only after the interview, to save being mistaken for a kind of only know that "seeking Morohito" I do not know anti-" upon himself "the paranoid madman.Language-the language of the 15th Duke Wei: Zi: man of his people, everything.


In fact, this reasoning is equally applicable to many bosses.Relatives are too stupid, too lazy; professional managers not loyal, not trustworthy; entrepreneurial veteran deserves pride, new ways of MBA grads are again; the quality is poor workers; competitors too short-sighted, price; more there is a problem, simply do not know how to protect national infant industries ... okay, next! by the same token, is not to say that you can't have the complaint on the objective, but as a boss, has a strong resource mobilization capacities (including material resources, organizations, resources, political resources, generally on the respect of social entrepreneurs, etc), but the fingers pointed me, or rather uninteresting!.


Confucius introspection, thinking perhaps the successor of the best Gen Taizhou School:. .


"There are no rows, all within ourselves, others are things that work (means). Its body is which attribution, Hexyl, matter as well.


"My body still moment, the world is still the national side. World countries do not square, or My body is not square..


"Husband love that hengai. Letter that hengxin. This induction. In this view, people do not love me, non-human, non-know thyself. People don't believe me, non-people do not believe it, we own it or not. ” 。.


A problem, not your fingers someone else, consider doing on the right or good. In other words, to lead others, come over the leadership of their own this off, which is why the first step in leadership development is the discovery of self, understanding of self, then self-management, self-control, study its contents, are in fact anti- upon himself the effort.As business leaders, first you must answer the "who am I," "I want" and "why do I have to do the most basic enterprise" to these questions, then can the enterprise seemingly ordinary work provides a higher significance, in values, mindset really affect a large number of people, for the long-term sustainable development. Material level, personal feelings of power and influence, not on one level. Several hundred years of occupation of the West makes a number of the implementation of the accumulation of people can become good business leaders, but in the absence of professional traditional Chinese, successful business leaders must be a reflection-type people management practices can increase the to the management concept, management philosophy of people. .


Through moral appeal within ourselves, value delivery, cannot ignore the self-management in the technical side. Sandy's famous ORJI model (Observation-Response-Judgment-Intervention), in fact, is how people in interpersonal interaction process to avoid bias, preset effects people make a correct observation that better response, the judge, the intervention process, its focus is on the self management. Self-management of well-known Western management education sector Jagdish Parikh's go nuclear exercises (centering exercises) is another good example. What is true self? Is your property? Is your body? Is your current mood? Is your current thinking? The answer is denied.Core exercises through step by step, to witness the outer self, detach the external self to find inner, true self: find a quiet corner to one of the most comfortable position to sit down and, first of all is the perception of the surrounding environment, sunlight, temperature, sound, smell, etc; and is the perception of her body from head to the dorsal, abdominal, back to the limbs, relax, relax, relax, and once again is the perception of their breath and inhale, exhale, repeated several times, and time is the perception of their emotions, anger, sadness? depressed?? worried? last is the perception of their perception itself. Layered over an in-depth result, the inner self to the self as an external fixtures both inside and outside the self, to achieve the separation, management and control. .


This seemingly ordinary procedures with profound philosophy and psychology. For example, many people have seen how to control his anger on this issue, in away is considered childish, immature in Chinese culture, how to control your negative emotions are many young people have a headache. His attitude towards you, you are angry, furious anger, out of anger ... anger came to say, what would you do? let anger spewed? your work maybe goodbye; and swallow the saliva to healthy anger? your stomach may be: gastric ulcer is enough. How do? Refocusing the practice by practice, then, if you try to sink, to return to the inner self, so that inner self from the perspective of an outsider to witness, perception, acceptance of this anger, you will find a miracle: angry suddenly gone! Parikh likened this process of "change file." Car uphill, walk, how to do? You pull into a lower gear of a file. By the same token, uncontrolled emotions, and how to do? You put a layer of self-transferred to a more internal, and thus outside of their own emotions in self, self-management purposes. .


Free time to do more work to do this exercise, you can gradually acquired the master in the history of mankind's most powerful weapons: take control of your own! Confucius said "what the heart desires and not more than the rules" in this realm. In contrast, a master of manipulation, Poker, and envy?.


Liquor. .


With reduced alcohol content of process, generally within 38 degrees. There are more than 20 degrees.


China is the world's ancient civilizations Zhuoli, China is the home of wine, five thousand years of Chinese history, the wine and wine culture has occupied an important position, wine is a special kind of food, is material, but the wine has and into people's spiritual life into. .


Wine is a wine, also called soju, laobaigan, knives, etc. Quality colourless (or light steam) transparent, smell of aromatic pure, sweet, crisp cotton net imports, higher alcohol content, the storage of aging, with esters as the main body of the complex aromas.


Characteristics of Chinese liquor. .


China's liquor products, press liquor flavor can be divided into four wine flavour (soy sauce, aromatic, spicy flavor, rice), six small flavor (chicken flavor, flavouring, aromatic, special Sesame, flavor, Dong-Chan also herbs).


* Maotai - Guizhou Maotai represented. Yan Hong aroma but not low but not light, elegant and mellow, not concentrated not fierce, long aftertaste, aroma into the cup overnight stay long dispersed, and an empty cup than the real cup also incense, it is memorable. .


· The rich fragrance of Jiao daqu liquor. Taste is sweet, sweet, balanced flavor sponge. Flavor-marinated for representation. With the fragrance of sweet, soft, and other characteristics, is the traditional products of northern China.


* M flavor - Guangxi Guilin Sanhua represented. Hong has a secret taste flavors, elegant, soft and so on. .


High quality wine, you must have appropriate storage period.


Luzhou stored at least 3-6 months, more than one year; Fen storage period of about one year; and Maotai requires storage of more than three years. .


Chinese liquor drinks wine, unique style, and the rest of the world, China's liquor liquors have special incomparable flavour. The pleasures of pure crystal clear, colorless and transparent; pleasant aroma, five species of aromatic wines have their own characteristics, odor, strong, pure, and enjoys good spill is mellow and soft cotton;, Kevin was with concordance, a long, refreshing change in the net, end of infinite beauty and taste, with great joy and a sense of happiness.


Is a world famous Chinese liquor distilled one of the six (the other five are brandy, whiskey, rum, vodka and gin). Chinese liquor in the process than distilled liquor all around the world much more complex variety of raw materials, also have the characteristics of wine styles, wine were also varied. .


China's liquor alcohol early high, 67 ° and 65 °, 62 ° high. This high degree of wine in the world is rare in other countries. In recent years, the national reference medium reduction of the degree of liquor, many larger wineries, has successfully produced 39 °, 38 °, low. Liquor market early, most consumers are not accustomed to, it always goes drinking equals, the small "momentum." In the early 1990s, urban consumers have begun to get used low, in the feast has gradually become a better variety. Liquor formerly soju, high grain alcohol, collectively, white wine, after the founding of the blue in wine. Why is it called white wine, white dry and shochu? Liquor is the meaning of colorless, white dry wine that is not watered mean, shochu is the raw material for fermentation into the steamer heating distilled from wine. Liquor in the name of the range. To name some materials, such as: sorghum, liquor, melon liquor, dry, is to sorghum, starter, melon dry as raw material produced wine. Some have named place of origin, such as: Moutai, Fen, Jingzhi white dry, Qufu old pits, Lan Ling Daqu so. Some celebrity names, such as: Dukang wine, music and other special Fan public.Also according to the duration of the fermentation, storage, such as named: tequ, Chan, head of music, song, er Guo TOU, huilong wine etc., and is based on the characteristics of the production process. ER Guo TOU is in North of alcohol by an old name. There is now a wine is still called er Guo TOU. Now the ER Guo TOU is steaming wine, pinched head to tail for middle distillate of wine. Real er Guo TOU means Distillery process prior to using the cooler to the old method of solid schnapps, i.e. to the pot for the cooler, after the second heat exchanger water and steam out of wine. The so-called huilong wine, cooking wine heavy roast once, serve huilong wine.


Chinese liquor culture. .


[Edit this].


Wine culture, as a special form of culture, in traditional Chinese culture has its unique position. In the history of civilization for thousands of years, the wine into almost all areas of social life. First of all, China is a country based on agriculture of the country, so all political, economic activity is agriculture development standpoint. China's wine, most are grain brewing, wine closely attached to agriculture, as part of the agricultural economy. Liquor originated in China when, Amid mixed, inconclusive. Way, originated in the Chao on behalf of, the literature in the Tang Dynasty, shochu, distilled liquor in the name has appeared. .


Li Chao (806) wrote the history of the supplement: "wine is the sword of burning South spring" (generally known as wine in the Tang dynasty "Spring"); Yong Tao (834) poem goes: "since to Chengdu hot wine, not being more in Chang'an. "Visible in the Tang dynasty, the wine's name has been widely circulated. Tin Tin wrote the song in materia said: "Siam wine to wine complex fire twice, into precious sniffed its rare fragrance, its altar every ten pounds of sandalwood to smoke the paint, and then into wine, bacon, buried in the soil during the menopause to burn gas, check out if you don't use it. "ZHAO Xi-Hu was the" tone Xie class series, "said:" burning drunkenly who urgently Peel and slice the bean Fenfen swing bars forced open the mouth piece with cold water under the powder feed hose or security "(Volume II); he said : "with the use of ginger can not and shochu. Health leek is by drinking liquor disease. Avoid all sweet things to drink liquor "(Volume III). The above mentioned quotation of" shochu "," steaming wine "," liquor ", is that today's white? Alone with the same name also not conclusive. Some people think that China's private long-term bent along, the steaming pot liquor as burning, burning pot of wine shall be produced shochu. but the name originated in the burn pot when, pending research.Hence the origin of the Tang dynasty, their liquor argument count in full.


In another way, when the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) introduced from abroad. Yuan China and West Asia and Southeast Asia, convenient, frequent exchanges in culture and technology, and more than an exchange. Some people think that "A thorn ancient" wine is distilled wine, imported from as far away India. It was also said: "Shochu formerly 'A thorn Church', Yuan Zheng Western Europe via Azerbaijan had stabbed Peter, the liquor law was introduced to China." Mu chapter book "Distinction diet," said: "Shochu, also known as Firewater 'A thorn old'. 'A thorn Ancient' speak in English too."Existing people identify" pricking the ancient "and" Al-Haj, "and" c-"to denote a Palm Khan and grain brewing a schnapps, Yuan once into China. Another way of saying, Ming-Ming geographer (1518-1593) in the compendium of Materia Medica wrote: "in wine than ancient law, since it was founded, when $ method using the wine and grain into the vessel make gas, steam, with a device for removing dettol, where rancidity of wine can be steamed roast. Near a glutinous rice or barley proso millet or shu or steamed, and Koji stuffed in 10 to vessel steaming good, its clear water, to cover the wine weiji dew. "This, then, in addition to instructions established in the Yuan Dynasty in China shochu in addition to a brief account of the brewing shochu distillation method, enemies that credible..


Foreign wine--Japanese sake.


Japanese sake, because of its simple ingredients to rice and water only, you can create a memorable taste good, so some people describe it as: made with rice magical liquid. And because the people and culture of different parts of Japan, and in the long history under the influence of Japanese sake has become a tremendous and representatives of the local characteristics of wine, so it called〕 〔to wine. .


Brewing sake use meters, is determined by the quality of a wine, generally speaking, the best wine m must conform to a large re rice protein) (FAT) (m) (great absorption of good answers. For example: Yamada Nishiki, Kamiyama Kam, etc., are very famous wine m. But water is the best water in the Palace. The so-called water Palace, which is referred to as the "water of xigong, Japan has xigong region. If house water and other alcoholic drinks with water to compare, Palace of water it contains many essential fermentation, phosphorus and potassium, while the most unfavorable fermentation iron and organic matter content is very low, when is the best wine hard water, the water is one of Japan's 100 name. Therefore, there must be a bottle of superb sake, we must have good water, good rice, which is also the sake of the mysterious about it. .


Rank: Japanese sake.


Sake brewed from rice, raw materials and the different levels can be divided into different grades, we can see from the legend is brewing sake in the big yin, the highest level of wine, because it is the process in the rice to remove up to fat and protein help wine, leaving only the rice starch-rich part of the heart, so big Yin is the most fragrant smell of brewing is the most impressive. .


Light is the natural enemy of sake:.


The preservation of wine generally means that no more than temperature and humidity, while the sake of saving more should pay attention to the masking effect of light, because light exposure is the natural enemy of sake, sake is not only afraid of the sun, and even fluorescent light for too long will make wine qualitative difference. If the sake is fluorescent light for 2 to 3 hours, not just the naked eye can see the color change of quality wine, and sometimes will even distribution of the so-called?? Sunlight smell?? The special smell. .


In order to prevent the effects of light quality and the taste of wine, best buy's sake cannot be saved in the Sun cannot light into place. Common bottle on the market, most of them are designed as dark brown or bluish green and other shading effect better color, its purpose is to avoid light damage on sake.


Sake Serving temperature:. .


With sake grades, drinking temperature it doing different adjustments. In order to determine what sake is suitable for temperature-what is suitable for drinking? ice drinks? mainly in their overall fragrance and wine materials to differentiate. In General, if there is a strong, aroma-such as: plain rice wine, the wine, ordinary wines, are suitable for warm drink, because these wines after the heating process, it cannot be the aroma of wine brings out the rich, more aromatic quality. The aroma and taste more delicate poems stuffed, large stuffed Yin, relatively chill and drink, mainly because of the warm sake, the wine aroma because of the temperature and the distribution of escaping, if the light fine wine species, their taste flavor easily be lost, so is suitable to drink ice drinks or room temperature. .


Wine:.


Generally the most common form of temperature and wine is to drink sake like to clear jug into the bottle (Takuri), then put in pre-heated to the boiling hot water to drink warm temperatures, this heating method is the most impermeable to maintain the quality of the original flavor of wine, and let it gradually exudes charming fragrance. Moreover, with advances in technology, there are methods of using the microwave oven warm, if by this method hot, the best place in the beaker in a glass rod, so the wine can make a pot temperature of convection, Let wine temperature uniformity. .


Iced drink:.


The methods of ice drinks have their different manifestations, more common is to advance into the drinking cup with ice and cups to pour out again when drinking liquor, let the cold glass melting temperature uniform conduction into the liquor in order to preserve the delicate taste of living. There is also a kind of special glasses, can be separated from liquor and ice, the ice crushed ice into the glass tank, then into the sake, of course, the most direct and convenient way is the whole bottle of sake in the refrigerator in ice storage, drinking out again when you can. .


Regardless of whether ice drinks, hot beverages, as long as the taste of wine, suitable for their own consumption patterns, even if not carefully taste like bibulous too rational analysis and composition, but it can also be a perceptual experience.


Grossly, smelling, tasting Sake Tasting three steps:. .


The general quality of the sake, just to save a good, not bad, the color is colorless, it is able to maintain a certain level of odor and taste. But if the level-the tasting as if Advanced wine, to distinguish between good wine tips and methods, the method is not out of three steps:.


First, size up the situation. .


Observation of liquid colour and hue is pure transparent with impurities or color yellowish or Brown, the wine is bad or poor quality of wine. In Japan, tasting sake with a glass bottom painted coiled snake eyes] [lines [s] to observe sake Cup by limpidity degree, a comparison of the Professional tasting glass.


Second, smelling. .


Sake taboo is too ripe Chen Xiang or other container to escape out of flavor, aroma, rich taste is good wine and tasting sake with a cup of wine, the need to pay special attention to the effects of temperature and material characteristics, so that you can smell the fragrance of unique taste.


Third, I try. .


In the mouth with 3 ~ 5 ml of sake, and then let the wine in tongue rolling on the surface, making it fully homogeneous all over the surface of the tongue to taste, and smell the aroma of wine, so that the lips and nose to smell of wine and wine together, out and then close the mouth of the aftertaste savour, sour, sweet, bitter, astringent taste, hot five, Harmonic, fresh and balanced aftertaste, and soft drinks are high-quality wine.


Distilled liquor. .


English name: tequila.


About distilled liquor. .


Schnapps is ethanol concentration higher than the original fermentation products of all kinds of alcoholic drinks. Brandy, whiskey, rum and China's liquor are distilled liquor, mostly degrees higher spirits.


Distilled spirits are generally rich in natural sugars of raw materials or easily converted into sugar and starch materials. Such as honey, sugar cane, sugar beet, fruit and corn, sorghum, rice, wheat and potatoes. Sugar and starch to produce ethanol by yeast fermentation, the use of alcohol boiling point (78. .5. C) and boiling point of water (100. C) is different from the original fermented liquid heated to boiling point between the two, can be steamed out from and collected on alcohol content and flavor. .


Will use Distiller, liquor or wine fermented wine mash heating, because they contain volatile substances of different heating distillation, steam and liquid, substances will vary depending on the relative content. Alcohol (ethanol) more volatile, the heating steam arising after contains alcohol concentration increases, liquor or wine mash ethanol concentration will decrease. Collection wine cooling gas and, although the colorless liquid, but the pungent smell was horrible. Its alcohol content than the original liquor wine degree is much higher, in brewing liquor, General alcohol content lower than 20%. Distillation of wine you can be as high as 60%. China's distilled grain alcohol is mainly used raw materials obtained by distillation after fermentation. .


Modern people are familiar with schnapps is divided into "white" (also known as "wine"), "brandy", "whiskey". "Vodka", "rum", etc. Liquor is unique to China, the food is generally made by distillation. Brandy is distilled from wine, whisky is barley and other cereal production by fermentation and distillation. Rum is distilled sugar cane about wine.


Distilled liquor. .


English name: tequila.


About distilled liquor. .


[Edit this].


Distilled liquor is higher than the original concentration of ethanol fermentation product of a variety of alcoholic beverages. Brandy, whiskey, rum and China are all distilled spirits, most liquor higher degree. .


Distillation of wine raw material is rich in natural sugar or easily converted into sugar starch and other substances. Such as honey, sugar cane, sugar beets, fruits, and maize, sorghum, rice, wheat, barley, potato, etc. Sugar and starch production of alcohol after fermentation, the use of alcohol boiling point (78. .5. C) and the boiling point of water (100. C), the original fermented liquid heated to boiling point between the two, it can be steamed and collected alcohol ingredients and flavors.


Will use the special liquor distiller, wine or fermented grains heated mash, as they contain a variety of different volatile substances, when heated distillation, the steam and the liquor in the relative content of various substances have different. Alcohol (ethanol) more volatile, then the heat generated from the alcohol contained in the steam increases, liquor or wine mash down on the alcohol concentration. Collect the alcohol and after cooling, the resulting liquor although a colorless, pungent odor is strong. The alcohol content of alcohol than that of the original liquor is much higher, the general brewing wine, alcohol content less than 20%. Distilled liquor can be as high as 60%.China's schnapps primarily grain brewing after distillation..


Modern people are familiar with distilled into "white" (also called "shochu"), "Brandy," "whiskey." "Vodka", "Rum" and other. Liquor is unique, usually after food lead to distilled formed. Brandy is distilled wine is made, the whiskey is brewed from barley and other grains after fermentation formed by the distillation. Rum is a distilled liquor made of sugar cane. .


The ancient name of distilled liquor.


[Edit this paragraph]. .


In ancient China, history, geography, fell under the name of the distillation of wine, but in the ancient literature of the "liquor" is not the name refers to the distillation of wine. As previously said it is a kind of fermented rice wine. It is only with modern, on behalf of the distillation of white wine.


Chinese ancient literature, the title of distilled liquor are:. .


"Wine", and it is only used for the spring ", but the Tang dynasty by soju, spring is there a schnapps. The song later, wine, roasted spring is really the distillation of wine;.


A stab Ji wine (Yuan <..


<饮膳正要>>；。.


South Fan shochu (Yuan <..


<居家必用事类全集>> The original note begging for ' Ali. ");


Lai rolling machine (Yuan <..


<轧赖机酒赋>>);。.


France wine (in the early Ming <..


<草木子>> The original book is also known as a "hash"); insignificant Foundation.


Khan wine, Brut (Qing Dynasty <..


<浪迹丛谈续谈三谈>> Li Yuan-people in the cited poetry); a table.


Firewater (Ming Dynasty <..


<本草纲目>>);。.


Wine Lucy (the Qing Dynasty <..


<滇海虞衡志>>);。.


Sorghum liquor, sorghum drops burn (the Qing Dynasty <>). In the Qing and Republican period, distilled liquor is often referred to. .


Liquor and laobaigan, this is the name of the modern is enabled.


Bad burn or bad shochu, wine is filtered through another fermentation lees, and distilled liquor obtained by distillation. Some books will be as bad shochu "liquor Khan." .


According to research, assassination, rolling Lai, Ali beg, a puncture, name is the Hebrew "Arrack" denote. On the word "Arrack, people think it in the etymology is a synonym for" Khan ". Originally means "tree juice", and later developed into plant juice naturally fermented into alcohol. This Word to mean without a distillation of tree juice and naturally fermented and then distilled with wine. "Arrack" word in the ancient world have access too, slightly different wording, such as the French "Arac", German "Arrck", "Rack", Dutch "Arak" or "Rak", grape buds language "Araca" . (Wu Duo: "A stab Ji and distilled ",<。.


<辉煌的世界酒文代>> Chengdu press, 1993). Through some foreign wine history, the ancient "Arrack" designation of wine usually distilled liquor.


For the distillation of this process description, ancient and modern terminology used, there are many. Such as "steaming wine", "shochu", "hanging wine", "copy wine." .


For stills of the call, the more there: steam cookers, Deco, wine vessel. Hershey Shao understood to fairs ⒕ umbilical ⑸ Horseshoe aims sounds like pure Shao liver-soon turn bang lxxxv Atsumi uniform ring leaven of wine, also available to refer to the distillation of wine. The word "Arrack" in the ancient world are passing through, have slightly different wording, such as the French "Arac" German "Arrck", "Rack" Dutch "Arak" or "Rak, grape bud language" Araca ". (Wu priests: "the assassination and schnapps" <。.>


<辉煌的世界酒文代>>, Chengdu University Press, 1993). Through the history of information on some foreign wine, the ancient use of "Arrack" within the meaning of such names are usually distilled liquor. .


For distilling this process description, ancient and modern terms there are many. Such as "steamed wine," and "wine", "hanging wine", "copy of wine".


The distiller's called, is more, there are: steamer, pot roast, wine steamer. .


The origin of distilled liquor.


[Edit this paragraph]. .


Distillation of wine and wine in the manufacturing process on a distillation process, tracking device is a Distiller. It still is distilled liquor with the invention of the origin of the prerequisites, but still appear is not an absolute origin distilled liquor. Because not only can be used to steam distillation of wine for distillation or other substances such as perfume, mercury, etc..


On the origin of distilled liquor, from ancient times, some people had concerns. Always different opinions. Modern scholars on this issue are continuing data collection and research. With the archaeological data and ancient literature to enrich the query, the origin of the people of the distilled liquor gradually deepening understanding. Because it not only to alcohol distillation, but also to the landmark stills. .


On the origin of distilled liquor, there are two main problems: the first is the origin of Chinese liquor? Secondly, China still or distillation is from foreign incoming or national invention, or the still or distillation technology to foreign countries?.


Successive views on the origin of distilled liquor, not the same, now the main point summarized as follows:. .


1 schnapps was founded in the Yuan dynasty.


First to propose this view is the Ming Dynasty physician Li Shi Zhen. He In ". .


<本草纲目>> Wrote: "wine is also non-ancient method, since meta is founded. Its thick wine and worse, the steam, the steam is used for bearing take dettol, where the wine of acid bad can steam cooking.


Yuan literature has been distilled liquor and stills records. Including ">, as in 1331. Therefore, the beginning of the fourteenth century, China has been distilled. But does own in the Yuan Dynasty, historical documents are not clearly stated. .


2 schnapps when foreign incoming Yuan.


Qing Tan Sui's <. .


<滇海虞衡志>> Said: "the wine from the wine sauce, Yuan dynasty China, Chinese people drink soju is everywhere". The MU chapter <。.>


<饮食辨>> Said: "Shochu, also known as Firewater, <..


<饮膳正要>> Said ' assassination ' Guido '. Remarks: (loan-author note), cover the wine of this non-old ??? ? Siam and Netherlands Department begins its method to pass in soil.


Modern Mr. Wu Deduo think that writing <. .


<饮膳正要>> Authors and Susanna (Mongolian) was used to denote the Mongolian written in "c" but since Kyrgyzstan does not use the old Chinese name (Liquor). It should not be regarded as a loan. Suddenly 思慧 isn't the "Thorn Kat" as from the foreign incoming.


As for the credibility of shochu from how the Yuan Dynasty, Mr. Zeng Zongye that: "once came to China in the Yuan may be true, imported from the West Asia and Southeast Asia are likely, because of their novelty and attention by people also understandable (once vertical field: "The origin of Chinese liquor ",<。.


<黑龙江酿酒>>, 1978).


3 Song China has distilled liquor. .


This view has been a lot of modern scholar of textual criticism. The main basis for Romania case study to the next.


(1) historical records of the Song Dynasty have been documented distiller. .


The song is still supports this point of view of one of the most important basis. Joe South in the Southern Song dynasty < 游宦纪闻=""> > volume five records in a case similar to distilling floral. The song <。.>


<丹房须知>> Book was also painted stills graphics. Mr. Wu Deduo said: "We can believe that, at the latest before the Song Dynasty, Chinese people have already mastered the necessary steaming shochu distiller." Of course, Mr. Wu did not say definitely that this distiller for distilling liquor. .


(2) of the archaeological finds of the stills in the Jin dynasty.


70 years, archaeologists discovered the Qinglong County in Hebei Province is considered Shizong copper during the distilling pot roast (<..


<文物>>, 1976, no. 9, it was very difficult to affirm that the Jin products). XING Yun says: "the song has been distilled liquor should be no problem" (XING Yun-: "China's schnapps originated when?" <。.>


<微生物学报>>, 1981, Volume 8, Phase I). Found from the structure of the distiller of view, and Yuan Zhu De Run In ". .


<轧赖机酒赋>> That is described in the same structure as the stills. In the heating, steam vertical rise, is a container for upper bowl of cold water, from the wall neibisuo cooling, condensation is collected along the wall down. While Yuan <。.>


<居家必用事类全集>> Indicate that in the South Fan shochu distiller used yet by this method, the distiller southern barbarian and Arab-style stills is the same as the wine inside the steam is about oblique direction, flow control Wine longer. From the shapes of the structure to examine, our distiller distinctive national traditions. Therefore, there may be our own distillation technology in the Song Dynasty. .


(3) in the literature on the song "wine" record more in line with the characteristics of distilled liquor.


Song literature, the term occurs more frequently shochu, and presumably what Shochu Shochu is distilled. Such as Song Ci Song In ". .


<洗冤录>> Volume four records: "the Cobra cladistic wounding, ..., the population with vinegar or soju, suck wound to dial their venom sucked." Of wine, some people think that should be the distillation of wine. The word "distilled liquor, the view was also expressed that refers to the wine distillation process. As the song Hong Mai <。.>


<夷坚丁志>> Volume IV of the <. .


<镇江酒库>> Take a wine's fall from steaming wine fire ". Here is the wine does not indicate the steaming cooking rice or wine for distillation. But the word "distilled liquor is expressed in the Qing dynasty schnapps. <. .


<宋史食货志>> "Steamed wine" records. "Steaming wine obtained by the action of a" big ", some people think that wine. But the song a few important wine of monograph (Zhu brachial <。.>


<北山酒经>>, Or Su Shi <. .


<酒经>> Etc) and wine encyclopedia <。.>


<酒谱>> No mention of shochu distillation. Northern and Southern Song Dynasty have implemented alcohol monopoly, wine library mostly controlled by the official agencies concerned. If the distilled wine does appear, spread rate should be fast. .


4 early schnapps in the Tang dynasty.


Tang have distilled shochu, has been the focus of attention by people. Soju is the first time the word appeared in the Tang Dynasty in the literature. Such as the Bai (772-846 years) "crest mature litchi new color, the initial shochu amber light." Tao Yong (Tang between Congress and the large middle-aged people) verses "from the Chengdu shochu cooked, do not consider themselves more into the Chang-an." Li Zhaoxing in the Tang <. .


<国史补>> The number of liquor in the sword of burning spring "in the South. Therefore modern some people think that wine is mentioned is the distillation of wine.


However, from the Tang Dynasty <. .


<投荒杂录>> The distilleries of the law, a heating wine Chan cooked method. As documented in the book: "South Road, drink ' burn ', that is both a real wine full URN, mud, to fire party cooked or not drinking. Obviously this should not be the distillation of wine. In the song "about wine", ? this operation is also referred to as "fire forced the wine". It has been in the distillation of wine is also difficult to establish.


5 distilled liquor originated in the Eastern Han Dynasty. .


In recent years, Shanghai Museum, discover the Eastern Han dynasty bronze stills. The stills, after bronze expert is early or Middle Eastern products, use the Distiller for distillation, steaming out of the wine of .6-26.20. .4 of schnapps. But in chuzhou Chau Wong Nai Township also unearthed a still seems to be exactly the bronze. Devoted to the study of the subject of Mr. Wu Duo and Mr. Ma Chengyuan believes that China as a first or second century, people in everyday life we still have to use bronze. But they did not identify the distiller is used to distilled spirits (Wu Duo: "A stab Ji and distilled ",<。.


<辉煌的世界酒文化>> Chengdu press, 1993). Mr. Wu duo in 1986 in Australia, the 4th International Symposium on the history of science and technology on the findings, this caused a sensation in the world of science and technology history essay aroused is committed to <。.>


<中国科学了技术史>> The editors of this monumental work, the History of Science and Technology University of Cambridge Oriental Library of Joseph Needham's great attention. And indicated that their original work on this part of the distiller and revised. The paper also raises the concern of scholars. Some people think that "has distilled the Eastern Han Dynasty" (Wang Youpeng: "distilled liquor originated in the Eastern Han Dynasty in China said," <..


<水的外形，火的性格---深圳首届中国酒文化学术研讨会论文集>> The Guangdong people's publishing house, 1988).


Construction of the Eastern Han Dynasty bronze and gold distiller distiller's also on behalf of similarities. The vaporizer sub-steamer kettle body and body in two parts. High pass 53. .9 Cm. Steamer body has stored liquid or solid material portion of fermented grains, and a condensation chamber. Gel room with pipe interface, the condensate can flow distiller, the upper body in a cauldron entrance is about ready feeding purposes. .


Schnapps originated in the eastern point of view, there is no widely accepted. Because only through unexplained still very difficult to explain the problem. In addition to many of the Eastern Han dynasty Winery materials have not found any traces of distilled liquor, lack of supporting documentation.


6, the origin of foreign distilled liquor. .


In ancient Greek times, Aristotle once wrote: "by distillation, first make the water into steam and make it into a liquid, can make sea water into drinking water." This shows that people have discovered the principle of distillation. The ancient Egyptians used distillation with manufacturing spices. In the early Middle Ages, the Arabs, invented the wine for distillation. In the tenth century, named Avicenna distillation of the philosopher has been described in detail. But there was also no mention of distilled alcohol (alcohol), it was noted that although there is no mention of the distillation of wine, but certainly in the distillation of wine has emerged during the period. AD 1313, a Catalan (Catalan, distributed in Spain, people), Professor, perhaps the first time documented the distilled liquor (alcohol) a person (the data from Alexis Lichine `s, <>). .


There is evidence that foreign countries around the 12th century, it was first made schnapps. It is said that at that time, the distillation of spirits and not drink, but as something caused by combustion, or as a solvent, and later used for drugs (cited < comprehensive="" biotechnology=""> >, Vol. 3, P862, Edited by Murray Moo-Young, pergamon Press）。 Most foreign of distilled liquor with the distillation of wine. English in the "spirits" comes from the Latin "spiritus vini". Paracelsus was grape distilled spirits again as "al ko hol" (meaning: the fiest, the noblest). From the time point of view, the 12th century is equivalent to the early Southern Song Dynasty in China, and Shizong almost the same time period. China's foreign liquor soju and the emergence of time is a coincidence it?. .


The history of distilled liquor.


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The world's oldest schnapps from Ireland and Scotland's ancient inhabitants of the Celts in BC. At the time of the Celts with clay still brewing liquor Qing dynasty with a high level of potent, this is also the origin of the whisky. Whisky comes from the word Celtic language, meaning "water of life." , Roman armies conquered Britain and metal manufacturing technology, thus allowing the Celtic traditional distillation method is improved, improved the Distiller of sealing, reducing alcohol vapors escape, improves the efficiency of the distillation, resulting in whisky production. The 10th century, whiskey in the brewing process has been basically mature. .


In the Chinese Han Hui Shen Don Shuo records: "worth less to skip at the beginning of Cornwall, feather, shu wine. "Little Kang i.e. dukang, shu, sorghum, these words mean dukang first sorghum broom and dustpan. This shows that at least in China over 2000 years ago that b.c. has been used food wine, but are also made from wine until the tenth century a.d., the Chinese have mastered the distillation technology brewing liquor after start. China's schnapps are mostly use pottery kiln cylinder mud, in brewing without pigment in wine. And foreign multi-use of distilled liquor brewed cask, and add a spice and color of caramel, etc., it shows different colors. .


Brandy is distilled grapes wine with wine-40%-50%, Asian origin of brandy. 10-13 century a.d. Crusades, the Arabs there brandy brewing technology back to Europe.


Also translated Rum Rum is a distilled liquor molasses. It was born about 1650 in West Indies in Barbados, the favorite for the American people. It has been called the "evil wine" (rumhullion), 1667 onwards referred to as rum (rum). Thick and strong type of rum flavor alcohol 43% ─ 49%. .


Vodka is a colorless and transparent, without the unique odor and flavor of the distillation of wine and alcoholic 33%-45%. It is the earliest by the Russians in the 14th century invention, vodka with the cheapest fermentation materials in Russia and Poland with potatoes, other than grain producing areas. Due to the processing time dropped flavor components, so the texture is very pure. Vodka (Vodka)-a name from the Russian water (Voda). It was first popular in Russia and Poland, after the second world war extended to the United States and Western Europe. Since vodka is odorless and colorless, Europe and the United States more than other liquor with its place of preparation without the original flavor of the cocktail of potent wine and women and other mixed drinks. .


Several schools of schnapps.


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From the perspective of cultural and historical data, the ancient schnapps is divided into two major types of North and South, as in the Ming dynasty, schnapps is divided into two large schools of at least one class is a class of liquor in the North, to the South. <. .


<金瓶梅词话>> Types of wine from the wine (not annotated origin), the South wine ". But the reality is, in brewing food North of the distillation of wine, wine grapes in the Northwest, Inner Mongolia, horse milk wine; in the South can also be divided into southwest (Sichuan, Guizhou-centric) and South Central and Southeast (including Guangxi, Guangdong) and two species. This classification is only a rough guide, there is no uniform criteria.


As the main characteristics of shochu alcohol, and a lot of aromatic ingredients in the wine with the alcohol concentration is the higher, and the concentration of the aroma components of wine have become one of the criteria to judge the quality of shochu. Variety of shochu our style is mainly a difference in brewing raw materials naturally formed. Second, brewing technology and other factors. .


The North is rich in wheat, sorghum, rice, South is near capacity in Guangxi, Xinjiang grape bag of rice, the distillation of wine raw material wine from local conditions, different materials are used to brew wine. In the early stages of development of distilled liquor, people may not be clear what kind of raw materials best suited for producing wine. After a long time, people have the opportunity to taste the comparison of various materials after the brewing of soju, on different brewing characteristics of wine with a more unified view.


Sorghum liquor: In ancient times, been blown away by the sorghum shochu. The late Qing Dynasty in the Book of the <. .


<浪迹丛谈续谈三谈>> Commenting on distilleries around said: "today there are around distilleries, and sorghum are stuffed into the most positive. North of PEI Liquor, wine, Lu are sorghum fenjiu. "During to the Republic of China, sorghum wine almost wine dedicated name. This is due to the characteristics of sorghum feedstock may determine.


Cereal Wine: Southwest Region shochu material aspects of the election probably inherited the characteristics of its food, wine and liquor to emphasize the rich, using a variety of materials, according to a certain proportion with fermented. According to museum information, Sichuan, Sichuan Yibin Wuliangye Liquor, Long Khanh to Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1567-1619) was known as the "grains wine", the mixture of raw materials used in sorghum, rice, glutinous rice, buckwheat, corn.Local heritage sector collected in such a case the ancestral recipes wrote: "the rice wine m 20%, 15% of buckwheat, Tim half of Sichuan red beam number bad foot Qin bran mix day pot steaming, the party passed woman, be sure to deep raised their grandchildren. (This information is from the first wine culture in China during the seminar, Sichuan Yibin wine history exhibition in the Syrian capital beimenwai Chen Wen Wheelock's family ").


M Shochu: Southeast area, rice shochu prevalent, such as the late Ming and early Qing into the book <. .


<沈氏农书>> Wine, rice and barley wine with taste "cool", the quality of the former.


Shochu worse: the main wine producing areas produced in the South, to wine press after the dross as raw material, and further made by distillation after fermentation.<。.


<沈氏农书>Recorded in the yellow grains used to make shochu bad way. .


After a long-term comparison of taste, awareness of the different raw materials are brewed wine has its own characteristics, sum up to "sweet sorghum, maize, rice, barley".


Starting from the Yuan Dynasty, distilled liquor in the literature have been clearly documented.After hundreds of years of development, China's schnapps formed several genres, such as steamed out burning it again clear aromatic wine (represented by fenjiu), mixed distillation continued bad law laojiao fermentation of Luzhou (represented by Jiao), up to the brewing cycle, a few times a year, several distillation of maotai liquor (represented by maotai liquor), the size of the song and, using the unique aroma of wine brewing resulting Dong, first after fermentation bacteria saccharification, liquid distillation of wine, and spent three very distinctive Iced in Guangdong, distillers fermentation and distillation again got worse. In addition to grape wine, milk and wine. The unique flavor of how the formation and development distilled liquor, stereotyped? From the current view of the available ancient sources, it is difficult to obtain comprehensive and accurate answers. A more systematic summary of information of our traditional distilled liquor mainly during the Republic and the new China was founded by a number of published monographs. .


The world's sixth largest distilled liquor.


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Brandy (Brandy), whisky (Whisky), vodka (Vodka), Gin (Gin) and rum (Rum), Chinese liquor (Spirit).


Distilled liquor:. .


Brandy, whisky, Russia have grams, gin, rum, Chinese liquor.


Food Liquor: from Chinese tea and wine information network. .


Chinese liquor, whisky, Russia have grams, gin, beer, wine, sake, etc..


Wine: from the Information Network of Chinese tea and wine. .


Wine, cider, red wine, plum wine, wine, wine, ZAO Hawthorn, loquat wine, plum wine, etc..


Rum is made from sugar cane, I do not know what category please enlighten. .


Brandy is not just limited to the grape, you can also use other fruit production.


Distilled spirits - to the original wine after fermentation, distillation process through one or more highly extracted wine liquor. .


Brewing theory and process: alcohol vaporization point 78. .3 ° C, the wine-making raw materials after fermentation after heating to 78. .3 ° C and maintain at this temperature vaporization alcohol is available, and then enter the vaporization of alcohol after cooling pipe is a liquid alcohol. But in the heating process, the raw material of water and other substances can also be doped in alcohol, resulting in quality different liquor. Most of the wines are made from multiple distillation or by the law of different wine heart process to obtain high purity, impurities less liquors, and liquid.


Features: distilled alcohol because of its high content of impurity and can be long-term storage at room temperature, under normal circumstances can hold 5-10 years. Even in the bottle after use, can store more than one year without deterioration. So in a bar, liquor can be sold loose, bartender and often opening the lid without having to consider whether it is degenerate. .


Brandy.


There are several levels of VS VO VSOP XO, XO is one of them. Is distilled fermented grape, alcohol degree in the 60-65 degree, through the storage cask is made, its level is determined by its storage life. .


Whiskey is made from barley and other cereal after crushing, saccharification and fermentation and distillation, alcohol is in the range of 60-65, the barrels are stored for several years. Tea and wine information from China.


These two kinds of wine are all hard liquor, alcohol factory generally at 40 degrees. .


Brandy grade (for reference, the different manufacturers ourselves and more stringent requirements):..


Three Stars aging to 4,5 years. .


V. .S (Very Superior) by not less than 3 years.


V. O (Very Old) aging 10-12 years. .


V.s.o (Very Superior Old) aging 12-20 years.


V. S. O. P (Very Superior Old Pale) aging 20-40 years. .


Napoleon left to 40 years.


X. O (Extra Old) aging of not less than 50 years. .


Conakry (Cognac) brandy common grape varieties: tea and wine information from China.


- Ugni Blanc (Ugni Blanc) from the Information Network of Chinese tea and wine. .


— Pigeon white (Colombard) from China tea and wine information.


- Bai Fu children (Folle Blanche). .


Brandy on raw material requirements.


- The higher the acidity and distillation is closely related to the formation of ester Hong;. .


— The variety should not be too prominent where has a special aromatic grape brandy, is not suitable for production;.


- Producing a lower alcohol content after fermentation of alcohol required the maximum not more than 9. .38%, The minimum is not less than 6. .74%, As lower production alcohol lower sugar content of grapes, so the use of such material distilled into brandy alcohol content higher when bound to use more of the wine and grapes, the grapes can be compared with the raw materials more condensed aromatic ingredients go in brandy, rich wine that ultimately give the typical brandy. .


— Alcohol: liquor alcohol content in more than 40%, many foreign countries, particularly in the industrialized countries in the legal and tax provisions, where the alcohol content of more than 43% of the wine will be double taxation. So many of the world famous liquor alcohol degree only around 40 °.


Whisky divided into the following categories:. .


Scotch whisky-smoked barley malt made through fermentation, distilled into one without the other raw materials, high alcohol content of malt whisky, and moderate with jiuxing corn whiskey mixed, different other whiskey blend known as pure malt whisky.


Irish whiskey - the main raw materials are barley, oats, wheat and rye. .


Canadian Whisky — corn and rye as raw material.


American whiskey - the raw material of corn and barley, maize 51%, no more than 75%. .


。.


Vodka - from the Russian "water" is derived, is representative of the spirit of Russia, beginning with wheat, rye, barley and other raw materials for brewing, since the 18th century to the use of potatoes and corn as raw material distilled into. .


Features: vodka colorless, no fragrance, no need to be stored can be sold, and other alcoholic mixed drinks and tune into mixed cocktails.


Producing countries: Russia, vodka is now not a specialty, Poland, Germany, the United States, Britain, Japan and other countries can produce vodka. .


Gin (GIN) — also known as the "gin" or "gin", is mankind first made for special purposes of the spirits, Gin's hometown in the Netherlands, it originated in 1660, was a Dutch University Professor Sylvius Nicol, its purpose is to allow the Dutch against tropical diseases, originally as a diuretic, heat and chemical use.


Brewing: mainly grain as raw material, saccharification, fermentation, distillation into high alcohol, add juniper, lemon peel, cinnamon and other materials, and then the formation of a second distillation. .


Gin in cocktail modulation amount is very large, some famous cocktail of ingredients are inseparable from the Gin.


Rum - based on sugar cane as raw material, sugar cane juice fermented, stored in oak barrels after distillation is made, is the world's wine consumption is one of the largest. .


Mainly the production of State-owned Cuba, Jamaica, and Brazil.


Modulation using a variety of different flavors of rum cocktail is a must in the world. .


China schnapps.


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China's major is liquors distillation of wine.


(1) liquor flavor. Chinese liquor because of its raw materials and production processes to form various different flavor, mainly in the following five:. .


① flavor. Flavor and fragrance of liquor is characterized by a pure alcohol smell sweet and gentle, coordination, and aftertaste NET Shanxi fenjiu Jello.


 ② Luzhou. Liquor is characterized by fragrant, sweet cotton palatability, aroma coordination, long aftertaste, such as Sichuan Luzhou special song. .


③ the sauce. Maotai style is characterized by elegant aroma, smell of mellow, gentle long Cup empty fragrance, Kweichow moutai.


 ④ rice flavor. Rice honey flavor liquor is characterized by the Hong Qing-rou, elegant pure, imported liquor taste, aftertaste Yee Cheong, such as Guilin, Guangxi Sanhua. .


⑤ flavouring. Flavouring wine is characterized by a more aromatic wine, which is a combination of two or more main flavor, so it was a mixed flavor or complex flavor, such as Guizhou Dong wine.


(2) wines Introduction. .


① moutai. Guizhou maotai liquor produced in the county town of moutai renhuai, sorghum for maotai liquor, alcohol-53 degrees.


 ② Fen. Fen produced in Fenyang City, Shanxi Province, Heng Fa Chuen, based on sorghum as raw materials Chinese liquor, wine at 38 degrees to 53 degrees. .


③ wuliangye. Wuliangye produced in Sichuan Yibin city, sorghum, rice, rice, corn and wheat as the raw material of Luzhou, alcohol is 60 degrees.


 ④ Jiannanchun. Jiannanchun Mianzhu produced in Sichuan Province, is based on sorghum, rice, glutinous rice, corn and wheat as raw liquor, alcohol, 60 degrees and 52 degrees two. .


⑤ old wine. Old wine produced in the Anhui Province Boxian, sorghum for Luzhou, alcohol is 60 degrees.


⑥ Yanghe Daqu. Yanghe Daqu produced in the Western Town in Jiangsu Province, Si Yang County, based on sorghum as raw materials liquor, alcohol, 60 degrees, 55 degrees, 38 degrees and so on. .


⑦ Dong wine. Dong wine produced in Zunyi city, Guizhou province, sorghum for flavouring liquor, alcohol content to 58 degrees.


⑧ Luzhou special song. Special music produced in Sichuan Luzhou Luzhou City, is the main raw material of sorghum liquor, wine, 60 degrees wide. .


As consumers drinking habits change, and above all kinds of liquor in recent years have the alcohol content in 28 ~ 39 degrees of moderate-to-market for distilled spirits. In addition to wine, there are other distilled liquor, such as Shandong Yantai gold brandy, grapes, distilled after fermentation.


Foreign distilled. .


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(1) Brandy (Brandy). .


(2) whisky (Whisky).


(3) Vodka (Vodka). .


(4) rum (Rum).


(5) Gin (Gin). .


(6) amunategui la (Tequila).


(1) Brandy (Brandy). .


Brandy is the grape or other fruit as raw material by fermentation and distillation of wine. To make grape brandy, brandy may be called only by other fruits make brandy must indicate the name of the fruit, such as the Apple Brandy (AppleBrandy), Cherry Brandy (CherryBrandy), etc. New from brandy distillation shall be in oak barrels to mature, and should be left to mature for a longer period of time (such as the French Government requires at least 18 months), brandy become Fong Yu mellow, and produces its luster. Brandy stored longer, the better the quality of the wine. Brandy alcohol content is 43 degrees. .


France is the world's leading producer of brandy, cognac products to the most famous cognac. Cognac, also known as the Cogne, produced in the French region of the southern branch of the Nick of a statutory area. The French Government, the region of production can only be called cognac Brandy (Cognac), products can only be called brandy but not called cognac.


 Cognac is usually a number of letters to represent the aging time, such as V. . O 10 ~ 12 years; V. . S. . O 12 ~ 20 years; V. . S. . O. . P 20 to 30 years; F. . O. . V for 30 years; Napoleon for 40 years; X. . O for 50 years; X for 70 years, and so on. .


Cognac Hennessy cognac and painters have (Hennessy), a Remy Martin cognac (RemyMartin), Martell (Martell), Mu (Camus), etc..


 brandy mainly for after-dinner drink, is generally not mixed with any other beverage. .


(2) whisky (Whisky).


Whiskey is a grain as raw material by fermentation, distilled liquor. Whisky production all over the world to Scotland's most famous whiskey. Traditionally, Scotland, Canada, writing for the two of whiskey Whisky, whiskey in other countries and regions is written as Whiskey, but in the United States, the two may be common. Whiskey alcohol content is 40 degrees. .


Scotch whisky locally produced barley as raw material, and to local produce of peat (Peat) as baking malt fuel. New distillation of whisky wine barrels for at least 4 years of aging in the bottle before sales must be amplified modulation. Scotch whisky and painters have Johnny Walker (JohnnieWalker, red side RedLabel and black BlackLabel two), the Royal Chivas (ChivasRegal), Whitehorse (WhiteHorse), Golden Bell (Bell), etc..


 be pure drinking whiskey, drinking ice can also be used extensively for cocktails and mixed drinks. .


(3) vodka (Vodka).


Vodka is potatoes, corn, wheat and other raw materials by fermentation, distillation refining. Vodka without aging, alcohol content of 40 degrees. .


① pure vodka (StraightVodka). Pure vodka is distilled liquor injection of activated carbon filtration tank filter out impurities of wine, usually colorless, tasteless, only one unit of afire. Its famous us Smirnov (Smirnoff), the former Soviet Union, the Asia-Pacific region in the West (Stolichnaya vodka, also known as the red card), Moscow v Biscaia (Moskovskaya, also known as the green brand of vodka), etc..


 ② Aromatic Vodka (FlavoredVodka). Aromatic vodka vodka liquor is in place in medicine, spices, etc. made the wine soaked, so with the color, not only wine, but also with herbs, spices aroma. The famous Polish blue bison (BlauerBison), the former Soviet Union Pote Suo V card (Pertsovka) and so on. .


Vodka can be pure drinking, can be widely used in cocktails of modulation.


(4) rum (Rum). .


Rum is a sugar cane juice or pulp as raw material by fermentation and distillation of finished wine. Sometimes sugar residue or other sugar by-products as raw materials. New from rum distillation must be put into oak barrel aging one year or more, the wine of 45 degrees. Rum by its color and luster can be divided into three categories.


① silver rum (SilverRum). Silver rum, also known as white rum, is the distillation of wine was filtered through activated carbon into the barrel aging more than a year. Finish is relatively dry, flavor is not concentrated. .


② Golden lang El (GoldenRum). Golden rum, also known as the amber rum, which is the distillation of wine be credited after the inside of the burning of old oak barrels for at least three years of aging. The pleasures of a deep, slightly sweet, fragrant smell of richer.


 ③ dark rum (DarkRum). Also known as black rum red rum, is required in the production process by adding some spices juice or rum caramel toner. Titanic struggle darker (dark brown or brownish red), booze mellow. .


Rum's famous mainly-Le Valley, Rebekah (Bacardi), Jamaica's Captain Morgan (CaptainMorgan), Meyer (Myers), etc..


 net can drink rum, but also drinking ice can also be used in cocktails or mixed drinks. .


(5) Gin (Gin).


Gin Gin, also known as, gin or gin, is corn, malt and other grains as raw materials by fermentation, distillation, add the juniper berries and other aromatic raw materials again distilled liquor. Gin no aging, alcohol from 40 to 52 degrees. .


① Dutch gin (DutchGin). Dutch gin is malt, corn, rye, etc as raw material (the ratio of ingredients and Basic equivalent) after fermentation, distillation, distillation liquid to gin and other aromatic raw materials distilled again. Dutch gin with aromatic, full-bodied, malt flavor obviously, its famous have porz (Bols), BMW (Bokma), Hans (Henkes), etc..


 Dutch gin net only suitable for drinking, can not be mixed with other alcoholic drinks to cocktails. . .


② Dry Gin (DryGin). Dry Gin are corn, wheat malt, naked as raw materials (including maize accounted for 75 per cent) after the fermentation, by adding distilled Gin and other spices (to gin, and other spices dosage less) distilled again. Its main treasure is the United Kingdom, with Gordon (Gordon) and General (Beefeater), tugaris (Tanqueray), old Tom (OldTom), etc..


 both pure drinking dry gin, but also widely used in cocktails. .


(6) amunategui la (Tequila).


Tequila produced in Mexico, is a kind known as agave (Agave), tropical cactus plant juice pulp as raw material by fermentation, distilled liquor. New distilled tequila need to be placed within barrel aging, bottling can be sold directly. The famous have Kaier Fu (Cuervo), matador (ElToro), Ole (Ole), mariachi (Mariachi) and so on. .


-NET JIRA wine to drink or ice consumption can also be used for cocktail. Commonly used in net when dipped in salt with lemon drink corner to fully experience-the unique flavor of JIRA.


Overview wine. .


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Chinese rice wine, also known as rice wine (ricewine), is brewing wine, three in the world brewing wine (rice wine, wine and beer) occupies an important seat. Unique brewing techniques, brewing industry as a typical representative of the East and the model. .


Rice wine raw material.


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Rice wine is made of grains as raw materials, Koji or tune do saccharification and fermentation of the wine. Historically, the wine production of raw materials in the North to millet (Setaria italica scientific name:, in ancient times, is shu, proso millet, beams, collectively, also sometimes called beam, now also known as millet, after removal of shell called millet). In the South, commonly used rice (especially the glutinous rice is the best raw materials) brewing rice wine. As the Song Dynasty, political, cultural and economic center of the move south, rice wine production limited to a few southern provinces, the Southern Song Dynasty, began production of shochu, Yuan began to be popular in the north, north of the rice wine production decline, as southerners who drink shochu the North generally, in the south, wine production was retained in the Qing period, dominating the south of Shaoxing rice wine around at home and abroad. Currently focused on wine production in Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Fujian, Jiangxi and Guangdong and Anhui, Shandong, Shaanxi, Dalian, and also a small amount of production. .


The name of rice wine.


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Rice wine is wine, wine degree generally is 15 degrees.


Rice wine, yellow wine is by definition. So some people will wine the name translated into "Yellow Wine". In fact, this is not appropriate. The color is not always yellow rice wine, in ancient times, wine filtration technology is not mature, the wine was cloudy state was known as "white" or Zhuojiu. Wine color is now black, red, and why we can not be understood literally. Grain rice wine should lead to real, because you can use the "m" stands for cereal grain, it is known as "rice wine" is more appropriate. Now common use of "Rice Wine" that wine。.


Contemporary wine is fermented in wine collectively grain, grain brewing liquor for the raw materials (not including distilled soju), can be attributed to wine class. Although rice wine brewing wine referred to as grain, but some areas of the local brewing civil society, and limited to local sales of wine still retains some of the traditional titles, such as watery liquor Jiangxi, Shaanxi, thick wine, Tibet highland barley wine, such as hard say they are wine, local people may not be able to accept. .


In ancient times, the "wine" is a collective name for all wines, schnapps that historical period, the "wine" is the wine. Distillation of wine, it is more complex, and the "wine" this name is a general term for all wine, on several occasions, is also a collective grain wine, such as the ones in <。.>


<本草纲目>> In the wine was divided into three categories: wine, shochu, wine. The "wine" in this section, all grain brewing wine, because wine is the collective name for all liquor, wine is fermented grain collectively, after all, only the grain should have a term for brewing wine. Therefore, grain brewing rice wine as the emergence of wine-specific name is not accidental. .


"Yellow wine", in the Ming dynasty might specifically refers to the brewing time longer, darker rice wine, and "liquor" as distinct from the Ming dynasty "liquor" is not a distilled liquor, now as in the three spirits ", white rice, white and white wine, brewing time shorter wine, alcohol, white haze. Wine yellow (or Brown and dark), mainly in the country, or during, the wine of sugar and amino acid formed the Maillard reaction, produce pigment. There is a join of caramel pigment (known as "sugar) deepen its color. In the Ming dynasty to wear the edited Hee <。.>


<养余月令>> Juan Shiyi in there: "Where the white wine and less into the shochu, is not acid by the hostel." Is apparent from this formulation wine, liquor, and the difference between shochu, wine is fermented longer the wine, liquor refers to the shorter brewing rice wine (usually white song, that song as glycosylated rice ferment). In the Ming Dynasty, the name of the specificity of rice wine is not very strict, may not contain all of the grain brewing wine, but at least the larger wine throughout the South, in the brewing of wine after the additive treatment can include .The Qing dynasty, around the wine production although saved, but the shaoxing rice wine with wine, and swept the nation, the marketing of wine country, high-quality, color is darker, and the "yellow wine" this name eventually establishing a relationship. Since the Qing dynasty emperor on Shaoxing wine have a special hobby. When you are in the so-called "forbidden liquor but cannot help wine". The Republican period, rice wine, as a general term for grain wine has been finalized. Rice wine is vested in the soil of wine (home-made wine and liquor called soil, and mooring to correspond to the products of the wine).


Wine technology development in China can be divided into two phases, the first stage of natural fermentation, after thousands of years, traditional fermentation technology from the birth, development and even mature. Even in the contemporary natural fermentation technology does not completely disappear. Some mysteries remain to be people to solve. It is mainly from experience wine, not the general scale of production is essentially manual. Wine quality is not a reliable indicator to ensure detected. .


The second stage is from the beginning, due to the introduction of Western scientific and technological knowledge, in particular, microbiology, biochemistry and engineering knowledge, traditional wine-making technology has undergone tremendous change, people learned the secrets of wine microcosm, greatly reduce the labor intensity of production, an increased level of mechanization, the wine quality is more secure.


Historical Review. .


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The traditional rice wine production technology from the Song Dynasty, the development, the improvement of our equipment to Shaoxing rice wine brewing technology represented excellence, but the basic fixed line technology. Method is not much changes. As the rice wine is still being limited to traditional thinking, in theory or in the know these do not know what it is exactly the position, until modern times, have not changed much. .


The Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, wine-making documents more, many books, cooking, diet books, daily encyclopedia, notes, major works are: a book of the year 1330 <。.>


<饮膳正要>>, Written in the Yuan Dynasty <. .


<居家必用事类全集>>, A book of the dynasty <。.>


<易牙遗意>> And <. .


<墨娥小录>>。 <. .


<本草纲目>> What about the wine in the rich, the book is divided into wine, rice wine, liquor, wine and three class contains a large number of medicinal party; monascus elaborated its preparation. Ming dynasty <。.>


<天工开物>> The starter is more valuable part of the contents of wine is about red yeast rice production methods, the book is accompanied by illustrations of Monascus manufacturing technology. Qing Dynasty <. .


<调鼎集>> More comprehensively reflect the rice wine technology. <. .


<调鼎集>> This is a huge, mainly for cooking food, on the wine's content up to 100 bar, above, regarding the content of shaoxing rice wine, one of the most precious "wine spectrum", recorded in the Qing dynasty Shaoxing brewing technology. "Wine spectrum consists of 40 multiple topics. Content that contains all the content related to the wine. If stuffed, appliances, and the economy. Brewing technology in the main content: On the water, of rice, of wheat, starter, dip meter, wine Niang, fermentation, fermentation control technology, virgin wine, made worse shochu, fried wine lees re-fermentation, lees of utilization, medical liquor, wine dump the altar, altar wine purchase, repair, wine storage, wine marketing, wine distillation, wine varieties, wine utensils, books listed with the full range of wine-related equipment A total of 106 large to squeeze wine, distiller, kitchen, small brooms, stones, can be said to be all-inclusive, no one missing.Have the steaming appliances series, fermentation, wine storage series with a pottery, a pressing tool series, fried wine apparatus series, a series of stills, etc..


Many sketches saved the Qing Dynasty a great deal of history and wine-related information, including ". .


<闽小记>> Documented the early Qing dynasty, in Fujian province; local wine <。.>


<浪迹丛谈续谈三谈>> Alcohol content on as many as 15. .


Some of the Ming and Qing dynasties, mentioned in the novel not less liquors, these wines should be at the time of the wine, since in many cases, the official in validation. If <。.>


<金瓶梅词话>> The most frequently mentioned is "Jinhua wine."<。.


<红楼梦>> In the "rice wine", "Huiquan wine." Qing fiction <. .


<镜花缘>> Author borrowed the bartender, citing a variety of wine, 70 marinated, shaoxing rice wine, are listed. There is reason to believe that the wine is a famous wine.


Traditional rice wine brewing. .


[Edit this].


The traditional rice wine, is divided into four main categories to Shaoxing rice wine, for example, as a dry wine with red wine per representative; to add rice wine as a semi-wine representative; to good wine as a representative of semi-sweet; to Hornsey wine as wine representatives. Yuan is the most common red wine wine, rice wine, is because the ingredients in the feeding amount increased the proportion of quality wine more mellow aroma. Good wine, equivalent to the strengthening of foreign liquor, is added to wine during the fermentation process (the so-called liquor on behalf of the water will tank), so a higher alcohol content, because the increase in alcohol, fermentation was inhibited, so the higher residual sugar, thus semi-sweet wine.Hornsey wine is added to the fermentation, the wine of xiaoqu liquor than good wine, residual sugar concentration is also higher.


1 per wine in the brewing process (dry wine type). .


Clearwater glutinous rice koji sprinkling mother.


│ ↓ │ │. .


├───────→浸米　　　　　　　│　　　　　　　│。.


│ ┌ ─ ─ ↓ │ │. .


│　　　　↓　　　│　　　　　　　　│　　　　　　　│。.


│ jiangshui cooking │ │. .


│　　　　│　　　↓　　　　　　　　│　　　　　　　│。.


│ │ push cool │ │. .


│　　　　│　　　↓　　　　　　　　│　　　　　　　│。.


│ └ ─ → ← ─ ─ ─ ─ ┘ │. .


└──────→　落缸　　←────────────┘。.


↓. .


Saccharification and fermentation.


↓. .


After the fermentation.


↓. .


Press → Lees.


↓. .


Sugar color → clarification.


↓. .


Fried wine.


↓. .


Mount the altar.


↓. .


Finished wine.


2 Fujian Red Liquor in the traditional brewing process (sweet rice wine). .


Glutinous rice liquor.


↓ │. .


浸米　　　　　│。.


↓ │. .


冲洗　　　　　│。.


↓ │. .


蒸饭　　　　　│。.


↓ │. .


淋水　　　　　│。.


Red Powder Xiamen ↓ │. .


Songs of white music complex cream ?.


│ │ │ │ │. .


└──┼──┘　　　　　│　　　　　　│。.


↓ │ │. .


粉　　　　　　　　│　　　　　　│。.


Broken │ │. .


│　　　　　　　　↓　　　　　　│。.


└ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ → nest │. .


↓　　　　　　│。.


Monascus ─ ─ → ─ ─ → an additional wash liquor ← ─ ─ ┤. .


↓　　　　　　│。.


Turn grains │. .


↓　　　　　　│。.


Second, add wine ← ─ ─ ┘. .


↓。.


Support grains. .


↓。.


Pumping wine. .


↓。.


┌ ─ ─ ─ ─ ┐. .


│　　　　↓。.


Liquor distillers. .


│　　　　↓。.


│ press. .


│　　　　↓。.


│ liquor. .


↓　　　　│。.


└ ─ ─ ┬ ─ ┘. .


↓。.


Precipitation. .


↓。.


Sterilization. .


↓。.


Forum installed. .


↓。.


Aging. .


↓。.


Blending. .


↓。.


Bottling. .


↓。.


Finished wine. .


The modern wine.


[Edit this paragraph]. .


In the Republican period some scholars on wine production technology has been a systematic survey, written some books. And Western brewing theory. But the production technology and what changes did not. After the founding of new China, the recent 40 years, the wine production techniques has made new breakthroughs. The most important feature is that the wine has realized the mechanized production. However, due to historical reasons, the wine producing region is mainly concentrated in the South of the four provinces and one city (Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Jiangxi, and Fujian), in addition, there are a few other places. Since the development of alcohol and other historical reasons, the most recent decades, the country's annual production of rice wine, less than 1 million tons. But in recent years, wine production has increased year by year trend. .


The types of rice wine.


[Edit this paragraph]. .


Rice wine, modern press wine with sugar to points.


A dazzling array of wine varieties. .


After thousands of years of development, wine growing family, a member of the papers. The name of the wine is rich and varied. The most common is the origin of the wine. Such as wine, rice wine, Jinhua Danyang wine, Jiujiang sealed tank liquor, Shandong lanling wine, etc. This method is more common in ancient times. There is also a press representative of a certain type of wine as a basis for classification, such as "adding rice wine," the semi-dry often is; "yellow wine" means half flower dry wine; wine "sealed tank" (also referred to as "in Shaoxing Hornsey wine"), represents the sweet or thick sweet rice wine; "good wine" means half liqueurs. Still according to the appearance of wine (such as color, turbidity, etc.), such as sake, Zhuojiu, liquor, wine, wine (red yeast fermentation of wine); Then there are the raw materials according to wine, such as glutinous rice wine, black rice, corn rice wine, corn wine, barley wine, etc.; ancient times of cooking wine cooking wine and non-difference, even under the sales object points, such as "Way Chuang" (specific, such as "Beijing style", sold to Beijing, the Qing Dynasty wine). There are also names of the wines are called according to alcohol habits, such as Jiangxi's "watery liquor," Shaanxi "thick wine", the area south of "old wine" and so on. In addition to the wine liquid, there are semi-solid "wine mother."These are called with a given local colour, if you want to know exactly what type of rice wine, but also according to modern classification of rice wine.


2, the latest national standard classification of rice wine. .


In the latest national standard, the wine is defined as: rice, millet, black rice, corn, wheat, etc. through steam, mixed with wheat, rice or rennet, saccharification and fermentation brewed in various types of wine. Press wine sugar content in the wine is divided into the following 6 classes:.


Dry wine: "dry" means less sugar in wine, sugar is fermented into alcohol, so the lowest sugar content in wine, the latest national standards, its sugar content of less than 1. .00 G/100 ml (as glucose). This wine is a rare mash fermentation, the total amount of water about three times as raw rice. A lower fermentation temperature control, mixing and harrowing short time interval. Yeast growth is more vigorous, so fermentation completely, the residual sugar is low. In Shaoxing, dry wine is represented by the "element of red wine." .


Semi-dry wine: "the semi-dry" represents the wine of sugar is not yet fully fermented into alcohol, but also retain some sugar. In production, this wine is added water is relatively low, corresponding to the increase in appetite when ingredients, so it is called the "combined with rice wine." Wine of sugar content in 1.00 ~ 3.00%. During the fermentation process. Quality thick consistency, the flavor is fine. The storage can be long. The best of the wine. Most of the exports of wine in China, is this type.


Semi-sweet wine: This wine sugar content were 3. .00 ~ 10. .00%, Respectively. This wine is a unique technique used is the use of refined rice wine on behalf of the water, added to the fermented mash to saccharification and fermentation begins, the concentration of alcohol in the fermented mash to reach a higher level, to a certain extent, inhibited the yeast growth rate, due to small number of yeast, mash fermentation in the production of sugar can not be converted into alcohol, so the higher the sugar the wine product. This wine, wine-rich, moderate alcohol, sweet mellow flavor. Is the wine's treasures. However, this wine should not Jiucun. The longer the storage time, the deeper the color. .


Sweet rice wine: this wine is generally adopts sprinkling operation, mixes into wine, who first made liqueurs, when mashing to a certain extent, to 40-50% concentration of rice wine or soju grains, to contain microorganisms saccharification and fermentation, the wine in the sugar content of up to 10.00-20.00 g/100ml. As rice liquor, alcohol content is higher. Sweet rice wine may be throughout the production.


Concentrated sweet rice wine, sugar greater than or equal to 20 g/100 ml. .


Flavoring wine: this is a wine to wine, the immersion (or complex steaming) aromatic plants or aromatic plants of leaching of rice wine.


3 shower drinking, sharing wine and fed rice wine. .


This is according to the brewing methods on wine classification at the time of the call. Classification according to this method can be divided into three categories: rice wine.


Pour rice wine: pour rice steamed rice wine is poured with cold water cool, then mix koji powder, nest, saccharification, fermentation of wine last with water. Taste than the weak. This led to leaching rice wine, yeast and some plant is used as the. So-called "cream yeast rice." .


Tan wine: refers to the steamed rice on the bamboo grate so that the rice in the air to cool, then join the wheat, wine master (sprinkling mother), rice water, mixed with direct fermentation.


Fed alcohol: wine by this method, the rice is not a one-time join, but add in batches. .


4 Koji rice wine, rice wine, tune and red yeast rice wine, Wuyi red yeast rice wine.


Wine can also use the song by the type of wine to points. Such as koji rice wine, raw wheat starter wine, cooked wheat starter wine, pure wine Qu, red yeast rice wine, yellow in red yeast rice wine, Wuyi red yeast rice wine. .


Mechanized rice wine production.


[Edit this paragraph]. .


1 wine-making raw materials and to deal with technology.


The traditional rice wine and corn ingredients are glutinous rice, because rice production is low, can not meet the needs of the mid 50s in the 20th century, through the reform of the cooking method of rice, japonica and indica rice used to achieve the objective instead of rice. Wine quality remains stable. 80, also successfully trial corn wine, sweet potato wine. To reduce production costs, expand the sources of raw materials played a very good effect. Now indica rice, japonica rice, the early indica rice, corn and other raw materials to brew rice wine sensory indicators and chemical indicators to achieve the national standard. Rice cooking stoves being transferred gradually from the steam heating boiler.Has adopted the washing machine, sprinkling machines, steaming device into a mechanized steaming machines (vertical and horizontal), transportation of raw materials m for mechanization.


2 saccharification and fermentation of rice wine agent innovations. .


The traditional method of using the traditional natural inoculation, Koji perton, manual, labor-intensive. Modern mainly from two aspects. One is the microorganisms of the wine-making and screening, from all over the country apart from a lot of wine-making microbes. Second, Koji improvements. Traditional starter for starter, in the 1960s, the use of pure cooked wheat Koji, liquor ratio dramatically improved. In recent years, also the widespread adoption of bran and enzymes for composite saccharification, pure culture of yeast. In recent years, also uses Active dry yeast rice wine, dedicated to wine.


3 fermentation process of reform. .


In the mid-20th century, the national organization on Shaoxing wine production technology and scientific summary. 60 years, beginning with a metal tank fermentation for wine fermentation. Now there are 30 m 3 fermentation tank. And built with an annual capacity of 1 million tons of rice wine in large factories. Due to the large tank fermentation and traditional ceramic cylinder fermentation has significant differences, in brewing technology has made a series of improvements. Traditional fermentation after brewing, is poured into the small mouth-jar, it has developed into a large pot, after fermentation at low temperature processing after fermentation. Carbon steel coating technology is also commonly used for large tanks.


4 rice wine press. .


Traditional press, using wooden winepress, 50, from beginning of the 20th century, the gradual introduction of screw press, plate bumper filter and hydraulic press. 1960s design out of the film's plate and frame filter press and promotional use. Increase the rate of alcohol.


Wine winemaking techniques. .


[Edit this].


A brief literature. .


The Tang and Song dynasty Chinese rice wine technology most brilliant period of development. Wine industry after thousands of years of practice, the tradition of brewing experience sublimation, the formation of the traditional brewing theory, traditional wine-making process, technical measures and the main process equipment to the Basic setting, in the song.


Tang handed down a complete technical literature less wine, but the scattered bits of information in other historical records are very rich. Song of the winemaking techniques of literature is not only quantity but also rich, with a high theoretical level. .


In the ancient wine history, the highest academic level, the most complete embody the essence of Chinese rice wine, in brewing technology practice in guiding value of wine at the end of the song of monograph was written <。.>


<北山酒经>>. .


　　<。.>


<北山酒经>> Is divided into three volumes, the volume of "Jing", which summarizes the important theoretical ancient wine and wine of the book, made an outline starter collar contract elaboration. Starter technology discussed in the paper, and a collection of a dozen starter recipe and manufacturing methods. The second volume discusses the winemaking techniques.<。.


<北山酒经>"Versus". .


<齐民要术>> On-wine-making part of the content, clearly goes further, not only set out the methods of Koji wine and, more importantly, it is analyzed. Thus a more theoretical guidance role.


If <. .


<北山酒经>> Is set out on a larger scale of the wine-making techniques, workshops for example, with the same period of the brachial Su <。.>


<酒经>> Is the description of the family brewing masterpiece. Su Shi <. .


<酒经>> Jane intended to frighten, said he learned of brewing in hundreds of words <。.>


<酒经>> In the integrity of the out. There are many on the breweries of Su Shi's poems, such as "mead Song", "real one wine", "Gui wine." .


In the field of <。.>


<麴本草>> In, contains a large number of wine yeast and wine information, especially valuable is the book written at that time Siam (now Thailand is located) of shochu for the study of the origin of distilled shochu provide valuable historical data. .


Probably because of the special position of the community on the urgent need for a book on wine encyclopedia, the Northern Song dynasty of sinus Stephanie wrote <。.>


<酒谱>>, The book cites a large number of alcohol-related historical data, from the origin of wine, wine name, wine matters, the wine of power, temperature g (mean drinking a section), random Germany (refers to excessive drinking), commandment loss (commandment wine), Mystic (with wine curious about some of the strange things), exotic (foreign liquor), of taste, and Go and buy wine drinking more than a dozen aspects of this wine and wine-related content with multi-position description. .


Perhaps a book in the Southern Song dynasty <。.>


<酒名记>> Is a comprehensive record of the Northern Song dynasty famous throughout the country more than 100 kinds of wine were higher than those from the royal wine and some wine, some wine from the famous officials, some from the famous hotel, wine library, and some from the public, particularly interesting is that most of these wines were very elegant. .


(2) <。.>


<北山酒经>> Of wine theory. .


　　<。.>


<北山酒经>> Borrow "five elements" theory to explain the process of grain into alcohol. .


"Five elements" means the fire wood and gold soil five substances. China's ancient thinker tried to use in everyday life, from the above five types of material to illustrate the origin of all things in the world and the diversity in unity. In <。.>


<北山酒经>> China, Zhu Gong is with the "five elements" theory described the process of grain into alcohol. Zhu Gong said: "The wine name to Camsing of righteousness, and gold wooden partition to soil as the media, since the acid Gan, wallow in the Sim, and wine into Yan (yeast rice so to acid also, so to cast ___ sweet also). the so-called land of sweet, acid water for cooperation to acid water, soil together for Sim, and then know who to vote, so as Sim also. ". .


"Earth" is the location of the grain, the "Earth", can be understood as to soil for media production of cereals, in this "soil" and generation refers to the grain. "Sweet" representative has a sweet taste to soil of Gan, from grain into sugar. "Representatives", "rum sour" indicates that the acid pulp is brewing process to make one of the substances. Finishing Zhu brachial views, can be found at that time people on the process of wine making available the following schematic representation of:.


Soil → Cereal → → Xin Gan. .


↓　　↑　↑。.


Water --- → acid -. .


In this process you can clearly see the wine can be divided into two stages, namely the first grain into sugar (Gan), and then by the sugar into alcohol. (Gan into SIM).


Modern wine theory explained the mechanism of grain brewing process and the detailed steps. The broad area is also divided into two stages, one is the stage of starch into sugar by the amylase, glucoamylase and so complete; the other is the fermentation of sugar into alcohol (ethanol) phase, by a series of enzyme (also known as alcohol enzyme) to complete. .


Modern theory and the theory of two ancient, but the former is from the molecular level and enzymatic mechanism to describe, the latter is from wine tasting inferred.


3 <. .


<北山酒经>> Wine-making techniques in..


<. .


<北山酒经>> In rice wine technology is better. On the one hand, it inherited and perfected the ancient ancient manuscripts (i.e. six method <。.>


<礼记>> The "six must"), inherited the Northern Wei <. .


<齐民要术>> The best of science and technology in the winery, on the other hand, after the majority of working people for hundreds of years after the creation of many new technologies, <。.>


<北山酒经>> Of these to do a comprehensive summary.<。.


<北山酒经>> Although the records of some wine recipe and methods. But this book is a valuable addition to the traditional wine set theory. Not only how to do, more importantly, to clarify why. .


According to the <。.>


<北山酒经>> The records can be a major brewing process in order as follows:. .


Rice, boiled rice, cooking.


↓. .


Hop leaven, Koji → tu m (main fermentation) ← acid pulp.


↓. .


Sweet meat (Koji) → vote __ (fed fermentation).


↓. .


Press → Lees → again fermentation (cold spring wine).


↓. .


Clarification.


↓. .


Heavy-duty trucks (or fire under wine).


↓. .


Finished wine.


<. .


<北山酒经>> Ancient brewing tradition in technology is also reflected in some of the notable characteristics of wine-making and technical progress:.


A widespread use of Physalis. .


　　<。.>


<齐民要术>> Of 40 cases of wine laws, only three cases referred to the use of Physalis. This shows that when the application is not widespread Physalis. People also did not know Physalis on important position.<。.


<北山酒经>> In the application of the acid pulp wine as a top priority. Acid pulp production method also has many forms.<< 北山酒经>>中总结了三种酸浆的制法。 One is just for wheat, the best results; also useful water diluted vinegar manufactured; the most common is the use of immersion washing water after boiling with onion and pepper suffering from.


2 "yeast rice", "co-fermentation" and expand the culture of microorganisms. .


"Tu m ' and ' hop leaven" <。.>


<北山酒经>> Two technical terms. In modern terms, "combining yeast" is the expansion of bacteria culture, equivalent to the current level of training and two seed seed culture; "yeast rice" is the yeast. "Yeast rice" is a three seed. From ". .


<北山酒经>> Description of it, this fine spawn expanded training techniques, as early as eight years ago, it has reached the top level. But there is still a Microbe mix so ignorant.


The manufacture and use of co-fermentation steps can be used under the plan, said the entire process. .


Grains surface (i.e. brewing surface).


↓. .


Song dynasty → mix.


↓. .


Paperboard (this step may also be waived, or can also be used as a lead-in to the leaven of objects).


↓. .


Song dynasty → hop leaven inside ← ← just ← acid pulp scalded m ← acid pulp.


↓. .


Culture (eight hours).


↓. .


In stuffed rice fermentation.


<. .


<北山酒经>> Tu m in the brewing process is:.


→ → fried pulp slurry lying thick yeast paste song together. .


↓　　　　　　　　　　↓　　↓。.


→ wash rice soup (hot) cooking rice → Cold → Canada → share music, mixing → yeast rice. .


You can see from the above procedure tu m manufacturing process also acts as a complete wine-making process, but its characteristics are highlighted an "acid". Horizontal sizing is used to heat meters, and remain in a grain of rice, the inner and through acid pulp. Therefore the acidity of tu m. Bacteria reproduction of modularity. Tu m brewing process in the second characteristic is curved. Sometimes, all at the Koji Tu m brewing, sometimes part of the song is added at the Fed.


3 feeding. .


The prevalence of nine Eastern Stuffed with law, to the song, not stressed so much feeding times. Generally 2-3 times, feeding on the basis of the same <。.>


<齐民要术>> The "power phase and the song" theory, control of feeding frequency and feeding amount. <. .


<北山酒经>> The second point: the first is fed to the timely, second is fed to the proper proportions.


4 new developments in pressing technology. .


In the era of the Northern Wei Dynasty, wine processing is relatively simple. Social development and progress, the kinds of wine, dedicated appliances, for improving the quality of rice wine has played an important role.


No later than the Tang Dynasty, there are special equipment for pressing wine. The Song dynasty, as improved compression equipment, perfect technology press, wine press technology basically mature. Press equipment for household use, and relatively simple, there are more complex for large wineshop. .


　　<。.>


<北山酒经>> In "the groove" section. Devoted to the wine press operation. Although not on the juice wine equipment described in detail, but described pressing operation can be about wine was pressed wine equipment used by some of the basic structure. .


Pressing tools called the "tank" or "squeeze". Main structure should be discarded. Wine mash. Annex: "plate", "anvil" (daoyi stone), "dian" (bamboo mat). Brewing is likely to be directly mounted squeeze box, you are not using puppet wine mash. Is possible to use the filter cloth.


In ". .


<北山酒经>> To tread technology. This is the history of wine-making techniques are rare. Its main points are:.


The maturity of mash liquor should be appropriate. In different seasons, the wine should be different maturity. If the profile for, the wine had to be cooked; warm and cool and hot, it shall be pressure cooked together. .


In the press process may result in fever, rancid wine.


Press liquor, the loading to uniform, pressing on the "anvil" position to put the positive and the weight of which you are dry, there is no arrow (splash) loss. This will maximize the liquor rate and reduce losses. .


The wine press, after the first load after a hot soup of wine washing. And then also required after several days of natural clarification. And removal of wine. "Straight-Orange Pack clearly in degrees, that is, the smell of times better.


Four cooking wine sterilization techniques. .


Rice wine is a low degree of wine, it is not advisable to long-term preservation. Selection of winter wine in ancient normal. Summer drink brewed liquor or sold as soon as possible. In the ancient economy is underdeveloped, pasteurising technology is not very much needed.


Ancient pasteurization technology adoption, may experience a "warm wine", "shochu", and further development to a clear goal of "cooking wine." Possible before the Han Dynasty, people used to drink wine warm later in the Han Dynasty, this wine has warm Jiuzun. Warm wine to some extent also heat sterilization function. .


The word "wine", originally appeared in the Tang Dynasty poem. Because the verse does not describe the specific wine from the specific meaning is not clear, leaving the eternal mystery. The Tang dynasty, House of a thousand miles <。.>


<投荒杂录>> And Liu Xun's < also mentioned that shochu, and about its production method. In fact the so-called "shochu" is a direct heating method, not the way distillation. Recorded in these two books is similar, that is, "real wine jar full of mud on it to fire side cooked, or not in the drink." .


The fire forced the wine "and the above is the same as in the distilleries <。.>


<北山酒经>> Described in some detail, the process is Jiuweng bottom hole lateral drilling a first plug, into the Inner wine, add a little yellow wax, sealed Jiuweng, placed in a hut, with brick paving Jiuweng, bottom up some charcoal, ignition, close the house, cooked slowly to make wine in place for seven days under the circumstances. After removal, release of liquor from the bottom side of the pin hole (cloudy things). Then for drinking. .


Distilleries in the Tang and Song dynasty fire forced the wine is not a distilled liquor, people do this is through heating, wine maturation and promoting wine aroma of esterification to improve wine quality. This technology actually still pasteurization, promoting wine coagulum, heating to kill the enzyme, fixed the role of alcohol. The fire forced the wine technology key appears to be the mixture slowly heating, fire, alcohol is volatile. Fire is too weak, from that role. From the quality of the wine, the wine is better than fire forced the country. In this wine "stop-loss resistance, victory in the country".


While the fire forced wine quality, but production is more trouble, and time is longer (seven days). As a large-scale production, the fire apparently forced this wine is not an appropriate approach. Relatively easy compared to making wine. .


Heavy-duty trucks, is probably from the Tang dynasty "wine" evolve. The main difference is in the distilleries are flame heating, the song of the country is boiled. Clearly documented process as early as in the country <。.>


<北山酒经>> Came to be adopted before.<。.


<宋史>> Volume 185 of "Food and Money" in this record. .


　　<。.>


<北山酒经>> In a more detailed account of the cooking wine technology, which is: the wine poured into jars, and add a certain amount of wax and bamboo leaves and other things, sealing altar, placed in steamer, the heat, to the wine boil. .


Heavy-duty trucks of the complete set of equipment is used solely for the pot, and the bottle. This description is the cooking water. This tie is relatively primitive. But with the Tang dynasty "wine" than there has been progress. Wine heating always 100 ° c temperature, not a sudden warming, caused by a sudden burst of wine. Even with wine, it is small.


<. .


<北山酒经>> On the country's purpose is clear, namely, to longer preservation of wine. Avoid wine of Rancidity. Although that time people are not aware of why. Heavy-duty trucks technologies, mass production for the wine, in order to avoid loss of rancid wine, providing technical support. For the production and circulation, and its meaning are very large.


Chinese cooking wine heating technology adoption sooner than 700 years of Western nations. Western beer and wine preservation issues, similar problems occur rancidity. But in ancient times has not been resolved. Mid-nineteenth century, due to the tireless efforts of a number of microbiologists, particularly after a large number of Pasteur discovered that the root causes of rancidity caused by alcohol is alcohol in addition can lead to yeast fermentation, there are bacteria there. It is these bacteria in wine occur rancidity. Through several experiments, Pasteur discovered wine simply heated to 60 ℃, and at this temperature for some time, wine will not rancidity.This method is used for beer also got the same results. This method is popular in the States, is called a bath temperature sterilization method.


Song when it was realized that heat sterilization is not to avoid alcohol rancidity, the only viable long-term preservation method of wine. <. .


<北山酒经>> Said: "perhaps wine Cheng, more filled, although not cooked, summer can also be kept. "This conclusion still have practical significance. Like the ultra modern technology, using Aperture very subtle film, wine filtration removal of bacteria, from the principle, the ancients is same.


<. .


<北山酒经>> In the country in the process there are still technical value, such as joining huangla (also known as beeswax). Its purpose is defoaming, liquid cooling, the surface of the wax in wine form a layer of film, there are isolated from the effects of the air.


Five rice wine blending techniques. .


Blend is several different styles of wine in a certain proportion of mixture, resulting in a better wine flavor. Rhoda in the Southern Song dynasty <。.>


<鹤林玉露>> In an essay, "wine and fresh", is the earliest known wine blending techniques discussed in the article. Few words, the rice wine blending techniques described as vivid and concrete. .


First, for blending original wine have their own characteristics, but also has drawbacks. -To be perfect. For a more gentle wine, and wine production, taste a spicy Wine Wine blends, got taste moderate wine. Second, the two original wines, to a certain proportion fit.


Wine culture related. .


[Edit this].


Wine, in particular, it is well known Kung of wine, reminiscent of beans flavored with aniseed, roundabout Master. However, "ji," a young woman drinking wine, to the point of 32 plum wine, they drank a fashionable topic, but given the wine a new look. .


This drink wine fashion, similar to the wine taste, elegance and refined taste, culture, and some like the Houhai bar area, the so-called spiritual and consumption together attitude, enchanted. Moreover, the wine can nourish the woman's body.


7 large drink wine for health reasons. .


Rice wine is rich in nutrition, "liquid cake. Its nutritional value than the "liquid bread" beer and nutrient-rich wine.


1. . Rich in amino acids: the main component of rice wine and water than ethanol, but also contains 18 amino acids, of which 8 are the body's own synthesis but not necessary. The 8 amino acids in the rice wine in the content than the same amount of beer. One to several times more than wine. .


2. easy-to-digest: wine contains many easily digestible nutrients the body, such as: dextrin. maltose, glucose, lipids, glycerol, higher alcohols, vitamins and organic acids, etc. These components by storing the wine become nutritional low alcohol drinks.


3. . Shujinhuoxue: wine smell of bitter, sweet, acrid. Warm winter drink rice wine, can be blood dispelling the cold, through the meridians, to stimulate effective against cold, flu prevention. Moderate consumption of a variety will help blood circulation, promote metabolism, blood can be beauty. .


4. cosmetic anti-aging: wine is the b vitamins are a good source of vitamins B1, B2, Nick sour, vitamin e is very rich, long-term consumption to beauty, anti-aging.


5. . To promote appetite: energy metabolism and zinc is an essential component of protein synthesis, zinc deficiency, the loss of appetite, taste will be removed, and sexual function were also down. The zinc content in a lot of wine, such as dollars per 100 ml of red wine, Shaoxing zinc 0. .85 Mg. Therefore, drinking wine can promote appetite. .


6. protect the heart: wine containing trace elements. As every 100 ml magnesium 20 ~ 30 mg, 10 times higher than that of white wine, red wine high 5 times; $ red wine in Shaoxing and rice wine per 100 ml of selenium content 1 ~ 1. .2 mg, than white wine for about 20 times higher than red wine about 12 times. In cardiovascular disease, these trace elements are there to prevent blood pressure and thrombosis. Therefore, regular drinking rice wine, have a protective effect on the heart.


7. . Ideal Yao Yinzi: Compared with white wine, beer, rice wine with moderate alcohol, is an ideal Yaoyin Zi. The effect of liquor While dissolution of Chinese medicine is better, but when the stimulus to drink more, poor drinkers prone to diarrhea, itching and so on. Low alcohol beer is not conducive to the dissolution of Chinese medicine. In addition, the wine is in the ointment, Dan, pills, powder of the important auxiliary material. Prescription medicine commonly used in wine soaking, cooking, steaming Roasted herbs or modulation of various pills and wine, according to statistics there are more than 70 kinds of wine wine making wine Xu Yong-based preparation. .


In the midst of the culture is like the sword charm and a beautiful, the good wine of course need to seize, tasting.


Mellow the wine culture. .


Think of rice wine, it reminds me of the town of Khan among middle-aged man on acid, yellow wine misconceptions. In fact, in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai, and family and have a certain culture intellectuals, rice loyalty is relatively high. Drinking rice wine, often have a wine that is light, Margaret mellow Don Park's "golden mean" character. Drink wine or beer as to quench your thirst for speed, not as potent drink of liquor having "a stuffy" can experience its aroma and taste. Wine and wine culture, like deep, even deeper than the wine of its cultural meaning, the need for the correct way to drink before they can realize national essence infinite taste of wine. .


Taste wine in three steps.


1. . To taste wine appreciation, first of all should watch his color: to be crystal clear transparent, gloss, no turbidity or suspended solids, no sediment thrown up by the waves in which a highly infectious red amber. .


2. second moved closer to the nose the wine cups or glasses, elegant, attractive strong fragrance. This fragrance is different from the liquor of flavor, distinct from the chemical flavor, is a matter of special greases unique aroma and bouquet of rice wine. If more than 10 years old, even of high quality wine, but you can't make him drink a Cup at the desk, it would be pleasant.


3. . So a prelude to the second step, then taste and renewed desire. Mouth Qingchuai 1, stirring the whole tongue, slowly, after swallowing a piece of paper can taste the feelings of non-expression. So Qingchuai slow swallow, and do not booze gambling wins, can guarantee that 3 to 5 times over, if moderate drinking, not dizzy or even pass out, they could no longer refuse to give up the cup things. .


Long origin.


Glutinous rice wine, rice, millet as raw materials, general alcohol content of 14% to 20%, a low degree of brewing wine. In fact, wine is the world's oldest alcoholic beverage, one from China, but China and Taiwan, with beer, wine and said the world's three ancient wine. About 3,000 years ago in the Zhou Dynasty, the Chinese original song double-fermentation liquor, rice wine brewed in large quantities. Wine producing wider, many varieties, notably the Shaoxing rice wine, Rice Wine, wine cylinder seal Jiujiang, Jiangxi, Jiangsu Danyang wine cylinder seal, Wuxi Huiquan wine, red wine pearl Guangdong, Shandong Jimolaojiu so.But as Chinese breweries, in international and domestic market, most popular, most Chinese characteristics, shaoxing rice wine.


The stylish wine drinking laws. .


1. warm drink wine.


The most traditional wine drinking law, of course, warm drink. Warm drink wine distinctive feature is the strong, finish is soft. Temperature wine there are two ways: one is to put hot water on hot wine vessel, the other is the fire heat. However, the heating time should not be too long rice wine, or alcohol are volatile lost, but bland. General, prevalence of warm winter drink. .


Wine tasting of the best temperature is 38 ℃. In the hot rice wine, rice wine contains a trace on human health than alcohol, aldehyde, ethers and other organic compounds, with the temperature rising and volatile, and at the same time, as the lipid aromatics than transpiration, enabling the rum-more mellow, sweet and fragrant, full-bodied flavour. Therefore, hot drink rice wine is beneficial to health.


2. . Iced wine. .


At present, the prevalence in young people in an ice wine to drink, especially in China and Hong Kong and Japan, the popular wine with ice. Homemade ice wine, you can buy from the supermarket to wine, put into the refrigerator to cool. If the temperature refrigerator, 3 ° c in temperature control. When then in the Cup on a few pieces of ice, eating better. According to personal taste, the wine in the huamei, lemon, or against some sprite, Cola, fruit juice. With love and care, the effectiveness of appetite.


3. . Fin wine. .


Wine, catering to different dishes with different wine, you can taste the unique flavor of rice wine, rice wine, for example: dry red wine of the element, with vegetables, jellyfish and other cold dishes; half dry type of rice wine, preferably with meat, crabs; semi-sweet wine of good, with chickens and ducks; sweet wine of Hornsey, preferably with beet class.


Introduction. .


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The name of the world's gold wine a lot. Dutch call Gellever, the British called Hollamds or Genova, Germany called Wacholder, the French called Genevieve, Belgians call Jenevers ... .... .


Gin has many names: Hong Kong, Guangdong area called Gin; Taipei called gin, because it contains the special taste of gin, also called Gin.


Gin (GIN) in 1660 from the Dutch Leiden University (Unversity of Leyden) 名叫西尔维斯 (Doctor Sylvius) professor manufacturing success. This wine is the first manufacturer to help regional activities in the Dutch East India merchants, sailors and immigrants tropical malaria prevention, as a diuretic, the pharmaceutical use of heat, and soon it was found that diuretics harmonious aroma, taste coordination, alcohol and gentle, clean wine, with a net, cool natural style, will soon be as full of people drinking alcoholic beverages.Gin soothing aroma mainly from has diuretic effects of Gin. Gin in addition there are many kinds, typically wrapped in gauze, the export hangs in Distiller. Cooking wine, the taste it into wine, or Gin-soaked in absolute neutral alcohol, a week before returning to its complex, in wine sauce. Sometimes you can also add Gin crushed into small flake, join the wine materials, saccharification and fermentation and distillation to their taste. Some countries and with other spices to the distillery and brewing gin, such as coriander, cardamom, licorice, orange peel, etc. After this fruit with gin gin made by immersion in alcohol for people gradually accepted as a new drink. And accurate formula, manufacturers have always been very confidential. It is said that in 1689 William III returned to exile in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom to the throne, was introduced in England in gin, the English called Gin Gin, be welcome. Countries Gin. .


Gin no aging, but also some manufacturers will put the original wine to aging in oak barrels, making it slightly golden yellow wine and liquor. Gin's alcohol content is generally between a 55 35, alcohol content, the higher the quality. Compare the famous Dutch-gin, British Gin Gin and the United States.


Dutch-style gin. .


Superba-Gin is produced in the Netherlands, the main areas of focus in Schiedam (Schiedam) area, is the Dutch national liquor.


Dutch-style gin known as the gin (Geneva), based on barley malt and rye as the main raw material, together with the juniper berries as flavoring materials, enzymes, fermented grains of the original three-distilled liquor, and then adding gin flavor re-distillation, and finally distillation of wine derived, stored in a glass tank until their maturity, packaging, bottling again when diluted. Dutch-style gin color transparent clear, and prominent wine aroma, flavor Sauvignon heavy, spicy and sweet, unique style. Both are pure refreshing drink or ice, alcohol was 52 degrees.Due excessively heavy load type flavor Gin drinking only suitable for pure, not suitable for mixed wine Yamazato, otherwise it will destroy the balance of flavor ingredients.


Dutch-style gin is not stored in too long before bottling to prevent oxidation of Er Shi juniper berries taste bitter. After the bottling, you can save time without sacrificing quality. Dutch-style gin often installed in the long-shape ceramic bottle for sale. New wine called Jonge, aged wine called Oulde, Lao Chen wine is Zeet. .


oulde。 Compare the famous liquor licences are: Henkes (Henkes), Poles (Bols), Spock (Bokma), Pong, horse. (Bomsma), dhaese Campo (Hasekamp).


Dutch-style gin drinking laws also are more popular in the East Indies before drinking fine with the bitter (Bitter) wash cup, then into Dutch gin, big mouth and drink quickly, making stirring, with the effect of an appetizer, drink then drink a glass of ice water, it is the United States beyond description. Dutch-style gin on the rocks, decorated with a lemon, is the world famous drink dry Martini (Dry Martini) the best substitutes. .


British Gin.


About the 17th century, William III ruled Britain, launched a large-scale religious war, the war's soldiers Gin back to Britain from the European continent. 1702 a 1704, Queen Anne of power imported French wine and brandy overtax, while reducing their own distilled spirits tax. Gin and it became a British civilians cheap distilled liquor. In addition, Gin cheap raw materials, production cycle is short, no long-term storage by Chen, the cost is high, and soon became popular in the UK.There was a tavern and made a very interesting signs, can thus be seen that Gin is cheap:.


Drunk for a penay cent drink s fill;. .


Dead drunk for two penay II penny drink down;.


Clean straw for nothing poor young man to drink, is worth nothing. .


British gold wine production process more simple charge-gin, edible alcohol and Gin and other spices common distilled Dry Gin. Due to the Dry Gin colorless and transparent liquid, fragrance, taste and smell of singular and oh so cool, single drink, can be mixed with other wine preparation or as cocktail liquor, so deeply loved around the world. British Gin also known as the London Dry Gin, Gin is light body, I mean not sweet, without the original taste, taste compared with other, more simple and elegant wine.


British-style dry gin trademarks are: Dry Gin, Extra Dry Gin, Very Dry Gin, London Dry Gin and English Dry Gin, these are the House of Lords to mark a certain status Gin.Famous liquor licences are: British guards (Beefeater), Gordon (Gordon ' s), Pei (Gilbey ' s), the immortal Lei (schenley), seeking to (Tangueray), Queen Elizabeth (QueenElizabeth), old (Old Lady ' s), old Tom (Old Tom), House of Lords (.


Lords), Gregory Norwegian Wells (Greenall's), Boodles (Boodles), PhD (Booth's), Burnetts (Burnett's), Plymouth (Plymouth), Walker (Walker's), wiser (Wiser's ), 西格兰姆斯, (seagram's) and so on. .


London Dry Gin can also be served pure drinking water. Cold method, such as: the bottle in the refrigerator or ice bucket, or poured wine ice, but most guests prefer to drink (i.e. do mixed Wine Liquor).


American Gin (American Gin). .


American Gin is light golden yellow, as compared with other Gin that aging in oak barrels for a period of time. There are mainly American Gin distilled Gin (Distiled gin) and blended Gin (Mixed gin). Typically, the United States distilled Gin bottle at the bottom of the "D" Word, this is a United States distilled Gin's distinctive emblem. Mixed Golden wine is consumed alcohol and Gin simple mixture of rarely used for single drink, cocktail.


Other countries gin. .


Gin's main origin except the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the United States and Germany, France, Belgium and other countries. More common and well-known gin are: Xinken Ha kan Germany (schinkenhager), Brook were Belgium (Bruggman), Xilixite, Germany (Schlichte), Feiliaisi Belgium (Filliers), and more to enjoy Carter Germany (Doornkaat), Frans Belgium (Fryns), Keli Sen France (Claessens), Hite Belgium (Herte), Ross French (Loos), Kang, Singapore, Belgium (Kampe), Lafusika Germany and France (Lafoscade), Bantam。 Belgium (Vanpamme), Ling Chi Victor, Yugoslavia (Brinevec).


There is a dry gin called Sloe gin's gin, but it can not be called gin, because it is a raw material used in the wild plum, called blackthorn. Sloe gin habits can be called the "Golden Wine", but added, "blackthorn", referred to as "black gill Jin-wine." .


Guihuajiu introduction.


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China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Guihuajiu specialty wine, wine of Guangxi nianjiuzongan guihuajiu in Wu Gang brand. Pale yellow colour, sweet-scented osmanthus guihuajiu fen, and with the unique fragrance of wild grape, outwards, mellow and soft, lingering fragrance for a long time.


Effect: consumption of a variety may spleen and stomach, digestion, blood Qi. .


Process: Guilin osmanthus guihuajiu to local brand, grape by immersion, distillation, restructuring, maturation, filtration, alcohol 15 ° ~ 20 °.


Production Company: Guilin Osmanthus Winery Lingui. .


Awards: in 1984 and 1989, respectively, were rated as high-quality food and wine.


Osmanthus wine. .


Ingredients, fresh sweet-scented osmanthus.


Alcohol: 42% (V / V). .


Sugar content: ≤ 50g/L (as glucose).


Net Content: 500ml. .


The history of osmanthus and guihuajiu.


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When the origin of the wine is. But from the legends, it seems to be older than recorded history. In Greek mythology was the God of wine, mythology, pale Moon, stuffed with drink guihuajiu 21 century b.c. the emperor Yu Yu active people to presented "aims to wine" (sweet wine). From archaeological finds, the Shang dynasty (element before 16 ~ 11th century) in wine-making workshop site: wine, both, Jue, pot, Jin Yi, there are (a.d. 1115-1234) brass steam wine pot. This shows the Jin dynasty (Southern) have begun to use the distillation method liquor (height wine). Judging from the literature, the Western Han Dynasty (206 ~ dollars before 25 AD) "Historical Records" in Western accounts of grape wine. Deduced that prehistoric people had already started to brew sweet (low alcohol), while white wine with a distillation method (high alcohol) should be the golden generation (Song) after what happened. .


。.


With Osmanthus fragrans, Osmanthus can brew wine. Osmanthus wine particularly interested in people, toast Changyin osmanthus wine, poets often chant Osmanthus wine. We know that human osmanthus and osmanthus wine come from? . .


Legend has it that in ancient times the two yingshan, lived a widow to sell grape wine, she is easygoing enough stuffed wine, mellow taste sweet, people looked up to her and call her fairy wine Lady. A winter cold. In the morning, my wife just cents on wine, find lying outside the door of a skinny, clothing and not of man, it looks like a beggar. Jiuxian Lady touch the man's mouth and nose, little atmosphere, they took him back home, the first irrigation soup, and fed the half glass of wine, the man come slowly, said, "thank you for saving my life my wife. I am a paralyzed man, out of not freezing to death, they have to starve to death, you are good enough, then take me a few days. "Sin wine wife embarrassed, the saying goes," Much Ado widow the door ", like this guy living at home, people say that gossip. But think again, can not see him alive, frozen to death, starved to death ah! finally nodded, left him temporarily..


Fruit, dried off surcharges wine Lady gossip spread very quickly, all she was alienated from the hotel to buy alcohol every day. But the fairy wine Lady, best to take care of the man. Later, people not to buy wine, she cannot maintain that the man is a word not to. Fairy wine Lady can go everywhere, in the case of a white-haired old man mountain slopes, dry with a bear,. Sin wine lady is to go help the old man fell onto the ground, firewood scattered everywhere, and old two-day shut, lips trembling, weakly shouting: "Water, water, ... ..." barren hillside runoff and do that? Sin alcohol lady bitten finger, suddenly, the blood DC, her fingers out into the mouth the elderly, elderly people suddenly disappeared. Breeze, the sky flying a yellow bag, bag filled with many small yellow paper packets, while a yellow piece of paper that read: Moon gave the seeds, and rewards good people. High laurel Bi Fu, Shou high garden trees flowers. Gui wine brewing flowers, sending father and mother first. Wu Gang, assistant done good, treacherous slippery disaster reduction.Fairy wine Lady realized, the original man and bear this paralysis, Chai is a spicy variation.


This one spread far and near came to claim some of the seeds. Good people planted the seeds quickly grow cinnamon, osmanthus out, full of sweet hospital, an infinite glory. Evil intents, planted the seeds that do not take root, it embarrassed him, from washing heart goodness. We are grateful cents wine lady is her good deeds, touched the moon in management laurel of Wu Gang Tai Sin, only then seeds alcohol to earth, from earth and only the Osmanthus fragrans Osmanthus wine. .


Guihuajiu legend.


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From ancient times to the people make sweet-scented osmanthus as auspicious, descendants a symbol of prosperity, in brewing beer is naturally much people like legends two yingshan next lived an old widow sold the grape wine, good spirit, she stuffed wine tastes sweet, she is absolutely her immortal liquor. A winter morning, my wife found their own fairy wine lying in front of a membrane from the body, skinny male beggar. Fairy wine Lady felt his mouth and nose, little atmosphere, they took him back to the home. Give him a bowl of hot soup filling, letting him drink half a bowl of wine, that beggar gradually recovered and quickly thanks to her, "Thank you lady for saving grace, you see me paralyzed, mobility, can no more take me in. few days, or I go out is not frozen to death died of hunger. "fairy lady wine difficult," the widow in front of more non-"he lived at home, people will gossip, but see if he would agree to stay poor for several days he lived. .


A few days on the fairy wine Lady argument indeed more and alienated her, buy wine will become less and less, jiuxian Lady day is hard, but she is still dedicated to take care of the beggar. Then nobody to buy wine, life is not as beggars, the scene would be secretly away. Sin alcohol lady worried about actively look for him, half way met an old man, pick up a load of firewood shoulders, struggling to walk, suddenly, the elderly fell to the ground, firewood that up, fairy wine lady hurried past, see the elderly weak breath, mouth shouting "Water, water ... ...", before the middle of nowhere How can store the water? Sin wine lady on the bitten my fingers, trying to put the blood drip into the mouth and the elderly, the elderly suddenly disappeared. A breeze, the sky flying a yellow bag, bag has many small yellow paper packets, while a yellow piece of paper that read:. .


Thanks to the Moon, the reward of the good home guizi.


High laurel Bi Fu, Shou high garden trees flowers. .


Collect flowers stuffed with GUI wine, Go Daddy and mum.


Wu Gang, assistant done good, treacherous slippery disaster reduction. .


At this time the immortal liquor Lady know it is spicy. She delighted the seeds of these sweet-scented osmanthus circulated, kind person buried seeds, cinnamon, soon to grow full of sweet-scented osmanthus, full of sweet; sinisterdesigns planted the seed of osmanthus, but not sprout. Since then there has been a symbol of prosperity and can differentiate between good and evil of sweet-scented osmanthus and guihuajiu.


Osmanthus wine effect. .


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Fall blooming osmanthus wine is used as raw materials for Kim, together with the aging high-quality rice wine is made. Has the golden color, the sweet, sour palatability characteristics, it is excellent banquet and cocktail wine production, but also your own share and enjoy, or gifts to friends and relatives. .


Chinese medicine practitioners believe that t-pungent, sweet-scented osmanthus decoction, wine and tea or leaching, and bruises, loss of appetite, phlegm coughing, diarrhea, blood in the intestinal wind through the closure of abdominal pain. Guizhi, GUI, GUI root seed can human medicine. By, zizyphus jujuba ginger, Paeonia lactiflora, licorice twig soup prepared, authoritarian exogenous wind evil, fever, headache, etc. GUI root sweet-astringent.


Osmanthus fragrans Oleaceae plants to flower, its spicy, warm owned by the lungs, large intestine after, the "Mass in hernia" refers to abdominal pain, often fever, "Ben Tun" refers to the red kidney or liver cold air fire Shangni Chong directly to the throat to the thoracic abdominal cramps, chest tightness, shortness of breath, dizziness, palpitations, irritability, hyperactivity of intestinal pneumatosis and peristalsis or spasm, cough, hold the spit not so good effects Cameroon. Regular consumption of the skin texture, skin care obviously help. .


The ancients believed that GUI for medicine, so sweet-scented osmanthus brew wine can achieve the "drink of longevity". Like the Han dynasty, guihuajiu was used to worship worshiping worshipping of the elders, the young King used guihuajiu, elders drink after the symbol will prolong life. Sweet-scented osmanthus tea, soothes a sore throat, cough, phlegm, improves symptoms, treatment of duodenal ulcer, weihan Reed measles, stomach pain, bad breath, vision is unknown.


Efficacy: The sweet mellow wine with appetizers Stasis, spleen tonic of success there. Ms osmanthus wine especially for drinking, was praised as "well-being of women wine." Chinese medicine in the treatment of the theory and practice of flowering osmanthus wine is a typical example. .


Guihuajiu production.


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Production: guihuajiu made liquor, wine, Volt Beng v 1 — 3 years, every year on the market. Prior to listing, with fresh sweet-scented osmanthus leaching into sweet-scented osmanthus, infiltration, causing guihuajiu liquor. Changshu Guihuajiu left Weng Su "belt track hoe fields, leaving Lucy stuffed yellow". With the improvement of the wine-making process, the "guihuajiu quality, alcohol content is low, and transparent, the smell of incense and sweet all year round you can drink alcohol, suitable for both men, women and children, become" features about tasting, gifts for all occasions.


Osmanthus thick wine produced a good way. .


Making a good way of osmanthus wine.


First, soak rice: fresh water into the tank, submerged glutinous rice, wooden ladle stirring dirt floating written sake. 4:00 is appropriate. . .


Second, the steamed rice: cage, burning fire, cooked up to 80%, from fire, water, rice intermediary after cage around the temperature dropped below 3 ° c. ..


Third, mixing music: flat San documented spread, scatter surface, mixing, be uniform. . .


4. charging cylinder: first place the stick a, to the meters cylinder Center surrounding mount lightly pressed, draw after the wood Center rotation, estuary formed. Calico Gaizhi, combined with soft, round straw, keeping the temperature of 30 degrees, three days after brewing which is cooked in. ..


5, the wine: the brim tapped two wooden sticks, copper Siluo frame on it, the number of fermented grains dill in fall, the number of raw water with a few cream, the hand into the transit fermented grains, stir, rubbing, pressure, repeated endless, dry grains to make wine. . .


Wine-and-drop, saccharin, sweet-scented osmanthus. boil.


General wine clarification, this wine thick, spicy wine Xin general, this wine mellow. Villagers drink, people drink, drink the elderly, children drink, men drink, women drink, stomach, blood, thirst and lungs. According to legend, Bai drinking this wine, into a hundred poems. It has always been scholars to Chang'an, special drink osmanthus thick wine. Students Yuzuo this one poet, each time to seek inspiration for the hotel a large drink, but the three bowls sinks, while waiting, incoherent, did not know return. .


Guihuajiu type.


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Brewing history, existing licensing and Wu Gang signs of Guilin. From Guilin Guilin brand guihuajiu nianjiuzongan production, in the case of flowers, fruit preparation of sweet and low alcohol wine. Local sweet-scented osmanthus, grape by immersion, distillation, restructuring, maturation, filtration, alcohol 15 ° ~ 20 °. Pale yellow colour, sweet-scented osmanthus fragrance, with the unique fragrance of wild grape, outwards, mellow and soft, lingering fragrance for a long time. Often drink to spleen, promotes digestion, Qi. 1984 and 1989, respectively, were rated as high-quality food and wine. Wu Gang osmanthus wine license from the Guilin Osmanthus Winery Lingui to high-quality rice and fresh osmanthus flowers as raw materials, brewing double distilled complex refining process. Clear translucent quality of the wine, taste mellow and clean with the characteristics of both Sanhua, there osmanthus fragrance, aftertaste, alcohol with 38 ° and 50 ° two. .


Wu Gang presented guihuajiu.


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Comrade Mao Zedong "Butterfly" is a term in a name: "Wu Gang presented guihuajiu." Guihuajiu when regarded as a wine in the temple. The author of the books in the past did not see a guihuajiu. Pan the early Qing dynasty, the PI has di Luo JI Sheng age. The book documents the sweet-scented osmanthus catalyzed preparation allusions. Sweet-scented osmanthus catalyzed August GUI Hua blooming season, choose a flower bud, grains become into a three-year, to seal the altar became wines. Raw material for food such as rice, etc..


At that time, the market does not sell, is within the Qing imperial kitchen of wine for the king Teachers brewing within the government, senior tonic wine. After the liberation of Beijing winery experts, to explore in depth the traditional brewing recipes, using traditional techniques and modern brewing techniques, the method of combining, and finally create the Beijing Guihua aged wine. This is a flavored wine. Years of white wine with storage for wine base, used as spices Kim specialties Jervois area, carefully refined, scientifically formulated, become a sweet, rich wine.This wine is golden color, crystal clear, there is a peculiar osmanthus and bouquet, full-bodied taste, glamorous, slightly acidic, sweet, slightly outwards, feast of 15 degrees. It is evaluated as being one of the "national high-quality wine", and in Hong Kong and Macao, Europe, Japan and other regions and countries are quite popular at home and abroad enjoy a high reputation.


Ms osmanthus wine especially for drinking, was praised as "well-being of women wine." Chinese medicine in the treatment of the theory and practice of flowering osmanthus wine is a typical example. .


Wine together.


Open Category: Jiuzun containers. .


In Shaoxing wine culture, poetic look, taste, rich wine with a wonderful sight. Shaoxing restaurant shop fastidious wine with the compiling and decoration, many scholars degree also like books written for restaurant wine. In Shaoxing city, hotels, wine and liquor with a sense of humor to the displayed as drinkers cited Hao to liven things up.


Lu Xun Xian Heng Hotel junction, world-renowned, with two joint attention. One said: "big name store, wine more intoxicating." Another joint goes: "Big, Kung, almost a full house; of 3000, 72, okho aroma." Century-old Rong Lu Chun restaurant , there is a very elegant together: "a low wall separated Phi vine downtown, small bridges with restaurant," Big River Bridge River Orchid Pavilion Restaurant, "Lanting of Liuchang, Sri Lanka, Hong delicacies set kitchen," the couplet, but also elegance flavored. .


Some, although not known as the hotel also has a lot of quite the flavor of the wine, such as "Jian Lake wine all over the world, the famous shanyin cooking million" and that "the more drunk wine entertaining, clear soup warm guests. "," Lean meat dishes, peach colored surface. "Ground zero" jiufan wonton noodles processing, and dishes with a festive banquet with on-site service "shaoxing rice wine with all over the city and countryside, infiltrated the shaoxing rice wine and marketing the entire process is divided into several levels: brief.


1, rice grain harvest, rice wine the new system, wineries a joy. Wine in conjunction with:. .


It is fragrant, old vintages, mash cooked fresh grease.


Lead to possession of the new wine jar, mash storage system out of Hong Yu cylinder. .


More to the spring flood, the rich wine has seen the sea to land.


Wine trails plucking flowers in spring, bamboo window stay Moonlight fragrance. .


Huang ju leaning against the wind of spring wine cooked, gate Pro rice flower.


China factory output growth celebration, wine and aromatic Hing Yau. .


2. open the altar, the good old wine mash smelled good, warm and inviting guest: restaurant.


Good 1000 song shop, open the climate is the altar. .


Steamy Cup next door to door, corpus..


Spring Wine Press miles priceless drunk three glasses of dreams also to buy Hong. .


You can get to sell, but only because the altar mianigui; did drink, three drunk next door.


Po urn beginning, pouring wine intestinal attempting to use Lotus; Feng Qing Rang foot, the wind was blowing first meet Jiuqi. .


3, delicacies, multiplier, zuojiu yaqu and wine:.


Timely Zuo liquor, seasoning for soup. .


Chen wine mash upwind drunk, refined cooking cuisine to kouxiang.


No odd vegetables, the cook of style like King 10; wine and meat flavored true, customers can smell thyme. .


4, up song, something that gave the Golden censer, wine de unlimited:.


Hange handed down, the laughter Poppins. .


To raise a family, 18th year.


Pour cup bamboo, peach faces of the people laugh. .


Yee Ko Yun full moon long Qing bottles.


Juhuai invite the moon, and dances east. .


As the who, begin with the longitudinal layer; this land so that there are wine bottles.


China revitalization, Seoul shed much sweat; Taibai legacy of the king with a few poems. .


To celebrate this most auspicious reminder, ren Yu leakage, but also more; the beauty of the night, not lucky and gold inlay "for wine, yet when.


Wine and song, naturally Tomorrow; celebration party to light, the first toast to the motherland. .


5. wine for Hammer, to pin the eternal, infinite power: wine.


A total of a bottle of wine, with thousands of miles to see people. .


A drunken unhappy solutions, three cups of MasterCard and. ..


Wine outside Qian Kun Da, pot the sun and the moon long. .


Four things in a dust-free, eight Windows are opened wine.


Yun Shi Yun-Yun Yan painting still, feeling drunk drunk document also fascinated. .


Worse li good advise Ling are drunk, curved tiller struggle to Fu said before.


Bamboo surplus bottles, pear into the vat; white both hands, red friends always invited. .


Inauguration of the Moon, green, three overlapping song, you better try a glass of wine; just in case, the three articles litaibai and go, and, with pin eternal sorrow.


6 Zhu Xiqing wine, liquor mediated longevity, endless wine Music:. .


Flowers at the time the new stroke, make a cup of wine, drunk.


Chun-Yu Wan, Hong health is priceless, to buy Gold Cup dream is drunk warm. .


Hibiscus flower mirror reflecting, sea turtle banquet wine trail.


Affection willow evening breeze wine, peach spring water happy people. .


Wine medium Nanshan, composed from Beihai bottles.


Chitose light amber pour the wine bottle kind of seasonal flowers. .


Purple-pink wall, entitled fairy nationality for shoubei nectar.


Tim Crane House cents to raise sea operator, Ito-Yokado peach spring banquet. .


Gala Tour in origin.


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Jiao Luzhou to produce wine and enjoyed at langjiu Gulin "Gala Tour" reputation, is China's only owns two national wine region, with an annual output of liquor 86300 tons, of which the national wine-making history 10805 tons, up to 400 years.


Since the Han Dynasty, Luzhou wine, drinking very popular, to the Song Dynasty is already "Yang Jiang is more than wine" (Poet) has. At that time, Luzhou is a national commercial tax one of the highest in 26 cities, including the duty that the total business taxes 33. .6%, A very important economic pillar. The Ming Dynasty, "Jiang Yang mature flowers, as important wine" (Yangsheng An poetry), mellow rich Luzhou Daqu will come out.Today's State-level key heritage, the national first batch demonstration point "Ming Jiao pit", China's intangible cultural heritage "Jiao production process" is the heritage, from the beginning in 1573, 430 years of history. 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition "," Jiao daqu liquor i.e. won the gold medal, world reputation. Later, in previous wine tasting session, Jiao Medal, both as the most influential one of China's liquor.


Luzhou there with the "old Pit" devoted married couple opened another Chinese wines - "Boy" wine. .


1916 in new year's Eve, Zhu de Lu wrote a poem: "protect our smoke anything changes, Tian Tian traffic vibration; fortunately eased baoshen Gala tour ladies-Tao. "Here, Zhu de, Luzhou city named Gala Tour. Subsequently, Gala Tour became the Luzhou city on their own terms of Endearment.


In 1983, Hu Yaobang visited Luzhou, personally feel a blow on one's face after the wine, but also praised the "wine city of Luzhou, deserved reputation." .


Wine-making industry is an important revenue Luzhou. Luzhou lipstick, the land is fertile, rice, wheat, sorghum and other cereals and sticky sweetness in spring, for the development of wine industry provides exceptional natural conditions. Luzhou brewing skills through the years, has reached the top level. Especially as the birthplace of Luzhou, China, Jiao pool with four hundred years of history have been approved by the State Council as a national heritage conservation units, dedicated to "China's first pit" of reputation.


At present, the wine industry, Luzhou has been the introduction of modern high technology, wine production, blending and auxiliary computer system modernization, Shelf Starter promotion of computer control system, especially the old pits the world's Inc. began using more advanced jet code technology and new technology of steam pad together, so that traditional techniques of Lu liquor onto a modern track and filtered off the wine and laid a solid foundation. . .


Luzhou as the country's major production base of liquor, liquor production since 2000 has been maintained at 10 000 tons. Wine-making industry is even part of Luzhou City County-the main source of revenue, Luzhou city pillar industries.


Now, the "wine city" than "Luzhou" in home and abroad have much greater impact and visibility. "The wind had Luzhou with wine," Luzhou history with alcohol on the aroma, so Luzhou known as the "wine city" is well deserved. .


Gala Tour of the history and future.


[Edit this section] a long glorious glorious history. .


Luzhou, Sichuan basin is located in the South of Yangtze River, the tuojiang throat to choke, cloud, expensive, Sichuan, Chongqing, Sichuan out Hainan channel and an important port on the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, administered luxian, Gulin hejiang, xuyong, four counties and Jiangyang, longmatan district, has a, Naxi 12247 square kilometers with a population of 463.68 000...


Since the Western Han Zhijun Luzhou has been 2000 years of history. Vessels of interest with two rivers, the natural history of the formation of Luzhou Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Chongqing and material distribution center and the junction of economic and cultural center of southern Sichuan; Song and Ming dynasties become and adult Luzhou, Chongqing rival powers of the three national commercial city and one of 33 nationwide commercial city. .


After the founding of new China, Luzhou city was in Government and the Luzhou Prefecture, 1983 was actually approved by the State Council. Luzhou is now a national exemplary city, national historical and cultural city, national health city and Western Sichuan chemical town.


Advantage of the unique geographical location. .


Luzhou, Sichuan, Yunnan and always has been, Guizhou, Chongqing four provinces (municipalities) in conjunction with the Ministry's economic hub, today more Luzhou North three-dimensional traffic location advantage, become Yangtze Golden waterway "and" Southwest out of Hainan channel bright highlights, is the National Ministry determine secondary hub and hub port city in the Yangtze River. Southwest sea lane running through the whole land through this channel can reach within one day Fangcheng in Guangxi, Beihai; Luzhou, Sichuan's second-largest aviation airport in Hong Kong can accommodate Boeing 737 aircraft, is now online Luzhou to Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Haikou, Kunming, Guiyang, etc. flight; Luzhou, Sichuan, Hong Kong is a perennial that can use the Yangtze River and Sichuan Province, 1000-ton ship's first port in the Yangtze River has been completed for 50,000 TEU throughput of 20 tons of heavy items The vertical multi-purpose container terminal; Luzhou is a national "class shipping port", have been available in CIB and customs agencies, ports sector with the city functioning。.


Pleasant climate, fertile property. .


Luzhou, Sichuan basin is located in the Yangtze River, on the southern edge of the intersection, the tuojiang territory River belongs to the Yangtze River, the Yangtze River for the trunk into the dendritic distribution, rivers, water. Luzhou city basin in subtropical warm climatic zones. General characteristics of a subtropical climate, the vertical difference, light, heat, rainfall, seasons, the land is fertile, the kind of broad. Luzhou both inside thick forests and vegetation, there are a variety of planting vegetation and garden crops, rich in rice, wheat, corn, sorghum, rapeseed, tobacco, citrus, longan, lychee, a long history of agricultural cultivation, Some areas of crops can be cooked three times a year, higher crop yields. Double cropping rice in main producing areas in Sichuan Province and the country's only late longan, litchi base. Gulin Huang Jing Jiang River Po Wo Hop is the same latitude on Earth the only remaining low-elevation forests of plant gene pool and scenic, with a high value eco-tourism. .


Rich resource advantages.


Luzhou is located Panxi ─ ─ Liupanshui resources "golden triangle" zone, resource-intensive, with South sulfur coal, gas distribution of water from the north. Underground resources of coal, gas, pyrite, natural gas, mainly limestone, and clay rocks, limonite, kaolin and other mineral resources, varieties, large reserves and good quality. Ancient Syria coal mining, coalbed methane, pyrite symbiotic enrichment, amount of 6.9 billion tons of anthracite resources, accounting for 33% of the province; more than 1,000 billion cubic meters of CBM has been included in the comprehensive development and utilization demonstration areas throughout the province; sulfur iron volume of 3.2 billion tons and mineral resources, accounting for 71% of South Sichuan reserves.Hydropower resources of 67 million KW, development of 25 000 KW; 650 billion cubic meters of natural gas reserves in. ..


Have some industrial base. .


Luzhou is a wine-making industry, chemical industry, machinery for the pillars of a comprehensive industrial city. As of Jiao, Gulin at langjiu make Luzhou enjoy "Gala Tour". Annual production capacity of 80 million tons of ammonia, urea and 124 000 tonnes of lutianhua (Group) co., Ltd. is China's largest urea production enterprises. With lutianhua 1620 tons/day of urea plant expansion, Lu 4500 tons of nitrocellulose, strong alkali company carbon tetrachloride Luzhou technical projects such as the progressive implementation, Western Sichuan chemical town is appearing. Changjiang Engineering Machinery Group is one of the largest construction machinery group, to long-term employment group led by more than 50 industrial enterprises produce about 20 categories, more than 2,000 varieties and specifications of the machinery. Luzhou economic construction and social undertakings developed rapidly, with a more solid foundation of agriculture, medicine, building materials, fine chemicals, printing and packaging industry has a considerable size; carrier of the rapid development of the market has formed a large group of both quantity and quality of the integrated terminal market and professional wholesale market. .


Emerging chemical town in Western Sichuan province.


Luzhou city with the development of a large chemical industry capacity. "15" period, Luzhou will speed up the process of urbanization, urban population in 2005 built 500,000 of the city. Luzhou abundant agricultural products, is the province's grain, high-quality flue-cured tobacco, famous fruits, pigs, bamboo, traditional Chinese medicine base pollution, ecological environment and agricultural development of large industrial base already has the capacity; dense urban and rural commercial networks, market prosperity , has taken shape in the major professional market and the city's comprehensive business system, and further enhanced in Luzhou City, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Chongqing and the commercial center of junction.Luzhou city population, has a rich labor resources and can provide adequate Luzhou chemical industry development of the labour force. Luzhou, Sichuan chemical town West of city by the "four" general idea for planning and construction, chemical industry city, Western Sichuan to lutianhua company dominated Naxi chemical industrial park, provincial Luzhou economic and technological development zone of longmatan chemical industrial park, filtering of factory High Dam chemical Park and Tianhua Company dominated hejiang chemical Park. Western Sichuan chemical town planning objective is: every 5 to 10 years to Luzhou Sichuan chemical industry development in the Highlands and the carrier.


Luzhou modern economic boom. .


[Edit this].


1, developed chemical industry. Luzhou Chemical Industry is the largest pillar industry of the most promising. Especially natural gas chemical known. Luzhou is determined by the National Ministry of Chemical Industry 16 large chemical industry base, is one of planning and development of the National Ministry of Chemical Industry medium and small cities in 14 fine chemical base. Chemical industry now accounts for 15% of Sichuan, Chongqing, 25% after the draw. Currently, Luzhou the chemical industry has formed a national sense of production, education, research, design, machinery, construction and installation of six integrated chemical system. .


2, advanced engineering machinery manufacturing industry. Luzhou is national nine production base of construction machinery, is the large and medium-sized hydraulic truck crane and excavator manufacturing center. Now make up the Yangtze River, the Yangtze River crane factory plant, Changjiang hydraulic excavator factory as the backbone of Sichuan River construction machinery group co., Ltd.


3, developed the wine industry. Luzhou wine industry has a long history with rich country wines "Laojiao" and "Gulin Langjiu" world famous, famous wine production base in the country, the world-famous wine town. Has now developed into a Laojiao Co., Ltd., Gulin Lang wineries as the backbone to maintain the national, provincial alcoholic beverage brewing industry is the National Integrated System of Luzhou two countries also have one of the three wines. .


4, developed by the tourism industry. The city has luxian jade hejiang County scenic spot, the Toad, the Buddha treasure mountain scenic area, Jiangyang district of resorts, South Shoushan — suburban district, yangqiao Yangtze River forest edaphic, litchi longan longmatan district longmatan scenic areas, scenic nine shishan, Naxi district Phoenix Lake scenic area, luxian tide Lake scenic area, hejiang County Beacon Hill scenic area, Phoenix mountain scenic area, xuyong County blue mountain caves West Lake scenic area, scenic area, Gulin County vitex negundo primeval forest scenic area, Red Lake scenic area. Approved by the national forestry hejiang Buddha treasure forest park to become national forest park. In 2001, the Buddha scenic treasure by the National Tourism Administration as "AAA" tourist area, Yu Chan, Fangshan Jing district by the Provincial Tourism Bureau as "AA" tourist area. .


Looking back, looking forward to the future.


[Edit this paragraph]. .


Luzhou in the next ten years of economic and social development of the overall objectives are: the initial build economic prosperity, and rivers, rich, social civilization and South of the city with a strong economy; chemical town in Western Sichuan; important ecological barriers the upper reaches of the Yangtze River; Sichuan foreign development and opening of the South along the Yangtze River and the sea channel portal; in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Chongqing four provinces (municipalities) in conjunction with the Department of Commerce; coordinated economic and social development, and strive to achieve a new leap.


Institute in Taipei, Taiwan Yaken sit the new venue is the first outside Europe Yaken a fixed venue. It is important not only for Taiwan Yaken, but also to international Yaken significance. .


Taiwan first.


In fact, Yaken history has already been a number of "Taiwan first" has. Society in the Republic of Taiwan Yaken sit formally established 70 years, is the first outside Europe, a fixed branch; India, Zambia and other dry branch was set up only in recent years. "Enjoy the quiet - Yaken sit Psychology" This book of the Republic 80 years from the time of publication Teacher Chang culture, is the first outside of Europe sit in the book describes Yaken; India published "Inner Strength" is the last year published."Peaceful trick ya Ken suspended seat spring order for" the people of China in 1998 in Ontario held a press conference to say, the Puli is CERN's first outside the international operating suspended seat; the second is last in India are tranquil sit to operate the services. You can also Wesleyan ya Ken has been a first feng, a former toilet.


ˉ ˉ while the recent opening of the premises is mainly designed for the Taiwan Yaken, but it was in other countries, especially the Chinese region, is also important. Three years ago, China has published "quiet enjoyment" of the simplified version. Recently, there are several online sites ten mainland China has copied down the contents of book piracy, we have received e-mails in different parts of the mainland, many people want to learn Yaken sit, or even to help in their promotion of local . Among the previous year, China and the United States have learned Yaken Chinese meditation. Maybe the new venue Taiwan Yaken as a transnational Chinese contact center.Current communications names from the Wesleyan ya Ken communications "to the Bristol men ya Ken communications law is this development as a first step.


The spirit of pay. .


Norway ya Ken several years after the establishment of ten that you purchase from his own House, it's time for most of them come from the flea market of the category of the policy press-resistant hard and redirection service. No.51,Chung ya Ken is in its 10th year after you purchase from Jimmy's own House. Taiwan's members in this ten-year period of the CCP have card, Taiwan life Yakov willing to help maintain and capacity of a suspended seat Center, MA ya Ken is also a music intended to help. Trouble, hard work, tolerance policy press for greater goal put his provisional time demands placed on both sides, this is a typical Wesleyan ya Ken of organization development is important, are suitable for ya Ken are tranquil, sitting in the personal development of diversion into long; it is also important. The purpose of meditation is not narcissism, on the contrary, it is put aside personal bias to the temporary demand and achieve a more long-term, more fundamental spiritual goal. The establishment of the new venue has been the growth of many members of this "pay" spirit, someone paid a lot of time to do volunteer work, donated many of the new venue was needed for equipment, some people donate money, many people have been are behind the scenes support. This spirit of the further development of Taiwan's Ya Ken is very important. .


The early history.


Yaken learn the history of meditation is the beginning of 1966 in Norway. A winter's night that year, seven young students, by then only 20 years old students of the Department of Psychology Lun-generation cephalosporin, decided to set up such a sit-in group. The early years, Yaken and from India in cooperation transcendental meditation, but because the direction of the two groups was increasingly distant from, so after five or six years, this partnership will be over. This is a few years down the subsequent development of the Ya Ken have a decisive impact.In the West, in the 1960s it was various kinds of East side of the suspended seat group a wo ?bee to grant us to fax your own method and the appearance of a time period. Ya Ken-lights found these groups often exist here face few have grounds to suspended by development. 2006(electronic) these group of ??ê?pè? often want to send in their own Corporation now sees life outside of the master of the copyright, in the get their very gladly of India's mysterious Chol, in very idealized in the spiritual realm, and so on. Thus, while the sit-in itself is a good thing, but many of Dang Shi-related activities with a sit-pent people less mature areas, such as the spirit of dependence and passivity, there is the objective reality of life on the outside of his state of mind is not real . .


ˉ ˉ How to make personal into a long period of intellectual property; back at yourself? that several years of current research group in ya Ken devises different transit dimensions. 1967 Tsuruga unit lime in India for about half a year's time, in different ways and are tranquil, sit under the Convention and Visitors Bureau read comparison study of the blaze. A little later, Ken Yap also started exploring meta CERN religion, especially the Catholic Church, are suspended (contemplation) fax system, equipment for a course in which the West can be found used explained are tranquil sitting; ideological elements. These different test 驗 current in 1969, for the first time, Ontario held a press conference to say "range-group". This is the first time Yaken of psychology of thinking patterns and ways to explore and break through their psychological barriers to the participation of students is concerned, can be a shock. Through such experiences, the impact of personality on the sit-ins and sit-ins on the breakthrough role of personality disorder gradually become evident. Gradually, Ya Ken began to develop a kind of practical psychology, as well as his own meditation meditation approach. .


ˉ ˉ current 16, I started 1976: ya Ken suspended seat, which is the only establishment of Jacob willing for ten years, the suspended seat psychological science has business development is quite mature. Senior class at the beginning of the content has been modified and now close to the M1 SP2 class first version have a future, the enjoyment of the city are tranquil, first edition, published by the end of that year. Then after twenty-five years after the Ya Ken now have is above a large international group of journalism but ya Ken, suspended sitting with DVD already than five million. Recently, several years of development has two outstanding features: heavy.


ˉ ˉ sit-in psychology, with emphasis on the so-called "better sit-in" teaching and learning. The first organized six years ago to enhance meditation camp, discovered within a week or two hours a day more than six hours of meditation, meditation can begin practicing advanced meditation technique and gain a deeper effect, except for relaxation and personal development, it also can undermine their sense of the footing, the development of inner serenity. Held in Norway this year's three weeks to enhance the development of this meditation camp is the highest point so far. .


ˉ ˉ romanization, heavy features consists in the international system.


The third wave of internationalization. .


First decade of the Ya-Ken pure dedication is Norway's organization, but in 1980, it has to certify the declarant's fax newsletter 鄰 close to the country, particularly Sweden, Denmark and the-g LAN, this is ya Ken international of the first wave. The second wave of their illness is not a personal "wave", is only a single example of the 23, 1986 in Taiwan. Ya Ken international of third wave is the last 20th Hollywood started several years, and still. First University ya Ken suspended sitting with DVD, ya Ken for this period of time the most rapid development of the two places have not at CERN, in Asia, India and Africa stem ratio of Sofia. India is Yaken intention to develop the annual school senior meditation teachers to open courses now have a healthier body has its own activities and communications, and organized a sit-business international. Dry Zambia is the will and interest of local people initiated, inviting teachers to commence Yaken sit. In Europe, Yaken in the United Kingdom has established a branch of the two fixed, that is, London and Oxford, and has held the weekend sit-in camp next summer should be a one-week summer camp organized by the founder Dr. He Lun do Yaken main speaker. Luxemburg has regular meditation courses.Other dependencies, such as Germany, France and Spain, have also developed through the passenger side, but also no fixed points. In the United States, recently several years onwards but learn several times, in comparison with the hopes of development might be the Boston. This year is the leading one in Central and South America open class, unknown EGM. Sydney, Australia in September this year to open local first ya Ken suspended early upgrade sat..


ˉ ˉ, of course, the Chinese mainland. .


ˉ ˉ ya Ken international of third wave still. No.51,Chung ya Ken three years ago the international operators are tranquil sat operating, there are preparing the next year are tranquil sat sales office, a new wave of these metals. The new proceedings in Taipei is also the site of this wave of one of the important results.


Taiwan Yaken. .


I work in 1984 to Taiwan from the Conservatory of Chinese, Chinese or very poor, so it's year autumn onwards are tranquil, senior class at the beginning of the sitting, in the English language for the class. Participate in University researcher is a three-digit United States with a University, one of the symbols in Taiwan, but also deaf said do ya Ken suspended seat. After a period of a University, that is, the spring of 1985, Yu Zhang, Professor arranged for me to the teacher do ya Ken suspended sat introduction of inversion of the u.s., to be carried out at Ken Jacob sit on, suspended, this is the first Chinese class language. Then after more than a year, I have modified back to Norway, Tsuruga unit "ye Yongqing", at the end of 1986 to Taiwan from playing the u.s. Taiwan ya Ken this time was formally established. Dr. Jane Yao Hui had already been elected president to do, and now has been done for 15 years. Zheng Guixiang elected Secretary-General and later by Lin Meiyue take place. Later, Lu Guohua selected accounting, has been done now. Since that time, almost every year in Taiwan Yaken students have to attend to the Nordic sit-camp, a total of 20 did this several Nordic tour. Among them, some people went several times, including to participate in sit-instructor training Zhang Hui charge. These people and many other students in Taiwan Ya Ken's devotion, on Yaken very important in the development of Taiwan. .


And the stock Sue don't.


Because the Chinese culture for thousands of years meditation has a tradition of so many people here have been on the value of meditation, there is more deep understanding of this Yaken undoubtedly beneficial in the development of Taiwan. Taiwan Yaken students are keen to be part of the long sit-in from this tradition, they more often than students in other parts of the world even more courage to face the challenges of a long sit. .


ˉ ˉ Polish, and Ken are tranquil and psychological science, sitting on the East side and West fax system is different. Some are tranquil sit group know are tranquil sat; involves more psychological layers of a problem, but according to my knowledge, there are only ya Ken systems and development as well as psychological science are tranquil sit sitting are tranquil 輔 導 method.


ˉ ˉ no matter where you are, Yaken always have contrary to the traditional office. You have to really enter the growth process, must also bid farewell to the traditional, and popular culture separation. Many aspects of life, a meditation experience as the starting point for thinking and our habits tend to differ from the traditional concept.What model of international expert on the relationships — including love love, family and friends 誼 — to promote personal into a long? what model of international relationships to contribute to a person related to the authority, on the contrary, causing what grounds? copyright to such a long way; have help? what different copyright but will block into Vito long;? our work — including zhuan money work and redirection services work — how you can help us really sends headquarters capabilities instead of pressure; or wave charge their capabilities are tranquil, elegant Ken sit? sometime to allow one or all of a sudden, by lights, see above clearly do, also see above clearly took from thinking about how to change direction. This time, sit-ins were not only need the traditional farewell, but also need to leave of their inertia. .


ˉ ˉ Wesleyan ya Ken suspended seat of a University will collaborate in the task of promoting to the authority; Just open the curtain hoped will address you can as this important work of base.


Profiles Huguang Yong (1823 ~ 1885) and Qing Huizhou Jixi people, young officers were smooth, the word Xueyan, known merchants. Established early in Hangzhou Bank, after the curtain into the governor of Zhejiang, raising transport rates for the Qing armed, founded in 1866 to help the Fuzhou Ship tang, tang transferred in Shaanxi and Gansu Governor, chaired the Secretary Shanghai logging services, To the left a large external borrowing, raise the pay and order for the arms, they rely on Hunan power, in the provinces to establish more than 20 Fukang Money and Management of Chinese medicine, silk and tea business, manipulation Zhejiang commercial capital of up to 20,002,000 or more. And start-up Hu Qingyu Tang Chinese medicine shops. .


Yung child, help .people, slightly longer, people prayed to Hangzhou in surname money restaurants apprentice, the main restaurant, promoted to the race Street. The period of ten years (1860), the main restaurant, take-away free to private banks financed, opening private banks, and fukang, mix, become a major supplier of Hangzhou gentry. The period of 11 years (1861) in November, Taiping Army attack from Hangzhou, Shanghai, Ningbo Yung purchase grain shipments of arms, a stipend. Zuo Zongtang, Zhejiang Provincial Governor, the Board has achieved through duct for light, under the auspices of the provincial money, pay, thus sparking the fukang private banks. Engaged in Beijing and beyond to fukang, for libraries, no deposit. He also helped start a business tang, over harvesting Bureau of Shanghai, concurrently in charge of the general political situation in Fujian, handling purchase of foreign machinery, arms and invited to engage foreign technical staff and gain a lot of rebates. He also manipulated Zhejiang business, exclusive silk and tea exports, market manipulation, monopolies financial. To Tongzhi 10 year (1872) 20 multiple branch banks in Fukang, cloth and river north and south. Capital 2000 thousand two land mu. As the auxiliary Zuo active, have an alternate delegate Jiangxi Road, giving the Yellow River jacket is a classic between officials and businessmen.1874, charters huqing remaining Church snow remember guoyaohao, Guangxu two years (1876) in Hangzhou Yong Gammon outsourcing to 10 acres into a rubber factory. Huqing remaining Church snow bear medicine, to a mature Medicine Council as a basis for a large amount of money to hire Zhejiang famous, collection of ancient, lessons learned, matching the pills cream Dan and adhesive gel oil wine recipe of more than 400, refining medicines, easy to carry and use. For the time being, war, epidemic, epidemic developed blast Dan "Hu" and "Zhuge marching powder, crushed red pill" and other drugs. Since then, Hu Guangyong pro book "Ring bullied," the word plaque, the precepts of workers, "Pharmaceutical relationship life, particularly million not to be bullied", "True Acquisition Service, Repair System works fine." Their use of medicines directly to the place of production to purchase, and own Deer Park. Huqing other church become larger number Sinopharm comprehensive preparation of proprietary Chinese medicines, well known Chinese and foreign, on the development of China's pharmaceutical industry has played a catalytic role. Guangxu eight years (1882), light Yong opened in Shanghai silk factories, consumption of silver 20 million for two new high wire collect all the millions of national fear, attempt to monopolize the silk trade, angered foreign, United refused to buy Chinese silk. Customs maritime exercise in outsiders because of the hand, can not directly ship out.The following summer, forced sale, kuihao 1000 million for two and a half to go, UGC, re-mortgaging, four sowing the wind. References throughout the bureaucracy at the behest of the deposit, extortion. In November, the collapse of the family throughout the firm to sell, the remaining Church winner Hu Qing, declared bankruptcy. Next, the Court ordered the dismissal of raids, strict pursuit of mankind. Light has achieved through redundancy Kyi concubine who, in the reign of November 11..


Hu Xueyan (1823-1885) 19 7 80 century, China's business celebrities, and his experience was legendary: he started from the banks of a small boy by a prominent make elite, Na Su aid relief, as the court or excitement of labor; Westernization Movement, he recruited foreign Carpenter, lead equipment, quite took into account; tang exit expedition, he raised grain armed, by foreign models, set contribution. After a series, he became prominent by the banks buddy temporary red top. He built to banks, pawnshops-based financial network, opened a pharmacy, wire stack, not only do business with foreigners and foreigners are also playing business war. .


Hu xueyan lifetime merits some here and only analysis of his humanity. Hu xueyan success, a very important reason is that he is good at making people take to long, not perfect. He said that one of the greatest skill is the ability of personnel. Ching educator Association had poetry issue: horse can adventure, ploughed as cattle. Kin car will load, as the boat to cross the River. Parents to take short, zhigao difficult. Lumber in your application, avoid more demanding.


Childhood family was poor. In order to feed their families, as the eldest son of his recommendation by relatives, apprentices into the banks, from sweeping the floor, down urinals so boots dry, the three divisions after the expiry of the due diligence, practical folks become formal banks. It is in this period, Hu Xueyan trouble fraternity by the help of Wang Ling, leaped into a rich Hangzhou. .


Wang Ling, Yu Hou Palace Xuexuan, Fujian. In there, Wang Ling has donated the Zhejiang and salt, but no money in Beijing. After Hu xueyan rock beads, finds its future, has funded the King Wubailiang silver, called Wang have age quickly into a Grand mixture. King John met in Tianjin there was handed what guiqing service via its recommendation to the Governor of Zhejiang Province, when food under the total. After the King did not forget the old aristocracy, Hu xueyan year of funding, thus opening private banks, Mandarin, fukang ",". After that, as the King's rising, Hu xueyan business also grew, with the exception of private banks, but also had many shops.


Gengshen make it the starting point for the great development of Hu. The change in Gengshen, the Money Changers panic, and the military got into a fishing secretly, a lot of recruiting funds deposited in banks Hu, Ling Wang later was appointed to "run grain armed," "comprehensive transportation management trough" and other responsibilities, Zhejiang almost mastered more than half of wartime finance, for future development has laid a good foundation. .


Hu xueyan are rapidly rising, in addition to benefits from Wong has an age, another person who also played an important role, this man is Zuo Zongtang.


In 1862, the king has lost city and hanged themselves because of age. Sponsored by Zeng, Zuo succeeded the post of governor of Zhejiang. Zuo his troops when in Anhui, "It seems that a key has been less in recent months, many died of hunger and war dead. This time into military Zhejiang, full grain shortage problem still troubles between the tang, made him extremely distressed. Anxious to find Also the new backing of Hu Xueyan firmly grasp this opportunity: his timely help in a war environment, the well completed within three days, thousands of stone grain Chouqi almost impossible task, in the left case Tong to show their talents in front of, has been appreciated by the left and was given important posts.In the deep trust, Zuo Zongtang Hu xueyan often official business identity between Ningbo and Shanghai foreigners gathered between ports. He is in the handling of grain transshipment, giving military machine supplies also seize the opportunity to contact with foreigners, colluding with foreign officers, Zuo Zongtang training about thousands of people, all foreign ocean artillery equipment "ChangJie forces". The army has been attacking the Qing army joint, Ningbo, Shaoxing upon generation, etc..


Hu Xueyan is a businessman, businessmen naturally to interest. During his tenure in the Zuo, Fu Hu Xueyan Management Relief Services Authority. He set up soup kitchens, charities, meaning pad, repair bamboo cylinder, to close a number of 100 000 violent alkaline skeletal; restored by termination of the carts, once the war to facilitate the common people; to the gentry large "donation" to address the post-war financial crisis and other matters. Hu Xueyan, therefore became famous reputation has greatly improved. This also goes without saying wealth flowing to. Since the Qing capture of Zhejiang, the size of the generals to the plunder of property big or small, all banks in the presence of Hu.Hu as capital, is engaged in trade activities in the municipalities to set up a firm, profit drywall, just a few years, the family has more than 10 million.


Westernization Movement in Late Qing Dynasty by the famous fan, Zuo, Li trio launched. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, three in the same war, recognized the importance of advanced Western military technology, urgently requested from the West, self-foreign aggression, but because of their special status, inconvenience with foreigners. Thus, extremely close contact with the tang, Zhu Tong Hua Yang affairs in the Westernization Movement of Hu has found useless. He helped established the Fuzhou Ship Zuo, weaving it in Gansu Administration; to help import machinery tang, with a new machine dug Western Trail Creek.It is no exaggeration to say that his success Zuo Zongtang has tremendous merit Hu xueyan.


About Hu Xueyan, Kao Taiwan has more volume book, novel, and the mainland there are several on the biography of Hu, but the column in the Er Yue and co-creation Xuejia this novel is neither followed the path of Goyang, will write a Hu Xueyan "Commercial St.," a legendary winner, has not, as some biographies, as his business to write war strategy, but to write the wave crest in his time, how to control the fate of the development of national industry and commerce, in the frequent wars Jiangnan, the squeeze on foreign capital, the difficult experience of developing business of the Kingdom of the twists and turns.Stories focus on rendering his tragic fate, write out of the feudal Imperial Palace, rivalries between inside and outside, Quan Chen Hu xueyan brilliant bleak ending after.


Speaking of historical novels and of Hu and the distinction between Goyang, Er Yue He said: "Mr. Gao Yang's advantages are: aristocratic aura, pen calmly. His brushwork is very soft, after reading, there is a psychological feeling of stretch . drawback is: a little wordy number. s historical writing the book is very rigorous, can grasp the historical data is very accurate. But the drawback is: the characters are not good enough, such as "fan" not too sure of people good. and my own from the strict point of view, as Tang Hao-ming, not as good as the line of calm in Goyang. But the plot and personalized to the unique language of expression have my place. ". .


The so-called scrotal skin of scrotum moist refers to the surface, there is a lot of sweat, moisture or abnormal sensations, such as cold. Scrotum wet is a typical symptom of Chronic prostatitis, also with the long sedentary, hot environments and varicocele. If you are a prostatitis, scrotum, damp and prostatitis. If you are not suffering from Chronic prostatitis, you need to check and know there is no other reason. If you are treatment of prostatitis, but need not mind, because the scrotum caused by moisture is prostatitis caused by autonomic dysfunction, with the improvement and cure prostatitis, scrotum intermittently until moisture will disappear. However, if the improper or incomplete treatment of chronic prostatitis, scrotal wet will not disappear. .


How to effectively restrained masturbation?.


First of all, to believe you can overcome this difficulty. Many people, both men and women have to overcome, if you set your mind, you position to do so. Determined is the first step is the starting point. You must resolve to stop masturbation, after you resolve the problem to a large extent have been solved. This determination must not be just a hope, should not only know to do good for you, is determined to be real! If you are determined to heal yourself, you have the strength to resist their own bad tendencies and any outside temptation. After you make this decision, follow the following methods:. .


Guide to self control.


1. In addition to the toilet, forbidden contact with the body's private parts. .


2. try to avoid being alone, find a few good partners, among them.


3. If you have friends have the same problems, you have to cut off contacts with him. Do not have the same problems with any of the human beings. Do not think two people to quit, it'll never reach it. You have to get out of the crowd. Because to see them, you will not help to your problems. Such problems must be strictly purge from your mind. Your thoughts must be on the other, or better health of their affairs. .


4. bath, avoid looking in the mirror. The bath should not exceed 5 or 6 minutes, which is enough for you to bathe, dress and wipe out the bathroom back to their families..


5. If the bed is the easiest Fan Maobing you where to properly put on enough clothes at night, so you can easily run into key parts of your body, so take off the clothes very difficult and trouble. That you begin to take off the protective clothing, you have enough time to control your thoughts and away from temptations. .


6. If you are bedridden, the temptation to look beyond its control, you must immediately get up, you can go to the kitchen to make dessert that even now is in the middle of the night, even if you're not hungry, even if you're worried about fat. The aim is to make you a distraction. To say that you can control your consciousness.


7. Away from pornography. Do not read the article about masturbation. Do not think about masturbation it. Remember: "Once thought would do it." Must change your way of thinking, they make a thought from your mind. Once you have done this, you will quit him. .


8. mind should always be thinking about health. You can read a good book, it is best to spend a person improve ethics books.


9. Can pray, vow. But not involving masturbation, as it will you always think "it." Sincerely pray, pray understand, for your relatives, friends, family prayer. Do not think about masturbation, not to mention masturbation, and other people do not talk about masturbation, prayer does not mention it, let it leave your mind. Approach to this problem determines the difficulty of overcoming this problem. The key is to commit ourselves to overcome it. When a person understand the reasons for doing so, they will create conditions and environment to help put into practice, he would have the power to control it all. Masturbation will bring feelings of guilt and pressure. Excessive masturbation can cause physical harm.It is a self-centered secretion, no expression of human reproduction of itself. This behavior can result in loss of masturbation, self-esteem, will make a person's beliefs become fragile and will feel the burden of responsibility into our obligation as a handout.


Other recommendations:. .


1. the spirit of the times should do more exercises to overcome temptation tempting, but don't wait until the prayer in the strongest terms.


2. Development of a strong daily exercise program. Exercise can reduce stress and depression, it is absolutely the basis for settlement. When you feel stress increasing, the exercise can be doubled. .


3. when masturbation ideas strongly, the utmost in your mind to stop the idea. You can recite sayings or sang a song of inspiring songs. The most important thing is to put your thoughts from the connivance of selfish needs on the reverse.


4. Develop a goal of abstinence from the beginning every day, then month by month, year after year, eventually to full withdrawal. Until you complete withdrawal, you can really overcome the temptation. .


5. often imagine a have changed yourself, this will allow you to easily do of the behaviour and attitudes on the overhaul. Spend time imagine yourself with enough power and self-control, can easily overcome the temptations of the environment.


6. Improvement plan for a daily. To plan and participate in public welfare activities, improve the relationship together. Efforts should be made to enhance your strength and ability in this regard. .


7. be friendly. Force yourself and others to learn to work and communicate with others. You can learn how to make friends through books, such as reading the how to win friends and other people on How to change Win Friends and Influence People by Dale Carnegie.


8. To understand those who make you depressed, make you feel lonely, bored, lost, discouraged environment. Such thoughts will lure you to masturbate to avoid shock. Low mentality of those prepared in advance, you can read, friends or do sports and so on. .


9. make a card laptop calendar, carrying, and not to others. Once you have a day out, day painted red. Your goal is not red. Calendar is a strong visual signals to alert you to self control. When you attempt to increase the Red will pay attention to it. To keep the calendar until three months no red.


10. You should carefully consider when you are, what circumstances most likely to masturbate. Recalled in detail the exact time and details of a specific environment. Now that you know how it happened, we should act through the opposite to break this pattern to liberate yourself. .


11. psychological treatment method has a "aversion therapy". When we put annoying things and pleasant but undesirable things together, disgust is offset. If you put those pesky things and lose self-control, which helps you stop masturbation. For example, if you would like to masturbate, can you imagine your masturbation after full of worms, scorpions, spiders, centipede bathtub shower, also will be swallowed up by them.


12. You going to the toilet or bath, bathroom or shower curtain to stay slit, to avoid completely alone. Wash cold water shower. .


13. the morning after waking up immediately. Regardless of what time will not be able to bed. Get up and do something. With enthusiastic behavior to start each day.


14. So that your bladder emptying. Avoid drinking plenty of fluids before the break. .


15. little on spices and condiments. Dinner is as simple as possible.


16. To select impunity for their pajamas, but should be loose, not sticky body. .


17. avoid contact with easy to boost your sexual desire of the people, the environment, a picture or reading materials.


18. Overcome the process of developing a physical activity goal is useful. .


19. in very serious cases, it is necessary to put a hand on the bed, which helps to terminate in a sleep state of masturbation. Wear many layers of clothes, make the sleep state in half to take off, it can play the same role.


20. The success of the creation of incentives for your system. Not necessarily a big reward. In each quarter you plan to achieve, the rewards will make you cheer up, will remind you of progress. .


21. do not bring you back to let you generate the model in question. There are always difficulties. Carefully keep calm and confident. Keep a positive frame of mind. To believe you can win. You do this, you will feel happy and full of strength, which will make your life a glowing, will bring you life.


You are consuming your life lamp oil. .


Dangers of masturbation.


Modern doctors to help out those acts of masturbation, after a heavy psychological burden of remorse, advocated ******** on. Not realize this is a harm than good practice. Occasional masturbation from a medical, physiological point of view may be little harm. However, masturbation is the greatest harm to its addictive nature. Masturbation is not only a lifetime! Often engulfing. Masturbation has never been modest, are excessive masturbation! . .


Now many media publicity masturbation is harmless to the human body, this is a wrong and dangerous propaganda. Masturbation on the person's physical and psychological, there are a lot of harm. When people in sex masturbation fantasies, constantly mobilized the establishment of lust in the past, and inventing new lust to improve sexual stimulation to be a moment of pleasure. This will allow lust in people's consciousness in the ligation, marred. At the same time, causing seminal emission, impotence, sexual dysfunction, others may even produce psychological distort normal marital life, other than the behavior of the cells.


Chinese point of view. .


TCM motherland that kidney is the life of the country, were affected by the natural parents of vitality that is hidden in the kidneys. Kidney liver function is foot coordination, surface gloss rosy, energetic, strong, resistant to illness, the kidney is vice-versa. Person as a result, tanse lechery, kidney Qi Qi, sleepy, sore legs, fatigue, dizziness and tinnitus tixu, thirsty night sweats, sleep quality, reduced resistance to diseases, reduced life expectancy.


Chinese medicine, the kidney is a congenital, the main reservoir fine. If the person likened to a lamp, NA me kidney is the wick. If the person likened to the tree, NA me kidney is fundamental. Renal function is also part of the reproductive. Intercourse, we can be great fun. This happiness come from, that is consumed in a short time a large number of your "lamp oil" generated. Wei Shiyao to do sexual intercourse would be so consumed's "lamp oil" mean. The reason is that sexual intercourse is not for you to enjoy the entertainment, its purpose is propagation and maintenance of. You think this way is to create a new life, can not concentrate on the essence of men and women to produce the one.So one must be controlled, uncontrolled yourself "oil" will soon be wasting space. Do not say you were young, did so for many years without any adverse reaction you may be using your life cover, sometimes, of course, is not immediately. However, your last 30, if not controlled, this problem will be highlighted. You can ask here, or on our website and see how knowing abstinence, and eventually became a sickness, loss of a child or ephemeral. This cover is the of their precious things, and not own enjoyment, simply put, they squander out to old regret. Some people ask, and keep these kerosene have nay of us benefit from it directly. We know enough if a kerosene lamp, it will burn a long time, and also very bright, who is so well preserved if the kidney, not only live longer, and will always be very spiritual. .


Report: age have different time: the participant.


I suggest you go to: sexual misconduct ring network to download. .


<寿康宝鉴>Watch.


Respondents: madamadanei - trainee magician two 11-1 at 19:22. .


The scrotum is moist and masturbation. Scrotum wet there are many reasons, such as the vegetative nerve dysfunction and scrotal infection, prostatitis, etc. Chinese medicine practitioners believe that scrotal parts often wet and cool, sticky is part of the deficiency symptoms, treatment, prevention is the best results is to control the frequency of sex, but I personally do not agree with this view. So I think not masturbation does not resolve the problem of scrotal moist.


How do? The following tips teach you the recipe. .


A daily cleaning, washing with warm water carefully fold, niche, don't stay dead, dry after washing, the best conditions in the air for a while in the bedroom.


Second, if too wet, can dry bath powder flutter. .


Third, not wearing underwear thick jeans, etc., should not wear cotton, nylon and other tight underwear, even when the underwear pull down a little, aired.


Penile erection can not be normal, that is, impotence, and impotence 80% of the psychological factors, to the hospital did not use, the key is the matter from the psychological to ML bearish, do not be too nervous, or not work properly when the erection of any psychological burden, such as lifting off the shackles of psychological naturally good after. .


Many psychologists said, men's and women's combined with a contact, contacts should be considered, is enjoying her beauty, her temperament. Specific communication process, be careful to understand the ' Rite ' shall be in moderation, the so-called ' reasonable but '. If anyone knows how to reason, it will not be rashness, wriggling, fiddle with.


Exchanges should be mutual respect between men and women, old people always say, couples should 'courteous', to treat as guests. Strong moral values of the ancients, know how to treat people politely, so the Chinese to the 'propriety and righteousness' in the world. Men and women, once married, the two sides can not casually. Out of the boudoir is family, relationships with 'five relationships', the home accounted for 3 London - father and son, brother, husband and wife; together with a friend, a four-Lun; ancient relationship between the emperor, namely, the relationship between the Executive and the subordinates, known as the five human relationships. Relationships in our society is actually the relationship between the five human relationships, even if the most intimate relationship between husband and wife can not exceed this area. .


A survey of LEONG, married Meng Guang Meng's daughter to wife, just-in-door beams, Meng Guang body jewels, their costumes. Took seven days, Leong Hong Meng didn't even bother. Meng Guang so up hair, dressed the same as the old cloth, do household chores. LEONG gladly said: ' this is the real LEONG's wife. ' So the husband and wife live together in BA mausoleum in the mountains. Later, in order to seek refuge and Wu, sojourn in the GAO T'ung's House rooms, happily employed as people. Every time he finished the work home, my wife is he prepared meals, when the client and give him when eating, in front of the Apollo astronauts LEONG, and would respectfully Bong Bowl, flush with the eyebrows. Gao Bo Tong said: 'that when the workers who actually make respectful to the point where his wife, is not an ordinary person can do. 'So the couple moved to ask him to stay here at home. .


The modern self consciousness is too strong, the mind alone, often oversights and so easy to create a conflict between husband and wife. I hope everyone can learn tolerance. Exchanges between friends, you will also need to embrace each other's shortcomings, and enjoy each other's advantages, this communication to the long term. Husband and wife to be so, even if they know the disdain that have helped husband; if you do not respect for Mr., Mrs., or believe that a close relationship between husband and wife, not so polite, happy family is difficult.


Education issues are emerging now because the course content changes, the student does not know the students way, do not understand basic principles in dealing with. This problem must rely on family education, social education, to make up for lack of school education, and even rely on to promote religious education, so that sublimation of human sentiment, do not tend to impulse, the desire of slaves to do, it is no different with animals. .


Prevention and elimination of methods: masturbation.


First, the cover of the quilt should be a little thin and not too warm. .


Second, before going to bed with cold water washing lower or waist.


Third, before going to bed aside desire, not cranky. Mind can you believe - or meditation Beige, or prayer. Fall asleep in prayer, or meditation Beige in sleep, or think of the bliss of pure solemn, slowly could fall asleep. .


Fourth, to late to bed and early to rise.


Fifth, more exercise, so that moderate physical catharsis. .


Sixth, exercises, meditation, and often initiates ' contemplation '. Contemplation in the ' home ' as Buddhists to code inside the records, the so-called non-net nine to view, you can refer to.


Seventh, quit watching a pornographic book, not watch erotic movies, do not say flirtatious talk. .


Eighth, dinner to eat lightly, anything containing irritant foods such as tobacco, alcohol, pepper, coffee, tea, try not to eat. ' Lust ' when the night to eat, lust heart will be relatively strong.


Chinese people emphasize the 'karma, justice cycle', this is not a superstition, not to scare people, but real phenomenon, as long as many of you read "sensitive articles", "the all four training", the reason for the cause and effect, there will be deep understanding, otherwise the concept of a bias, it is difficult to rectify. .


I saw some colleagues while on duty, whenever there is a beautiful girl, you'll look, I knew what he wanted, and I asked him: ' colleagues, what's on your mind, frankly told me, I won't tell anyone. ' He admitted that there are evil thoughts in mind. I said: 'you're right, "see him color the United States, from the private heart of" demerits twice, you know? ''Oh! Will be a demerit? 'Right! Will be two demerits, who remember you? Executive remember you are not over, 'give the first three feet of a god', is your conscience, is the world spirits in mind, this is not superstition, not intimidation, it is true, why Confucius said: 'respecting the supernatural a distance. 'Sage words must be wrong. .


The induction "of multiple words with ' see his beautiful, heart of ' privacy in a few words on the relationship between points out, this eight words are important, can be said to be a nice touch. To see others ' wives and children, is beautiful, a lust think instead of fornication. We must understand that the ' color is not charming person, wine does not intoxicate ' color is most vulnerable to crime, money-hungry or killing animals, etc. than karma, or difficult to control, so the blame by Badman than other Karma also tragic times.


Fang Dongmei (1899-1977), formerly known as the king ten days, the word Eastern United States, have a pen I East England, the World Bank after the word, Anhui Tongcheng people. Chinese philosopher, is part of the modern Neo-Confucian scholars believe that one of the representatives. .


Fangmei began by Chinese traditional culture of learning. 1913 in Tongcheng, 1917 in Nanjing Jinling University majoring in philosophy, has served as President of the students ' self-government, participated in the th sports. 1921 to the United States to study abroad, first in the University of Wisconsin. After the transfer to the Ohio State University a one-year study of Hegel's philosophy, the University of Wisconsin, back in 1924. After returning home he was hired as a Professor of Wuchang, normal Southeast University, later served as a member of the central political school, Professor of the Central University, school.


To Taiwan in 1948, has appointed National Taiwan University, Fu Jen Catholic University. Former sixties University of South Dakota, University of Missouri, a visiting professor at Michigan State University. .


Fangmei spirit spiritual value of Chinese culture as an academic subject, will always be able to open mind towards the Chinese traditional culture of the various schools of thought, and seeks to present, the influence of learning from home. He was a self assessment, from the family tradition, he was a Confucian, from nature that he was a revelation from the religion of Taoism, said he was a Buddhist, from rearing, said he is a Western. He put the original Confucianism (Confucius, Mencius, Xun Zi), the original Taoism, Mahayana Buddhism, Neo-Confucianism (Neo) as the four traditional Chinese philosophy, do not agree only to the Chinese culture of Confucianism as the orthodox, do not agree with Song Confucianism emphasized the Confucian "orthodoxy on." This is generally considered the modern Neo-Confucianism is very different, so some scholars think that the inclusion of Fang Dongmei can not "modern Neo-Confucianism" at home. Fang Dongmei that modern materialistic world, the loss due to a high degree the spirit and philosophy of religious wisdom, advocated the implementation of the Confucian value of life, the meaning of life to continuously improve to achieve the purpose of saving modern humans.Fangmei has been working to Confucianism as the fusion of Chinese and Western philosophy, the philosophy known as "cultural philosophy". Fangmei literature quite brilliant, especially workers in poetry, the disciples had a compilation of his poetry.


Alvin Toffler feature pages. .


Beijing November 28 (reporter Wang Ling) of the world's leading futurists, the "third wave" by Alvin Toffler · KPMG as the band's popularity in China, it is bound to China's economic and national security implications.


By the China Network Communications Co., Ltd. launched the "broadband industry, a total of prosperity" as the theme of the annual industry event - CNC WORLD 2001 was held Monday at the China World Hotel. The worldwide with far-reaching influence the future of scientists invited to the United States. .


Please make the first keynote speech.


Toffler said that at present most of the population in China is still in the first wave period (the agricultural age), but with China Mobile, the rapid development and popularization of broadband, China is likely to achieve technological leap, beyond the second wave period (industrial age), directly into the period of the third wave (information age). .


He said that the band will be on Chinese television, advertising, media, education, games, e-commerce, and other areas have a profound impact, sensor universal application will make free telephone calls, the rapid development in remote mountainous areas, etc. Broadband not only can make people's life became more diverse, and it will be the "third wave" is an important component of the economy.


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Futurists Toffler: mankind will consider migrants go into space.


http://www. . Sina. . Com. . Cn 2001 年 11 月 27 日 16:30 Xinhua. .


Xinhua Beijing November 27 Mar (Chang Jing) famous American futurists, the third wave of author Alvin Toffler. Today interview, saying that the "fourth wave" will in future come to be expected, when humanity will consider migrants into space, multiplied.


Toffler This is the invitation of the China Netcom China to attend a seminar on the theme of the broadband industry. He said that human beings are marked by the information revolution from the "third wave" era of transition to living human beings into space characterized. ".


The fourth wave "era.


"Space can help us solve many problems can not be resolved on earth. And even, it will fundamentally change our understanding of things.". .


Toffler said that his company is in the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration in space biology strategic recommendations. Space biology project is to study the life.


Toffler said: "Life can not imagine where people live." Submarine in the Arctic thousands of meters deep, so much pressure, microbial infestation; Similarly, there are microbes on Mars traces. "Life may not be in human form. But we have to ask is, What are the needs of survival conditions?." .


Toffler said a Nobel Prize-winning scientists also asked this question, "what we call life, what is this?" the people of each cell, from the human body to accept and feedback information. Once and human separation, such communication is interrupted, but the cells inside are constantly conducted chemical communication.


Toffler added that the "third wave" from the first stage to the second phase. The first phase of the "digital" for the feature; the second stage will be the information technology and bio-technology integration. .


In the past, information technology has changed the biology of development, the future will, in turn, changes the biology and information technology processes. According to a recent report, Israeli scientists have invented a DNA-based computer, you can store information, and accuracy as high as 99. .8 percent.


Toffler said that the future economy to biology as the core, there will be more and more people will be economic or social metaphor of a biological system. .


At the same time, he also pointed out that this wave of "generations" has never been a substitute who thoroughly, but rather overlaps. This is also consistent with differentiation, history is spiraling, present stage may sound familiar, but compared to history to have been a major step forward.


Toffler, author of "Third Wave" and "future shock." These two books are considered classic works of futurology, since the early 80s of last century since the publication has been translated into 30 languages, issued on 10 million. Effects, including South Korea President Kim Dae Jung and AOL president Steve. . Keith, including generations. (End). .


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Scholars Toffler: China 3 Predictions and prophecies of the world 4 new. .


Http://finance. .com .cn .sina.. in December 2001, at 11: 04, 20 economic times.


Mei Shaohua. .


Editor's note.


China Netcom CEO Mr. Tian Suning should be invited, the world-renowned futurist Alvin Toffler has come to Beijing Netcom to "common prosperity of the broadband industry" as the theme of CNC WORLD 2001 event. The overall arrangement by the field, this reporter had the honor to become. .


The only company in an exclusive interview with his Chinese newspaper. Toffler, books including "future shock", "third wave" and "war against war", recently completed the creating a new civilization. These books have been translated into Chinese, Japanese, and so on more than 30 kinds of language, and published several books, made a deep impression. Particularly in the 1980s on the influence of the Chinese people even more memorable. His books and lectures will bring many reformers and endowed with the vision of the world's leader in information and new ideas...


Forecast China: steady progress to the first-class country. .


I came to China in recent years in many places, but is a big city, these places will change dramatically. But there are many places haven't, what changes would certainly not like such a big city, China Eastern and Western regions are obvious. I visited China for the first time in 1983, has been to Beijing, Shanghai, Suzhou, the city now and then, just like the rest of the world. Even compared to just a few years ago, is a different world. This change is not just a new cover a lot of tall buildings, but the market is filled with many consumer products.


I vividly China into "three worlds": First, the "first wave" coverage of the population. The world population is 900 million farmers, they live in the first wave of people need fundamental change. Many of them probably the hardest hit by the accession to the WTO. Second, is the second wave of the population covered. Total population of about 300 million, they live in cities and towns, are large-scale production of industrial society. There is also a small part of the population, according to the State Planning Commission's analysis, this part of the relatively small population, about 10 million people.I called him the "third wave" of the cover, is the information age of the population, or the population of the era of knowledge-based economy. While in the United States, the second wave of cover less and less, and the third wave's population is increasing. American farmers accounted for only 2% of the population, but they were not farmers, they are using modern technology. Basically, most of us belong to the second wave of coverage of the population, while the Chinese three waves cover. The Chinese Government to manage the complexity of this society, to much more difficult than in the United States. Because each class has its own different needs, China is working to change the first, second, third wave of the relationship between population, another 10 years, maybe 20 years, generations, this relationship will change in the proportion of . China is trying to hard time in a generation to change this structure, but in the hands of limited resources, how to allocate resources to become an important issue. For example, how much resources to change lives in the first wave of the population as the standard of living and quality of life; spend the resources for the second wave of population; how much resources covered by the third wave of the population.A very interesting question is, can we use a third wave of technologies, tools and methods to improve life in the first wave of the population. While the traditional model of development is that in the first wave of people left the countryside, away from home, into the second wave of access to the city to the factory. The crux of the problem is how to harness the power of information technology, crop gene technology, broadband technologies, such as the all-mighty technical strength, with the "third wave" of technical strength to change life in the first wave of the population's quality of life, that's a big breakthrough.


Back in my first time to China, began someone asked me: what China can not jump, not after the second wave, which jumped directly from the first wave to the third wave. My answer is this: history is uncertain, no one can accurately predict the future, but we can estimate the general direction. In fact, also as we have seen, such leaps and bounds is entirely possible, we fully across certain stages of economic development.In this third wave start, China is not preempted, China's mobile phone development and the development of broadband is already full. I would like to point out is that you can leap-forward development, but you cannot span education. Education is a prerequisite for the development of the country, and broadband is to provide such education is one of the weapon. I began to question the conclusion that there exists in the new economy, all this demography on China changed, change the third wave, industrial and agricultural population structure is helpful. I believe China is headed to become the first country in the 21st century with a clean slate.


Predicting the WTO: First of all, or to rely on domestic markets. .


Toffler believes that China's accession to the WTO's decision was wise. According to WTO, China's impact will be multifaceted. China becomes a WTO member, you will encounter a variety of challenges, particularly agricultural prices declined the challenge arising from the most severe. The kind that can easily adapt to the challenges of ideas is very naive.


On the other hand we have to consider, accession to the WTO Shijifasheng in the given moment, in fact yes China has long been Tebie emphasis on trade and in trade as its Zhezhongzhangqi Zhengce of success. Let us bring history back to decades ago, Japan was the first implementation of the strategy of export-oriented country. It quickly mastered the computer and other advanced technologies for product design and manufacturing technology, while the quality of invited world-renowned expert ---- Edward. . Devant (transliteration). Prior to this, Japan's exports are bad, no one wanted to buy Japanese goods the United States.But this expert to pay attention to the quality of ideas and the latest production technology with Japan features management results in Japan's economy is a major step forward, was a great success. Soon, Japan to South Korea, Malaysia and other places to invest, and later also in the United States, and even New York flag buildings — the Rockefeller Center, Universal Studios is also bought it. Why did succeed in Japan at a time when no other world countries adopt this strategy successful precedent. Koreans later said, do you think Japan how successful, why don't we can do the same. Malaysia is also said to focus on exports. Soon, almost all Asian countries are engaged in a big way export. In fact, when all these happened only after China began to turn the decision to do so. We soon discovered that the whole world in terms of export surplus. With the success of exports to foreign countries, some neighbors fear the impact. Importantly, after accession to the WTO for China to pay attention to learn and draw lessons from other countries, and those countries did not take warning, no good to improve the domestic economy. China's vast territory, there are many opportunities to successfully develop the domestic market and improve the domestic economy.In this case, you do not have to too dependent on exports to the US and Japanese markets, reduce the pressure from neighbouring countries. China's accession represents a tremendous step forward in his step, but also full of risk. In Japan, the problem is not the development of the domestic economy, so that after a series of domestic economic recession after the significant investment in the domestic economy remains largely dependent on exports. Japan to the latest technologies applied to manufacturing, but not well will it apply to services, particularly in the financial industry, just take the "revolution" is completed by half. It shows also hide behind an enormous risk. Therefore, China should seize the opportunity to avoid repeating the mistakes of other countries. China will continue to be the pressure of the outside world, it is normal, because it will constantly engage in trade frictions, there will be other countries have criticized China's trade policies, China will carry out counter-criticism that China should be very concerned about this. Prediction 3 Broadband: a shortcut to the future of the world catch up, said Toffler, the world's few countries have experienced in China today is undergoing this change, which accelerated rapidly changing and growing into; Similarly, no Like several of today's telecommunications industry to industry and broadband access as rapidly.At present, the world's information company's stock price is dropped sharply, constantly shrinking in value, some telecommunications companies in Europe are Government revoked 3 G operators license, many companies are heavily in debt, struggling in the edge of bankruptcy, merger, but were unable to extricate themselves. In the West, began to telecom and broadband future expressed doubts, and even a negative attitude, they think Telecom and broadband access no more, the user does not need these services.


Toffler said he has many years of research on broadband, that it is a new civilization, will have a bright future. Despite the stock plunge, but not thus conclude that it is not a bright future, but should historical, long-term point of view to observe, the historic value of broadband is obvious, beyond doubt. Ten thousand years ago, a human-induced agricultural revolution. A million years since then, most people on this planet a living by farming, dependent on the land to live. Three hundred years ago, the Industrial Revolution triggered a second wave of revolution.Now we live in this era, a new enough to change the world revolution is under way. Now we are being towards the third wave. Each wave has its different information structure. With the industrial revolution, the entire information system has passed. The industrial revolution brought many products, but also bring the mass media, this leads to a radical change, and when we meet the third wave, communication and the sharing of infrastructure must be changed, you must move forward. In fact, this change has already occurred, is occurring. In addition, scientists are through the Internet to share their research results every day, all, and broadband transmission technology are inseparable. I think these developments are based communications, the development of broadband information transmission based on these companies and individual scientists, are bringing us into a new era. .


It seems to me that broadband will provide a faster, cheaper, more convenient email, cheaper or even free phone services; more useful new educational tools, so that China and other parts of the world people out of poverty; new game, interesting new entertainment media, broadband makes it all possible. To a short message and waiting in front of the computer, the wish to see. Broadband also allows us to carry out a full range of multimedia communication, it will become the de facto standard, will become the routine life. The third wave of broadband infrastructure information important part of the third wave of economic center. Broadband for the future of television, media, education is essential, it can promote changes in each area. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, said in a recent technical report: With the digital television and the media, the increasing popularity of Internet games, video games and audio have become part of digital content, at the same time, the Internet fiber-optic and satellite communications are increasingly linked in a larger interactive broadband network. I believe that this is just the beginning, intelligent technology, Video Center, eventually will all this into millions of households。 Electronics companies are striving to provide remote control TV, washing machine, air-condition and fridge, all the one interaction. This requires the support of the broadband network. We are increasingly talking about smart cars, vehicles with GPS positioning, and monitor whether there is a need to replace the tires, notify users, all of these applications are inseparable from the support of broadband technologies.


Predicted that a new economy there is still a long way to go. .


Said that broadband network has no future and new economy does not exist, the same person. In the West, when the stock market, the so-called critics began to say that the new economy does not exist, but the old economic system has not changed. Fact, this is an important issue, not only for investors, banks, financial services, for policy makers, this is also a fundamental problem. Nowadays, there is a lot of people on the new economy is greatly misunderstood. The first people that the big change actually did not happen, these securities analysts and economists believe that everything in the stock market bubble, but it is called "hot stocks" that this is too much speculation and PR operation results. They think that the digital revolution has ended, its importance has disappeared, any substantial change did not happen.Others thought that in the past 10 years is a revolution, a digital revolution that will change everything, the significance of deeper revolution will bring us another long-term sustained high economic growth, at least 25 years can continue to 30 years. But I think these two viewpoints are wrong. First of all, there is a new economy that I'll explain why it is new. Secondly, if it is a revolution, then people would not expect it will be a straight linear development. If someone want revolution without a hitch, so I said that he too simple. So in this way in China and the world revolution, we should expect more torrents. If the new economy did not happen, then how do you explain the fact that, today, the computer chip market up to 350 billion U.S. dollars, and every day there are more chips produced. The world every man has a 13, this number is increasing. I have the number of Internet users is not very clear, but they are really growing fast.Does anybody think that these chips, and computer and communications equipment will disappear?, even if the PC is PDA (personal digital assistant) devices are replaced. All these devices together, they make up an increasingly complex and interact with overlapping and related network, but all this is happening all over the world. One obvious unshakable fact is that there is a revolution going on, but this revolution range far beyond the technical scope of..


Now the United States and, increasingly, other countries, the economy has not in the traditional sense of the economy, not the industrial economy, but the third wave of the economy, we need a new concept of economics, to help us understand the reality. Such as capital, the traditional economics of the past, the many different interpretations. What is the first wave of capital? Only one of the most important one is to land. Now talk about the economy when the second wave, a piece of paper, a copy of the stocks that are part of my title, is the assembly line, is the railway line, a truck, is the right business.This is the capital of the most basic form. Please note that as an owner, you really only have a piece of paper, which is a symbol, the symbol of some touch, practical things. At the same time and land, capital, for example, assembly line, is not shared, I have indicated that you do not have it, and it is the actual can touch, assembly line you can use three years five years it there, you can see. Now let's take a look at the third wave of capital. For example I bought the third wave-based company's stock, I have what? I have a piece of paper, as a symbol, whether it was concerned Microsoft has an assembly line? I care about Microsoft or any other third wave companies have no property? I do not care. My concern is that companies in the third wave of people who care about their minds. In the third wave of the staff of the company's plenty of head knowledge to symbolic form of knowledge. They represent a kind of super-symbolic economy. This economic and former economic difference is that it can be shared. You can use my knowledge to use.You cannot use the same piece of land, you cannot use the same assembly line, but you can use the same knowledge. If we can use this knowledge in a creative way, we can even create more knowledge. This is the globalization of the economy of fundamental change. Three thousand years ago in Asia, I believe that the rice is tender, is one of if not used in Exchange, you can also use it to eat something. The industrial revolution came from can eat money to you can use the currency conversion. In the old economy, the value of rice by its weight, but notes that its value is printed in the above text. Now we are more and more e-currency. Not our everyday use of small denomination notes, I mean credit cards, transaction cards are becoming electronic. We use a principle to describe this, it is becoming the currency of information, information is being monetized. We are aware that information has monetary value, the currency, along with our monetary system information. As computer and communication systems based on construction progress of new information, "work at home" will become possible.20 years ago, in the third wave "when we talk about electronic delivery of University, at the New York Times story, a story that my works are nonsense," home "never occurs. But after 20 years, we do work at home, anywhere can work.


Second, to predict the economy will experience service economy. .


Toffler said, I am the future impact of this book is to build on experience and on the basis of the economic and psychological. In fact, we now can see me in the future impact of the description of the experience economy. For example, let's look at the movie to get some experience, we engage in tourism, and computer games are in order to get some experience. In the traditional economy, we went to the mall to buy something. But now, the shopping center in purposeful, consciously give customers a very memorable, enjoyable experience. In a few years ago, I experienced in Malaysia can be a good illustration of this point. I drove through a low building, outside the house, behind a long team. Most are young, often pair went. I asked the guide why they line up inside. Guide says: If you go in the future, you can experience snow. Because Malaysia is a tropical, never snow. Similarly, you go to Disneyland, it gives you a wide range of experience.My future shock ", referring to the experience economy, in other words, the service economy in the next step is to move towards the experience economy, businesses will experience by providing such services, but it also does not fall within the scope of the fourth wave.


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Predicted that the three next biology and information technology integration.


Next, the third wave will focus on biological, genetic and other biological fields, will be a "man-machine world." This week, scientists announced the invention of the information, a DNA code built on the basis of the computer. Prior to this change in information technology, biotechnology is, now it is better to change the information on biotechnology, science and technology. According to the latest news reports last week that Israeli scientists have invented a computer based on DNA technology, very small, tissue can store hundreds of billions of dollars of information, and accuracy rate of 99. .8%.In the future, so that the computer can play in human cells from one monitor to observe whether there is any human internal diseases and treatment programmes, so that doctors prescribe. So I said the third wave has two stages, the first phase is the digital stage, the second stage is the biology and information technology integration phase. These are the third wave of the components of the fourth wave will appear after that.


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Predicted four.


The fourth wave of human migration space. .


In the fourth wave, humans began to seriously consider moving to other planet in the universe, and in some planet multiplied. I founded Toffler company is currently working with the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration jointly engaged in a study of space biology. Through the space station to see the above biological changes. We often wonder: some things look incredible, common sense to think that in some places, life is possible, but we found a life. As in a very very deep trench, a lot of pressure, but we found microbes. In the Arctic Ocean, also discovered the existence of life. Our research team is studying the life (not just a human being) on Mars, there may exist? At present, the company is headed by a Nobel Prize winner team is engaged in research in this area. .


In the universe, because of gravity, pressure cells, also small, very conducive to do cell experiments, the medical outcomes and results of experiment on Earth is not exactly the same. In other words, in the sky can be ground impossible.


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Prophecy guru Toffler: human migration space.


December 7, 2001 17:02:06 People's Network. .


The world's leading futurists Toffler recent Chinese reporters, and published a number of views as they impact the future "," third wave "and" the war and the war "and other works, a deep impression on him. In this conversation, the future of the world's fourth prophecy quite innovative, are reproduced as follows:.


The new economy has a long way to go. .


Nowadays, there is a lot of people on the new economy is greatly misunderstood. The first one that actually changes do not occur, these securities analysts and economists believe that everything is just on the stock market bubble, called "hot" stock market. They think that the digital revolution has ended, its importance has disappeared, any substantial change did not happen; others that in the past 10 years is indeed a revolution occurred, a digital revolution, it will change all that this deeper meaning of the revolution will bring us another sustained period of rising long-term economic development can be sustained at least 25 years to 30 years. .


But I think these two viewpoints are wrong. First of all, there is a new economy. Secondly, if it is a revolution, one should not expect it will go straight to linear development. If someone want revolution without a hitch, so I said that he too simple. So in this field in China and the world's ongoing revolution, we should look forward to many more. If we say that the new economy does not occur, then how do you account for the fact that today the computer chip market up to $ 3500, and every day there are more chip production. World 13 individuals have one, this number is constantly increasing. Does anyone think that these chips, computers and communications equipment will disappear? All of which together constitute an increasingly complex and interact with each other overlapping, related network layers, and all this is occurring all over the world. An apparently unshakable fact is that there was indeed a revolution in progress, but far beyond the scope of the revolution outside the scope of technology. .


The service economy will head for the experience economy.


Toffler said, I "future shock" this book really spoke of the experience built on the basis of the economic and psychological problem. In fact, we are now and you could see me in the "future shock" in the description of the experience economy. For example, we watch movies is to get some experience, people who engage in travel, engage in computer games is to get some experience. In the traditional economy, we go shopping, is to buy things. But now, these shopping centers are in a purpose, conscious to the customer to create a hard to forget you, a very pleasant experience.A few years ago, my experience in Malaysia is a good way to illustrate this point. I drove a low House, outside the House, a lot of teams, mostly young people, usually a couple. I asked, why they are in line Tourguide? guide said: If you go in, you can experience the snow. As Malaysia is located in the tropics, has never been snowing. Similarly, you go to Disneyland, it offers a wide range of experience. My future shock ", referring to the experience economy, in other words, the service economy in the next step is to move towards the experience economy, businesses will experience by providing such service.


Biotechnology and information technology will be integrated. .


Developed countries are experiencing the third wave, and the third wave of the next step will be concentrated in the biological, genetic and other biological areas, would be a "man-machine world". Recently, scientists announced that invented a DNA code based on the computer. Prior to that, are changes in the information technology, biotechnology, biotechnology today, it is better to change the information science and technology. According to the latest news, last week the Israeli scientists invented the computer based on DNA technologies, a very small cell organization can store hundreds of millions of dollars of information, but the accuracy rate of 99% of .8. The future, so the computer can take on human cells the role of a monitor to observe whether the lesion within the body, and propose a treatment plan, so that doctors prescribe the right medicine. .


Human migration space.


In the fourth wave of the future, human beings began to move more and more serious consideration to the other star, the universe and, in some planet flourish. I founded Toffler company is currently working with NASA to undertake a joint research, space biology major study. Through the space station to understand the biological changes of the above. We often wonder: some things look weird, by common sense that life could not exist in some areas, such as in very, very deep trench, we find life. .


In the universe, because of gravity, pressure cells, also small, very conducive to do cell experiments, the medical outcomes and results of experiment on Earth is not exactly the same. In other words, in the sky can be ground impossible. (Cheng conglomerate).


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Famous futurists, the third wave of author Alvin Toffler. ·


Well-known futurist Alvin Toffler interview. .


China is at a crucial moment in the WTO, as a new opportunity. But if you think China can easily adapt to changes, tide, somewhat naive.


  three generations of Chinese in the "wave" of the world have a huge population, the key structural changes to promote the use of "third wave" of the results, such as biotechnology, information technology, led the "first wave" jumps "at second wave "leaps and bounds. Otherwise, a large number of farmers into the city, will bring disaster in China.   encourage innovation and promote the mechanism for free flow of information and the rule of law should be set up in China as soon as possible. American democracy is not the only rational system, more is not the best system, "The Third Wave" may bring a new political form. .


The "fourth wave" is a human-machine full integration in the world, it has the potential to change our understanding of life.


  Netcom should be invited by the famous American futurist, "The Third Wave," Alvin Toffler, author of a recently came to China to attend the meeting on the theme of broadband, and accepted an exclusive interview with Chinese reporters. After his remarks concerning China's accession to the WTO, "fourth wave" economic development, and IT trends.Toffler, "third wave" and "future shock" and other books, this is considered a classic of futures studies, since the early 1980s, has been translated into 30 languages, offering more than this, including the Korean President Kim Dae-Jung and the "AOL" CEO Steve · Keith, for several generations.


Q: China's accession to the WTO, the economic, political, educational, environmental and other aspects of what kind of change? . .


A: first of all, China's accession to the WTO's decision was correct, but it will certainly encounter from internal and external pressures. Just imagine the 9 billion farmers in the next 10 years from the crowded cities, rural areas be imagined how much pressure there. The prices of agricultural products will continue to decline.


China is carrying out foreign trade in the 20 years after accession to the WTO. During that period, global trade is very valued. Japan is the last century since the late 60s to take off. At that time, the famous quality expert Edward Damien (phonetic), reminding the Japanese should pay attention to product quality. .


World War II in a sense, is also good for Japan. War in the old industrial production waste to blow up, then they can choose from a high starting point for the development of new industries. Those old bureaucratic, old systems and thoughts are with the airplane. Replaced by new ideas and concepts. Since then, the Japanese began a period of rapid development. Their large investment in Malaysia, the United States, and even bought Rockefeller Center and Hollywood studios. Soon after, many countries have begun to emulate Japan: South Korea began to attach importance to exports, they succeeded; China Taiwan paying attention to exports, they succeeded; then, the whole of Asia are beginning to follow suit. .


China is just a later, but it's done in a outlet was very successful, and even succeeded raises concerns of neighbouring countries and panic, they worry that their own economy will collapse. China's accession to the WTO of the import and export, have been close to the capacity of the peak, won't have much of as. Therefore, the timing is critical. China must learn lessons from other countries, do not overlook the development of domestic demand, to get rid of the exports. In this context, the other States is not doing too well. So overall, China's accession to the WTO is an important step forward, but at the same time, the ubiquitous presence of risk. Q: Your trip to China, what impression? . .


A: China changes in surprising, I mean I have been to. Chinese and Western poor and backward regions are very different. But overall, China has not previously had in that country, even if it is just a few years ago and compare.


Very complicated situation in China in more than 10 million square kilometers within the life of the three different "world" of people. Approximately from 700 million to 900 million peasants live in is the "first wave" of the world, that still remains in the agricultural community. They do not have much education, so it will be the hardest hit by the WTO group of people. "Second wave" of a population of about from 250 million to 300 million, they are large-scale production of industrial society, and sell their cheap labor. China only entered a handful of people with knowledge-based "The Third Wave." These people are not more than 1000 million people.And in the United States, only the "second wave" and the "third wave" and the "third wave" of the people will be more and more. We have a 2 per cent of the agricultural population, but they are using modern technology for agriculture.


Such a complex situation on the Chinese government is a pretty big problem. Because each part of a different society, it has different requirements. Moreover, since China has such a huge population. .


In the next 10 years or longer, China's third generation of the "wave" ratio will be in a generation, the historic changes have occurred in the "third wave" of the population will be more and more, the key is to know how to put the limited resources in the third generation of "tide" is a valid assignment. If you use the traditional model of development, i.e. the "first wave" to the "second wave", thousands of farmers would be poured into the city, the Chinese will be a disaster. The key lies in how to use the "third wave" of the results, such as gene technology, broadband technology to bring the "first wave" leaps and bounds, as soon as possible to improve the poverty and backward. But cultural and political development is not so easy to jump, education can act as a catalyst in this regard. China's broadband technology can be used in education, not just used in the commercial context. Q: In your "Future Shock", a book that the experience economy, I ask whether it represents the "fourth wave" in a direction? . .


Answer: No. The experience economy sales experience, for example, video games, tourism or like Disneyland. In the past, we went to the Mall just to buy something; now, businesses have noted to give customers a pleasant experience.


Overall, the experience economy is the next step in the service economy, and the "fourth wave" will be a "man-machine world." Information technology (eg broadband) and biotechnology will integrate. Bioinformatics will be developed rapidly to DNA-based computers will use the genetic code for computation. The full integration of the two. .


(Toffler from carry-on bag out of a newspaper, read,) Israeli scientists have invented a DNA-based computer. It would be transferred to the massive information and calculation accuracy rate of up to 99 · 8 per cent. It can operate within the cell, the timely detection of lesions, and make the corresponding programmes at once, so that people can prescribe.


We are now in a "third wave" in the first phase, soon to enter its second phase, which is I mentioned above, biotechnology and information technology integration phase. There will be more and more people will be economic or social metaphor of a biological system. And to the "fourth wave" of the time when mankind will seriously consider going to emigrate to space, and there flourish. Space biology is to study a project to life. Life can not imagine a place in human existence. Several kilometers deep in the Arctic seabed, so much pressure, microbial infestation. Life need not be in human form.But we have to ask is, what you need to survive what?.


If we moved to do the study of life in space, then the cells would be an insignificant gravity, and thus will not change. Therefore, the space can help us solve many of our planet can not solve the problem, it is even fundamentally change our understanding of life. .


Of course, this generations "tide" is a dynamic model, which is thoroughly replaced, but rather overlaps.


Q: As a futurist, you (his wife is also a futurist Alvin Toffler) will look back at the past? . .


A: we also look back at the past. We read a lot of history books, and I even wrote a book about a historian of science fiction, and, of course, it is not too good. People are not likely to change history, but if you simply rely on the historical analysis, it would be very dangerous.


Interestingly, in "The Third Wave," something happened, looks like a "second wave" ago. For example, in "The Third Wave", people will be in the home office, this is not like before the industrial revolution and it? In fact, today is repeated at a higher level yesterday. From the geopolitical point of view as well. Before the Industrial Revolution, we have also wanted to unite a number of political entities. Now, the nation-state contact that occur worldwide.We have a non-governmental organizations, multinational companies, transnational criminal groups, and even pollution, immigrants, information technology ... all of this put us in an increasingly complex global system. These new thing that looks familiar, but in reality is different. As the dialectics, history is spiraling. Q: what do you think the future of China's democratization process?.


A: for a country to create wealth, we must be innovative. This innovation is not only about the technical level of innovation, there must be political and social innovation. If a society full of depression, then it will hinder the emergence of new ideas. Take the former Soviet Union, they have the people. But they have is a frozen, paralyzing the economy. From the social and political pressure makes communication between members of society are blocked, innovation has become a passive water. .


For example, my name is Ivan, in the former Soviet Union, a State-owned enterprises to work. One day, I think a good idea. I had the good idea and leadership. He said that your suggestion is very bad. I said, it is a good idea. Then, I was fired. But this is only the beginning: I lose my house, my kids are no longer the original school ... my whole life will be affected. Therefore, I simply, forget about the good idea. Tell it to the risk is too big. In fact, even if the leader said it was a good idea, I will not receive any incentive.


The situation is different in Silicon Valley. My idea of leadership that bad, fired me. But my loss Only this, I can go to the bank loans, you can live the original apartment, my children were still in the original school. Therefore, I recommend the risks mentioned are relatively much smaller. If my proposal is accepted, then I would be rewarded, even a fortune can be made. .


Therefore, the community should establish a mechanism to stimulate innovation, reduce the risk of failure. In the United States, I broke, I can go to the Bank to apply for a loan, and then open a company. Fails, I can return. Whether it is a political term, or on the global economy, we all want to get down to listen to what others are saying, even if it is a very stupid. We should learn to treat as criticism, let people say what they want to say and not say anything that you want to allow people to make mistakes.


In the past 10 years, President Clinton vigorously promoted American-style democracy. We have to ask, in the end what is democracy? I do not think there is only one form of democracy, individual situations in different countries. The same criteria, on a 900 million population in the "first wave", 10 million people in the "third wave" countries, certainly does not apply. No one model, the standard can be "one size fits all." But we should be committed to promoting free flow of information. .


As to the rule of law, but is not a corrupt legal system. Judges must be in accordance with the law, not by political stance or gender. To do this is to realize the power of checks and balances to power is concentrated in a single institution or individual. United States adopted the "tripartite" system, but I do not think it is the only method of dividing powers, nor are the best. The "third wave" may bring a new form of politics. But the historical progress, with labor pains.


Individual country circumstances should be given full consideration. United States has not experienced a feudal society, although it has slavery, no such meaning as the Chinese farmers. Q: how do you see IT economy? . .


A: the Internet does not go away, but we use it will change the way, entrepreneurs will adopt a different business model. In fact, the industrial revolution has also been repeatedly failed, and finally succeeded. These changes in the economy, IT has provided us with some negative examples, we say to the e-commerce, it would be more cautious. IT will pick up the economy, but they will regroup. IT changes the economic pressure, speed is extremely fast. So as a network of companies, either in a short period of time to be successful, or will never succeed. Overall, I am still very optimistic about the IT economy. .


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Monday, December 10, 19:30. .


Toffler on China's three major prediction for the world's four new predictions.


Editor's note. .


Should Mr. China Netcom Tiansuning, Chief Executive, world famous futurists Toffler recently to Beijing to attend the China Netcom "broadband industry prosperity" as the theme of the CNC WORLD 2001 activities. And as always, this reporter's privilege to become the only interview with his Chinese newspaper. Toffler, books including "future shock", "third wave" and "war against war", recently completed the creating a new civilization. These books have been translated into Chinese, Japanese, and so on more than 30 kinds of language, and published several books, made a deep impression. Especially the 20th century, 80 years on the impact of the Chinese people even more memorable. His books and lectures brought many reformers and leaders of the world endowed with vision information and new ideas. Ad. .


Forecast for China: a steady state to the top.


In recent years I have been to many places in China, but all major cities, these places used to be amazing changes. But there have not been to many places, where the change of course will not like such a big city, eastern China and western poor areas the difference is obvious. My first visit to China in 1983, visited Beijing, Shanghai, Suzhou, these cities now than they were, just like for the World. Even a few years ago is different world. This change is not just that a lot of newly built high-rise buildings, but the market is full of an array of consumer goods.I vividly bring China into "three worlds": one is the "first wave" coverage of the population. This is the world's population of over 900 farmers, those living in the first wave of people needs fundamental change. Among them, many people are affected by the WTO. The second is the second wave of cover. The total population of about 300 million, they are living in towns, belongs to the large-scale production of industrialized society. In addition, there is a small portion of the population, according to an analysis of the State Planning Commission, this part of the population is relatively small, with about 10 million people. I call him "The Third Wave" of the population covered, the information age of the population, or the knowledge economy of the population. In the United States, the second wave of the population covered by less and less, while the third wave of population had been increasing. U.S. farmers account for only 2% of the population, but they are not farmers, they are using modern technology for production. Basically, most of the United States are covered by the second wave of the population, while the third wave of the Chinese population are covered. Chinese Government to manage such social complexity is much more difficult than the United States.Because each class has different needs, China is trying to change the first, second and third wave of the relationships between population, more than 10 years, maybe 20 years, several generations, this ratio will change. China tries to work within a generation change this structure, but in the hands of the limited resources available, how to configure resource becomes an important issue. For example, how much resources to change life in the first wave of that population, living standards and quality of life; how much resources are used for the second wave of population; how much resources for third wave cover. A very interesting question is, can we use the third wave of technology, tools and methods to improve the living in the first wave of the population. The traditional model of development is in the first wave of people leaving the countryside, leaving home, into the second wave into the city to the factory. The key is how to use information technology, genetically modified crop technology, broadband technology, all the powerful forces of technology, with the "third wave" of technology under the power to change lives in the first wave of the population's quality of life, which is a major breakthrough. .


Early in my first visit to China, began someone asked me: can cannot jump over, not after the second wave, but directly from the first wave of leap into the third wave. My answer is this: history is uncertain, and nobody will be able to fully and accurately predict the future, but in general we can estimate the direction. As we can see, this development is complete, we can span some stages of economic development. In this third wave began, China does not take precedence, the development of China's mobile phone and broadband development process has been fully demonstrated this point. I would like to point out that you can leapfrog development, but you can not cross education. Education is a prerequisite for national development, while broadband is one of providing this education tool. I began to question the conclusion that there is indeed new economy, all this changed the demographic structure of China, the third wave of population change, industrial and agricultural structure of the population is helpful. I believe that China is toward the 21st century the national first-class steady progress. .


The WTO forecasts: first of all, we'd like to rely on the domestic market.


Toffler believes that China's accession to the World Trade Organization's decision was wise. The impact of WTO accession for China will be manifold. Once a WTO member China will face various challenges, particularly agricultural products, lower prices caused the most severe challenges. The idea that China can easily adapt to the challenges of WTO accession is a very naive idea. .


On the other hand we must consider the timing of entering WTO, occurred in a specific moment, the fact is that China has long attached particular importance to the trade and trade-centric this long-term policy success. Let us make history going back decades, Japan is the first implementation of export-oriented strategy. It quickly mastered the computer and other advanced technology to product design and manufacturing technology, while the world's leading experts on quality — — — — Edward · dewang (transliteration). Prior to that, Japan is very bad, no one wants to buy Japanese goods. But the experts, the importance of quality concepts and the latest production technology with the characteristics of Japanese management combined results of the Japanese economy a major step forward, very successful. Soon, Japan to South Korea, Malaysia and other places to invest, then also invest in the United States, even the sign of the building --- New York Rockefeller Center, Universal Studios also buy it. Why is Japan a success, and there was no other country in the world to take such a strategy successful precedent. Later, said Korean, you see how successful Japan, why can not we do the same. Malaysia also said they will focus on exports.Soon, almost all Asian countries are aggressively pursuing exports. In fact, when all of these happened before the turn of China began to decide to do so. We quickly found the export surplus in terms of global whole. As China successfully export commodities, and some neighbouring countries are also worried. It is important that the WTO should pay attention to learn lessons and learn from other countries, and those countries did not take, and the domestic economy is doing well. But China's vast, there are many opportunities to successfully develop the domestic market and improving the domestic economy. In this case, should not be overly dependent on exports to the United States, Japan's market, slowing the pressure from neighboring countries. China's accession to the WTO represents a significant step forward toward him, but also fraught with risk. Japan's problem is not the development of the domestic economy, such a series of domestic economic decline, unable to invest heavily in the domestic economy is still heavily dependent on exports. Japan, the latest technologies in manufacturing, but not very well it is applied to service industries, particularly the financial sector, but the "revolution" is half finished. It shows also hidden behind the huge success of the risk.Therefore, China should grasp the opportunity to avoid mistakes of other countries. China will continue to be subject to the outside world pressure is normal, because it will continue to engage in trade friction, there will be other countries criticized China's trade policy, China will also perform the inverse of the criticism, China should not care.


Prediction 3 Broadband: a shortcut to the future of the world catch up. .


Toffler said, few countries have experienced today China is undergoing of this change, this change rapidly be accelerated; Similarly, few industries can be like today's Telecom and broadband access rapid change. At present, the world's information company's stock price is dropped sharply, constantly shrinking in value, some telecommunications companies in Europe are Government revoked 3 G operators license, many companies are heavily in debt, struggling in the edge of bankruptcy, merger, but were unable to extricate themselves. In the West, some people began to doubt the future of telecommunications and broadband, and even negative attitude, they consider insignificant the telecommunications industry and broadband access, users do not need these services. Toffler said he has many years of research on broadband, that it is a new civilization, will have a bright future. Despite the stock plunge, but not thus conclude that it is not a bright future, but should historical, long-term point of view to observe, the historic value of broadband is obvious, beyond doubt. .


Ten thousand years ago, human-induced an agricultural revolution. Since 10 years later, the majority of the people on Earth to farmers that depend on land. Three years ago, the industrial revolution led to the second wave of revolution. Now we live in this era, a new enough to change the world revolution is under way. Now we are being towards the third wave. Each wave has its different information structure. With the industrial revolution, the entire information system has passed. Industrial Revolution brought many products, but also brought the mass media, which caused a fundamental change, and when we meet the third wave, we communicate and exchange infrastructure must change, must before advancing. In fact, this change has occurred, is occurring. In addition, scientists are through the Internet to share their research results every day, all, and broadband transmission technology are inseparable. I think these developments are based communications, the development of broadband information transmission based on these companies and individual scientists, are bringing us into a new era. .


It seems to me that broadband will provide a faster, cheaper, more convenient email, cheaper or even free phone services; more useful new educational tools, so that China and other parts of the world people out of poverty; new game, interesting new entertainment media, broadband makes it all possible. To a short message and waiting in front of the computer, the wish to see. Broadband also allows us to carry out a full range of multimedia communication, it will become the de facto standard, will become the routine life. The third wave of broadband infrastructure information important part of the third wave of economic center. Broadband for the future of television, media, education is essential, it can promote changes in each area. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, said in a recent technical report: With the digital television and the media, the increasing popularity of Internet games, video games and audio have become part of digital content, at the same time, the Internet fiber-optic and satellite communications are increasingly linked in a larger interactive broadband network. I believe that this is just the beginning, intelligent technology, Video Center, eventually will all this into millions of households。 Electronics companies are striving to provide remote control TV, washing machine, air-condition and fridge, all the one interaction. This requires the support of the broadband network. We are increasingly talking about smart cars, vehicles with GPS positioning, and monitor whether there is a need to replace the tires, notify users, all of these applications are inseparable from the support of broadband technologies.


Predicted that a new economy there is still a long way to go. .


Said that broadband network has no future and new economy does not exist, the same person. In the West, when the stock market, the so-called critics began to say that the new economy does not exist, but the old economic system has not changed. Fact, this is an important issue, not only for investors, banks, financial services, for policy makers, this is also a fundamental problem. Nowadays, there is a lot of people on the new economy is greatly misunderstood. The first people that the big change actually did not happen, these securities analysts and economists believe that everything in the stock market bubble, but it is called "hot stocks" that this is too much speculation and PR operation results. They think that the digital revolution has ended, its importance has disappeared, any substantial change did not happen.Others thought that in the past 10 years is a revolution, a digital revolution that will change everything, the significance of deeper revolution will bring us another long-term sustained high economic growth, at least 25 years can continue to 30 years. But I think these two viewpoints are wrong. First of all, there is a new economy that I'll explain why it is new. Secondly, if it is a revolution, then people would not expect it will be a straight linear development. If someone want revolution without a hitch, so I said that he too simple. So in this way in China and the world revolution, we should expect more torrents. If the new economy did not happen, then how do you explain the fact that, today, the computer chip market up to 350 billion U.S. dollars, and every day there are more chips produced. The world every man has a 13, this number is increasing. I have the number of Internet users is not very clear, but they are really growing fast.Does anybody think that these chips, and computer and communications equipment will disappear?, even if the PC is PDA (personal digital assistant) devices are replaced. All these devices together, they make up an increasingly complex and interact with overlapping and related network, but all this is happening all over the world. One obvious unshakable fact is that there is a revolution going on, but this revolution range far beyond the technical scope of..


Now the United States and, increasingly, other countries, the economy has not in the traditional sense of the economy, not the industrial economy, but the third wave of the economy, we need a new concept of economics, to help us understand the reality. Such as capital, the traditional economics of the past, the many different interpretations. What is the first wave of capital? Only one of the most important one is to land. .


Now to talk about the second wave of the economy, the sheets of paper, indicating that the unit belongs to me that part of the ownership, assembly line, railway line, is the truck is on the right of the enterprise. This is the capital of the most basic form. Please note that as an owner, you really only have a piece of paper, which is a symbol, the symbol of some touch, practical things. At the same time and land, capital, for example, assembly line, is not shared, I have indicated that you do not have it, and it is the actual can touch, assembly line you can use three years five years it there, you can see.


Now let us look at the capital during the third wave. For example I bought the third wave-based company's stock, I have what? I have a piece of paper, as a symbol, whether it was concerned Microsoft has an assembly line? I care about Microsoft or any other third wave companies have no property? I do not care. My concern is that companies in the third wave of people who care about their minds. In the third wave of the staff of the company's plenty of head knowledge to symbolic form of knowledge. They represent a kind of super-symbolic economy.This kind of economy and former economy differs in that it can share. You can use the knowledge that I have used. You cannot use the same piece of land, you cannot use the same assembly line, but you can use the same knowledge. If we can use this knowledge in a creative way, we can even create more knowledge. This is the globalization of the economy of fundamental change. Three thousand years ago in Asia, I believe that the rice is tender, is one of if not used in Exchange, you can also use it to eat something. The industrial revolution came from can eat money to you can use the currency conversion. In the old economic system, the value of rice by the weight of the decision, but for notes, the value of the printed text in the above decision. Now we are more and more e-currency. Not our everyday use of small denomination notes, I mean credit cards, transaction cards are becoming electronic. We use a principle to describe this, it is becoming the currency of information, information is being monetized. We are aware that information has monetary value, the currency, along with our monetary system information. As computer and communication systems based on construction progress of new information, "work at home" will become possible.20 years ago, in the third wave "when we talk about electronic delivery of University, at the New York Times story, a story that my works are nonsense," home "never occurs. But after 20 years, we do work at home, anywhere can work.


Second, to predict the economy will experience service economy. .


Toffler said, I am the future impact of this book is to build on experience and on the basis of the economic and psychological. In fact, we now can see me in the future impact of the description of the experience economy. For example, let's look at the movie to get some experience, we engage in tourism, and computer games are in order to get some experience. In the traditional economy, we went to the mall to buy something. But now, the shopping center in purposeful, consciously give customers a very memorable, enjoyable experience. In a few years ago, I experienced in Malaysia can be a good illustration of this point. I drove through a low building, outside the house, behind a long team. Most are young, often pair went. I asked the guide why they line up inside. Guide says: If you go in the future, you can experience snow. Because Malaysia is a tropical, never snow. Similarly, you go to Disneyland, it gives you a wide range of experience.My future shock ", referring to the experience economy, in other words, the service economy in the next step is to move towards the experience economy, businesses will experience by providing such services, but it also does not fall within the scope of the fourth wave of...


Predicted 3 Next biotechnology and information technology will be integrated. .


Third wave to the next step will be concentrated in the biological, genetic and other biological areas, would be a "man-machine world". This week, scientists announced that invented a DNA code based on the computer. Prior to that, are changes in the information technology, biotechnology, biotechnology today, it is better to change the information science and technology. According to the latest news, last week the Israeli scientists invented the computer based on DNA technologies, a very small cell organization can store hundreds of millions of dollars of information, but the accuracy rate of 99% of .8. The future, so the computer can take on human cells the role of a monitor to observe whether the lesion within the body, and propose a treatment plan, so that doctors prescribe the right medicine. .


So I said the third wave has two stages, the first phase is the digital stage, the second stage is the biology and information technology integration phase. These are the third wave of the components of the fourth wave will appear after it. ..


Four predicted fourth wave of human migration space. .


In the fourth wave, humans began to seriously consider moving to other planet in the universe, and in some planet multiplied. I founded Toffler company is currently working with the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration jointly engaged in a study of space biology. Through the space station to see the above biological changes. We often wonder: some things look incredible, common sense to think that in some places, life is possible, but we found a life. As in a very very deep trench, a lot of pressure, but we found microbes. In the Arctic Ocean, also discovered the existence of life. Our research team is studying the life (not just a human being) on Mars, there may exist? At present, the company is headed by a Nobel Prize winner team is engaged in research in this area. .


In the universe, because of gravity, pressure cells, also small, very conducive to do cell experiments, the medical outcomes and results of experiment on Earth is not exactly the same. In other words, in the sky can be ground impossible.


Of: Mei Shaohua. .


Source: "the economic times.


Source: Easy telecommunications network. .


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Toffler: China has only about 1 million people in the third wave. .


2001-11-27 09: 17 jialu/(Xinhua).


"The Third Wave" of the famous futurist Alvin Toffler said here today that China is only about 1 million people in the third wave. .


· Alvin Toffler, today held a forum of the World 2001 CNC made. In his view, there are approximately 8, 9 billion people in the first wave of approximately 3 million to 2.5 billion people are at the second wave.


It is understood that Alvin Toffler's "third wave theory" will be divided into three stages of human history: the first wave of the human out of pastoral into the agricultural age, residence life, to fix the scope of people's lives, began to develop towns and their culture; second wave began in the 18th century to the industrial revolution as an opportunity to leave the farm, flock to cities looking for factory life; the third wave is the so-called "information age", information technology and the development of strong social demand to become power, the whole world together, people will break the boundaries, seeking cooperation, the development of information technology to promote the development of economic globalization..


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Futurist Alvin Toffler predicted that China's broadband industry prospects. .


2001-11-29 10: 00/Wang Ling (new network).


  world-renowned futurist, "The Third Wave," Alvin Toffler predicted that with the growing popularity of broadband in China, it is bound to China's economic and national security and so profound. .


By the China network communication co., Ltd. launched the "broadband industry prosperity" is the theme of the annual industry event – CNC WORLD 2001 hotel in China on Monday. This has far-reaching influence American futurists are invited as keynote speaker for the first field.


Toffler said that at present most of the population in China is still in the first wave period (the agricultural age), but with China Mobile, the rapid development and popularization of broadband, China is likely to achieve technological leap, beyond the second wave period (industrial age), directly into the period of the third wave (information age). .


He said that the band will be on Chinese television, advertising, media, education, games, e-commerce, and other areas have a profound impact, sensor universal application will make free telephone calls, the rapid development in remote mountainous areas, etc. Broadband not only can make people's life became more diverse, and it will be the "third wave" is an important component of the economy. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------。.


Futurist Alvin Toffler predicted that China's broadband industry prospects. .


The world's leading futurists, the "third wave" by Alvin Toffler · KPMG as the band's popularity in China, it is bound to China's economic and national security implications.


By the China Network Communications Co., Ltd. launched the "broadband industry, a total of prosperity" as the theme of the annual industry event - CNC WORLD 2001 held last week in the China World Hotel. The worldwide with far-reaching influence future U.S. scientists were invited to the first keynote address. .


Toffler said that at present the majority of the population of China is still in the first wave period (agriculture), but with China Mobile and broadband in the rapid development and popularization, China has the potential to achieve technological jump, thus going beyond the period of the second wave (industrial age), and directly entering the third wave period (era).


He said that broadband will be the Chinese television, advertising, media, education, games, e-commerce and other fields have a profound impact, sensors in general use will make free phone, remote mountainous areas such as the rapid development possible. Broadband not only can make people's lives become more diverse, and it will become the "third wave economy," an important part. .


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Toffler predicted China's three major predictions of the four new world. .


(China postdoctoral Forum-www. .pd888. .com).


Author: Mei Shaohua. .


From: people's network.


A total of 188 readers read this article. .


Content:.


China Netcom CEO Mr. Tian Suning should be invited, the world-renowned futurist Alvin Toffler has come to Beijing Netcom to "common prosperity of the broadband industry" as the theme of CNC WORLD 2001 event. The overall arrangement by the field, this reporter had the honor to become the only Chinese newspaper interview his. Mr. Toffler's books include "Future Shock", "The Third Wave" and "War and Anti-War," recently completed "to create a new civilization." These books have been translated into Chinese, Japanese and other 30 languages and distributed millions of copies, to impress people, far-reaching.Particularly in the 1980s on the influence of the Chinese people even more memorable. His books and lectures will bring many reformers and endowed with the vision of the world's leader in information and new ideas.


Forecast China: steady progress to the first-class country. .


I came to China in recent years in many places, but is a big city, these places will change dramatically. But there are many places haven't, what changes would certainly not like such a big city, China Eastern and Western regions are obvious. I visited China for the first time in 1983, has been to Beijing, Shanghai, Suzhou, the city now and then, just like the rest of the world. Even compared to just a few years ago, is a different world. This change is not just a new cover a lot of tall buildings, but the market is filled with many consumer products.


I vividly China into "three worlds": First, the "first wave" coverage of the population. The world population is 900 million farmers, they live in the first wave of people need fundamental change. Many of them probably the hardest hit by the accession to the WTO. Second, is the second wave of the population covered. Total population of about 300 million, they live in cities and towns, are large-scale production of industrial society. .


In addition, there is a small portion of the population, according to an analysis of the State Planning Commission, this part of the population is relatively small, with about 10 million people. I called him the "third wave" of the cover, is the information age of the population, or the population of the era of knowledge-based economy. While in the United States, the second wave of cover less and less, and the third wave's population is increasing. American farmers accounted for only 2% of the population, but they were not farmers, they are using modern technology. Basically, most of us belong to the second wave of coverage of the population, while the Chinese three waves cover. Chinese Government to manage such social complexity is much more difficult than the United States. Because each class has its own different needs, China is working to change the first, second, third wave of the relationship between population, another 10 years, maybe 20 years, generations, this relationship will change in the proportion of . China is trying to hard time in a generation to change this structure, but in the hands of limited resources, how to allocate resources to become an important issue.For example, how much resources to change life in the first wave of that population, living standards and quality of life; how much resources are used for the second wave of population; how much resources for third wave cover.


A very interesting question is, can we use the third wave of technology, tools and methods to improve the living in the first wave of the population. The traditional model of development is in the first wave of people leaving the countryside, leaving home, into the second wave into the city to the factory. The key is how to use information technology, genetically modified crop technology, broadband technology, all the powerful forces of technology, with the "third wave" of technology under the power to change lives in the first wave of the population's quality of life, which is a major breakthrough. .


Early in my first visit to China, began someone asked me: can cannot jump over, not after the second wave, but directly from the first wave of leap into the third wave. My answer is this: history is uncertain, and nobody will be able to fully and accurately predict the future, but in general we can estimate the direction. As we can see, this development is complete, we can span some stages of economic development. In this third wave began, China does not take precedence, the development of China's mobile phone and broadband development process has been fully demonstrated this point. I would like to point out that you can leapfrog development, but you can not cross education. Education is a prerequisite for national development, while broadband is one of providing this education tool. I began to question the conclusion that there is indeed new economy, all this changed the demographic structure of China, the third wave of population change, industrial and agricultural structure of the population is helpful. I believe that China is toward the 21st century the national first-class steady progress. .


The WTO forecasts: first of all, we'd like to rely on the domestic market.


Toffler believes that China's accession to the World Trade Organization's decision was wise. The impact of WTO accession for China will be manifold. Once a WTO member China will face various challenges, particularly agricultural products, lower prices caused the most severe challenges. The idea that China can easily adapt to the challenges of WTO accession is a very naive idea. .


On the other hand we must consider the timing of entering WTO, occurred in a specific moment, the fact is that China has long attached particular importance to the trade and trade-centric this long-term policy success. Let us make history going back decades, Japan is the first implementation of export-oriented strategy. It quickly mastered the computer and other advanced technology to product design and manufacturing technology, while the world's leading experts on quality — — — — Edward · dewang (transliteration). Prior to that, Japan is very bad, no one wants to buy Japanese goods. But the experts, the importance of quality concepts and the latest production technology with the characteristics of Japanese management combined results of the Japanese economy a major step forward, very successful. Soon, Japan to South Korea, Malaysia and other places to invest, then also invest in the United States, even the sign of the building --- New York Rockefeller Center, Universal Studios also buy it. Why is Japan a success, and there was no other country in the world to take such a strategy successful precedent. Later, said Korean, you see how successful Japan, why can not we do the same. Malaysia also said they will focus on exports.Soon, almost all Asian countries are aggressively pursuing exports. In fact, when all of these happened before the turn of China began to decide to do so. We quickly found the export surplus in terms of global whole. As China successfully export commodities, and some neighbouring countries are also worried about the impact.


Importantly, after accession to the WTO for China to pay attention to learn and draw lessons from other countries, and those countries did not take warning, no good to improve the domestic economy. China's vast territory, there are many opportunities to successfully develop the domestic market and improve the domestic economy. In this case, should not be overly dependent on exports to the United States, Japan's market, slowing the pressure from neighboring countries. China's accession to the WTO represents a significant step forward toward him, but also fraught with risk.In Japan, the problem is not the development of the domestic economy, so that after a series of domestic economic recession after the significant investment in the domestic economy remains largely dependent on exports. Japan to the latest technologies applied to manufacturing, but not well will it apply to services, particularly in the financial industry, just take the "revolution" is completed by half. It shows also hide behind an enormous risk. Therefore, China should grasp the opportunity to avoid mistakes of other tribes.


China will continue to be the pressure of the outside world, it is normal, because it will constantly engage in trade frictions, there will be other countries have criticized China's trade policies, China will carry out counter-criticism that China should be very concerned about this. .


Forecasting the future of broadband: three surpassing the world of a shortcut.


Toffler said that few countries have experienced the world that China is experiencing today, such a change, this transformation being accelerated rapidly changing and growing; Similarly, few industries can be like today's telecommunications industry and broadband Access changes as quickly. Currently, information companies around the world rapidly shares fall, shrinking market, a number of telecommunications companies in Europe by the government revoked the business license 3 G, many other companies are heavily in debt, struggling in bankruptcy, the combined edge The inability to extricate themselves.In the West, began to telecom and broadband future expressed doubts, and even a negative attitude, they think Telecom and broadband access no more, the user does not need these services.


Toffler said he has many years of research on broadband, that it is a new civilization, will have a bright future. Despite the stock plunge, but not thus conclude that it is not a bright future, but should historical, long-term point of view to observe, the historic value of broadband is obvious, beyond doubt. .


Ten thousand years ago, human-induced an agricultural revolution. Since 10 years later, the majority of the people on Earth to farmers that depend on land. Three years ago, the industrial revolution led to the second wave of revolution. Now we live in this era, a new enough to change the world revolution is under way. Now we are being towards the third wave. Each wave has its different information structure. With the industrial revolution, the entire information system has passed. Industrial Revolution brought many products, but also brought the mass media, which caused a fundamental change, and when we meet the third wave, we communicate and exchange infrastructure must change, must before advancing. In fact, this change has occurred, is occurring. .


Other scientists are using the Internet to share their research results every day, and broadband transmission technologies are inseparable. I think these developments are based on communication, broadband transmission of information on the basis of the development of these companies, individuals and scientists are in a new era.


In my opinion, broadband will provide a faster, cheaper and more convenient e-mail, cheaper or even free telephone service; more useful new educational tools to China and the rest of the world's people out of poverty; The new game, interesting new entertainment media, broadband make this possible. For a short message in front of the computer so ah so this is everyone willing to see. Broadband also enables us to conduct comprehensive multi-media communication, it will become the de facto standard, will become the routine life in the phenomenon.Broadband is the third wave of the information infrastructure is an important part of the third wave of economic center. Broadband for the future of TV, media, education is vital, it can facilitate the transformation of each area. MIT a recent technical report said: as the digital television and the media's growing popularity, Internet gaming, video games and audio have become part of the digital content, while at the same time, Internet cable, and satellite communications are growing into a larger interactive broadband network. I believe that this is just a beginning, intelligent technology, video Center, will put all this into the millions . .


Electronics companies are striving to provide remote control TV, washing machine, air-condition and fridge, all the one interaction. This requires the support of the broadband network. We are increasingly talking about smart cars, vehicles with GPS positioning, and monitor whether there is a need to replace the tires, notify users, all of these applications are inseparable from the support of broadband technologies.


Predicted that a new economy there is still a long way to go. .


Said that broadband network has no future and new economy does not exist, the same person. In the West, when the stock market, the so-called critics began to say that the new economy does not exist, but the old economic system has not changed. Fact, this is an important issue, not only for investors, banks, financial services, for policy makers, this is also a fundamental problem.


Nowadays, many people have great misunderstanding of the new economy. The first people that the big change actually did not happen, these securities analysts and economists believe that everything in the stock market bubble, but it is called "hot stocks" that this is too much speculation and PR operation results. They think that the digital revolution has ended, its importance has disappeared, any substantial change did not happen.Others thought that in the past 10 years is a revolution, a digital revolution that will change everything, the significance of deeper revolution will bring us another long-term sustained high economic growth, at least 25 years can continue to 30 years. But I think these two viewpoints are wrong. First of all, there is a new economy that I'll explain why it is new. Secondly, if it is a revolution, then people would not expect it will be a straight linear development. If someone want revolution without a hitch, so I said that he too simple. So in this way in China and the world revolution, we should expect more torrents. If the new economy did not happen, then how do you explain the fact that, today, the computer chip market up to 350 billion U.S. dollars, and every day there are more chips produced. The world every man has a 13, this number is increasing. I have the number of Internet users is not very clear, but they are really growing fast.Does anybody think that these chips, and computer and communications equipment will disappear?, even if the PC is PDA (personal digital assistant) devices are replaced. All these devices together, they make up an increasingly complex and interact with overlapping and related network, but all this is happening all over the world. One obvious unshakable fact is that there is a revolution going on, but this revolution range far beyond the technical scope of..


Now the United States and, increasingly, other countries, the economy has not in the traditional sense of the economy, not the industrial economy, but the third wave of the economy, we need a new concept of economics, to help us understand the reality. Such as capital, the traditional economics of the past, the many different interpretations. What is the first wave of capital? Only one of the most important one is to land. .


Now to talk about the second wave of the economy, the sheets of paper, indicating that the unit belongs to me that part of the ownership, assembly line, railway line, is the truck is on the right of the enterprise. This is the capital of the most basic form. Please note that as an owner, you really only have a piece of paper, which is a symbol, the symbol of some touch, practical things. At the same time and land, capital, for example, assembly line, is not shared, I have indicated that you do not have it, and it is the actual can touch, assembly line you can use three years five years it there, you can see.


Now let us look at the capital during the third wave. For example I bought the third wave-based company's stock, I have what? I have a piece of paper, as a symbol, whether it was concerned Microsoft has an assembly line? I care about Microsoft or any other third wave companies have no property? I do not care. My concern is that companies in the third wave of people who care about their minds. In the third wave of the staff of the company's plenty of head knowledge to symbolic form of knowledge. They represent a kind of super-symbolic economy.This kind of economy and former economy differs in that it can share. You can use the knowledge that I have used. You cannot use the same piece of land, you cannot use the same assembly line, but you can use the same knowledge. If we can use this knowledge in a creative way, we can even create more knowledge. This is the globalization of the economy of fundamental change.


3000 years ago in Asia, I believe Rice is the money, if not for an exchange, you can also eat it thing. Emergence of the industrial revolution can eat from the money that can be used to convert the currency. In the old economic system, the value of rice by the weight of the decision, but for notes, the value of the printed text in the above decision. Now we are more and more e-currency. Not our everyday use of small denomination notes, I mean credit cards, transaction cards are becoming electronic. We use a principle to describe this, it is becoming the currency of information, information is being monetized.We are aware that the information has a monetary value to be monetized, we will monetary system information. With the computer and communications systems for the construction of a new information base of progress, "home" will become possible. 20 years ago, in the third wave "when we talk about electronic delivery of University, at the New York Times story, a story that my works are nonsense," home "never occurs. But after 20 years, we do work at home, anywhere can work.


Second, to predict the economy will experience service economy. .


Toffler said, I am the future impact of this book is to build on experience and on the basis of the economic and psychological. In fact, we now can see me in the future impact of the description of the experience economy. For example, let's look at the movie to get some experience, we engage in tourism, and computer games are in order to get some experience. In the traditional economy, we went to the mall to buy something. But now, the shopping center in purposeful, consciously give customers a very memorable, enjoyable experience. In a few years ago, I experienced in Malaysia can be a good illustration of this point. I drove through a low building, outside the house, behind a long team. Most are young, often pair went. I asked the guide why they line up inside. Guide says: If you go in the future, you can experience snow. Because Malaysia is a tropical, never snow. Similarly, you go to Disneyland, it gives you a wide range of experience.My future shock ", referring to the experience economy, in other words, the service economy in the next step is to move towards the experience economy, businesses will experience by providing such services, but it also does not fall within the scope of the fourth wave.


Predicted 3 Next biotechnology and information technology will be integrated. .


Third wave to the next step will be concentrated in the biological, genetic and other biological areas, would be a "man-machine world". This week, scientists announced that invented a DNA code based on the computer. Prior to that, are changes in the information technology, biotechnology, biotechnology today, it is better to change the information science and technology. According to the latest news, last week the Israeli scientists invented the computer based on DNA technologies, a very small cell organization can store hundreds of millions of dollars of information, but the accuracy rate of 99% of .8. The future, so the computer can take on human cells the role of a monitor to observe whether the lesion within the body, and propose a treatment plan, so that doctors prescribe the right medicine. .


So I said the third wave has two stages, the first phase is the digital stage, the second stage is the biology and information technology integration phase. These are the third wave of the components of the fourth wave will appear after that.


Predicted four. .


The fourth wave of human migration space.


In the fourth wave of humanity began to move more and more serious consideration to other worlds in the universe and, in some planet flourish. I founded Toffler company is currently working with NASA to undertake a joint research, space biology major study. Through the space station to understand the biological changes of the above. We often wonder: some things look weird, by common sense that life could not exist in some places, but we found a life. As in very, very deep trench where a lot of pressure, but we found a microbe. Under the sea in the Arctic Circle, also found that the existence of life.Our research group is studying the life (not just referring to humanity) on Mars, there might exist? currently, the company is headed by a Nobel Laureate, the group is engaged in research in this field.


In the universe, because gravity is extremely small, the pressure cells are small, very beneficial to make cell experiments, this result produces medical experiments on Earth are not identical. In other words, the ground can be done in heaven can not do. .


MUI Shaohua.


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Toffler: post-WTO China to expand domestic demand.


American futurist, "The Third Wave," Alvin Toffler interview with Chinese reporters in Beijing, said that after WTO accession for China to seize the opportunity to further expand domestic demand, get rid of dependence on exports. .


Toffler said: "China's accession to the timing is so unique, it is in China, after the completion of the foreign trade for more than 20 years. During this period, the global trade is very important. But now, regardless of the import or export, already approaching the peak capacity, won't have much of as. ” 。.


Toffler said that China's WTO accession must seize this good opportunity to enlarge and strengthen the domestic market, rather than rely on exports to develop its economy. .


Toffler very praised China's leaders believe they "cautiously introduced significant change, but at the same time ensuring social stability".


Toffler also pointed out that there are about seven hundred million to 900 million peasants live in is the "first wave" of the world, that still remains in the agricultural community, only 10 million people entered the main characteristics of knowledge-based economy, "the first three waves. " .


Toffler expressed the belief that in the next 10 years, China has entered the "third wave" of the people will be more and more. The key is how to use the "third wave" of outcomes such as gene technology, broadband technology to drive the "first wave" leaping development, improving poor and backward regions as soon as possible. He said: "these are the Chinese the enormous potential of expanding domestic demand. ” 。.


Toffler said that a society is to develop, we must encourage innovation, while reducing the risk of failure. "Do that does not require copying the U.S. political system, because the situations in different countries, the United States, the standard is not the only, nor is it the best." .


This is China Netcom Toffler invitation to attend a broadband industry as the main theme of the seminar.


Xinhua News Agency, November 27, 2001. .


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"The Third Wave," Toffler talked about the Internet economy. .


Www. .com .cn .ccw../computer world daily.


October 17, is carrying his wife travel around the world, "The Third Wave," the author of famous American futurist Alvin - Mr. Toffler "visit" to China, at the International Trade of Sparkice Internet cafe with a few members of the Chinese Internet sector face to face communication, understanding of China's network of tide is surging. Presence of a few CEO is: Sparkice's had strong that, when the online bookstore of Yu Yu, China Netcom's Edward Tian and SouFun's Mo Tianquan and e-finet. . Com, I just.Also in the Internet Cafe, a few months ago, US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright to during his short visit, specially about the development of the Internet. Thus, in a sense, this is a 100 m network Cafe has become a big-time foreigners who visit China's Internet industry development status of a window.


In 1983, a book entitled "The Third Wave", the book hit the Chinese, as that of the young of the required readings. A book influenced a whole generation that argument, the "third wave" is no exaggeration. Sparkice President Zeng Qiang, told reporters: "Many of today's leader in the Chinese Internet sector, the year both by the impact of Toffler's book. Therefore, in this sense, is a behind when Toffler Father of China's Internet development. "China Netcom CEO Edward Tian has been very emotionally said:" Imagine that I actually own this year accidentally met the most admired people."He said, in 1983, he was still in College, when he saw on television under the third wave of filming documentaries, heart felt pangs of passion, resulting in information technology in the future the impulse.


In the exchange process, the CEO of China's few first times they were before the 70-year-old older Americans say that they then in his "third wave" has grown up under the influence. .


Toffler in his "third wave" and a series of books, his wave theory, although human history very broadly reflecting, but can also be divided into several stages, forming the basis of his "third wave" concept: first wave from about a.d. 10000 years ago, people first sow began cultivating the crops, mankind has entered the agricultural age, their epoch-making significance to humans from out of nomadic life, settled people's life span, began the development of towns and their own culture. The second wave began in the 18th century, people to the industrial revolution as an opportunity to leave the farm, flock to cities looking for factory life. The third wave is another big change human thought, this is what we call the "information age", information technology, and social needs of a strong driving force for its development, the whole world together, people will break the boundaries and seek cooperation. .


The following is a journalist for an interview with Mr. Toffler.


China in the next 5 to 10 years, changes will not only affect China, but also affect the entire world. .


Reporter: When did you begin to pay attention to China's information industry?.


Toffler: My "The Third Wave" is a long time ago to write about in 1983. From then on I was very concerned about the development of China's information industry. My book is not only in China, is also very popular in other countries, my wife and I after that, traveling the world to help people understand it, and pay attention to it so that people understand that IT industry is a thriving industry, it is not only a technical change, but also the economic, social structure and cultural change, it is a new way of life, representatives of a new life.Technology, culture, social structures are interrelated, this change is not only belong to the West, the only part of the United States, it belongs to the world, now the world many regions and cities are gradually repeated and restore this mode.


On the technology, we not only speak to manufacture chips, to create a computer is more important is the whole of society to promote this technology to change people's lives. Sparkice is one of them is to create a new way of life. .


Reporter: your trip to China for what purpose?.


Toffler: I am the principal is subject to the invitation of the Secretary of the U.S. NAVY, first came to China in 1983, when friends and Chinese Academy of Social Sciences to discuss development of information technology, with the change, this time back to China development so that we can see that this is a very exciting topic, see Sparkice is in the development of information technology, was very pleased. Secretary-General of the State Planning Commission of the Trades and told me there were 900 million people in the first wave of the industry, our urban population is about 2. .5 To 300 million. 2 years ago he told me that there are about 1,000 people engaged in the work of the third wave。 The third wave of people is using the computer to use information technology to a new economic zone to China at that time, I also think he is exaggerated, but now I understand that China's netizens have 18 million, while net cafe is to provide them with a condition, use the Internet to change their lives.


China is undergoing a historic change, it makes a change in the lives of the Chinese people, then Chinese leaders hope that the Chinese directly across from the first wave to the third, the United States is from agriculture, industrialization development of information technology, and China an opportunity to cross the second wave, directly to third wave. Many countries believe that if major changes occur, then society will become unstable. China in the next 5 to 10 years, changes will not only affect China, but also affect the entire world, will change the relationship between China and the West. .


China from the first wave of the span to the third wave, lies in education.


Reporter: You mentioned one can leap from the first wave to the third, such a change in China is not very realistic? . .


Toffler: China has 9 million peasants, making them directly from the first wave of leap into the third wave is very difficult to achieve, you need a transitional period, to see if they have a good education. Now you can leverage information technology to enable them to be educated, it is not necessary to go into the second wave of many schools, because it can reach every corner of the country. You can span technique, but you cannot span education.


Every country in the world experiencing the same problems, such as the basic problems of life such as food, water, energy supply. Key to see whether the funds used in high regard, whether willing to invest in education. For example, there are many farmers in Mexico, of course not so many in China, but also in the second and third wave, if they are willing to put money in high technology and education with the above, across from the first wave to the third wave is possible. I have had a point of view, our community will be divided into two levels, one above the very rich in technology, a technology that is above the very poor.I believe that the new technology is the eradication of poverty is the most powerful weapon.


From the stock rise and fall to understand the new economy is wrong, we are in the beginning of change. .


Reporter: in the previous period, the u.s. NASDAQ stocks fell in the series, just last week, u.s. technology stocks and set a five-month low, many people start on the network is not optimistic about the economy, then how do you think?.


In the U.S. stock market, many people see the IT industry, the stock fell, they would think that IT industry is over, which is in fact committed a grave error. Now about 20 billion chips, more than 100 billion spread to the world of semiconductors, such as the spread of their stock rise and fall trend to see these shares rise and fall to understand the new economy is wrong, we just Offices the beginning of change in information, computer technology and biology are being combined. To the present, the development of computer technology in a direct impact on biotechnology, bio-engineering to turn to the future impact of computer technology.We are at the beginning of the change.


From the economic point of view, I had not thought of the Internet economy can have such a great value. IT industry, many transactions can reduce the costs, so it has significant impact on the economy, yes a kind of high added value of tools, whether one is to use it, Li Shi will prove all of the. .


At the turning point of great change, don't expect a calm, can only be signalled the waves. The industrial revolution, there were a lot of people fail, but also the industrial revolution was successful, but does not fail but is a success.


In China, we must uphold the confidence at any time. Some people want to change, some people do not change, which resulted in conflicts between. Old and new ideas of the struggle against social, economic, and cultural aspects of the conflict. We should have the confidence, not only to change, but also innovative in the change. Some conflict is positive progress, some violence, discord, our responsibility is to support those good, stop those bad. .


The network will become a powerful economic driving force.


Reporter: You said that your confidence in the network economy, but now the majority of Internet companies losing money, then your confidence come from? . .


Toffler: in fact we are now at a very early stage, we are not able to predict how to make money on the Internet, we just invented it. It's like in the past has just invented textile machines, many textile factory was also not make money, because they do not know how to use new technologies.


I can not tell you when Internet companies can make money, this is a basic project information on the issue, and now the infrastructure is not perfect, the public has not completely from the cultural acceptance of this new technology. We are also constantly testing different business models, keep trying in the doing, there's things that the network company failures is very natural, but at the same time, the new company will be better after the superseding the old camel production, particularly young people, they will do better. At present, the whole information industry is not in a very mature stage, therefore, failure and success will naturally accompanied.With the infrastructure continues to improve, as more people become familiar with the network, more professionals will have more experience, know how to do that after repeated failed, they will learn a lot of ways to reduce risk, and thus more successful. In my opinion, this may take a few years, but the network will become a powerful driving force of the economy.


Internet companies are a lot of money in public relations, marketing spend, spend connect buyers and sellers above, with plenty of money to make people aware of their existence. Now many Internet companies into a zone, they do not have a perfect business to profitability, but to find ways to make their listings. This aim to investors gradually lost confidence in them, thus not new investment. However, like Amazon, Yahoo and some Internet companies are particularly optimistic, they do not worry about whether the current earnings, they value the long-term effects.The automotive industry has just appeared, many automobile manufacturers are, then there are many companies go bankrupt, leaving a few big. This is also a question of infrastructure, initially we didn't have enough roads for cars to drive, not many people know how to drive a car, or even no place to go, so it can cause a lot of car manufacturers. But we've all seen the ultimate in automotive industry, so many years of wind and rain to survive and become a very important pillar industries. The same story appeared in the first auto industry job losses, investors money in vain, and now repeating itself with the network company. .


China will become an information industry the most developed countries.


Reporter: Do you know what people in China's network? . .


Toffler: tonight's dinner with them.


Reporter: Why are you so concerned about China? . .


Toffler: because there are 12 million people in China, while China's development throughout the world have the very tremendous influence. I and his wife is to travel around the world, many countries, but I think that China's impact is immeasurable. At present, the world's most unstable state, China and the United States will prevent global turmoil has played a huge role.


Reporter: You have said that China is now in the third wave of the most critical moment, then, in the increasingly fierce competition among global information technology, China will be in what kind of position? . .


Toffler: China will become an information industry the most developed countries. Now the Chinese, the most important thing is not to focus on the production of computer stuff, but how to use network technologies to do business, to earn more money.


In China, government leaders on the importance of information the government much more than in other countries. We have to take into account, China has 900 million farmers a basic national conditions, how information technology is a very interesting topic. There are many ideas that in the future of China can not consider things before, because many people do not solve the problem of food and clothing. I think the network is an important tool to eliminate poverty in China. As long as China has shifted people's ideas, then to the network to address poverty, the day is very near. .


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Analysis of Experience Economy - and Toffler Toward IT (on). .


2001-12-08 15: 08 jiangqiping.


Although the meaning is still not clear, the concept of user is also mostly what they want for our use, do not want to get to the bottom of its connotation and extension, "to refer to" "within the meaning of" but now "experience economy" has to say is already established beyond doubt that became popular, and in the mainstream of IT companies there, it became trying to achieve their low point in 2001, the common aspirations of gold, it was all theory, therefore seek the highest achievements - "theoretical guidance practice ": In the Dell" customer experience: take it, "Microsoft is Windows XP, the HP is the" overall customer experience, "Lenovo is a" comprehensive customer-oriented "。　　 。.


We have used the standard tit for tat between the various manufacturers battle and fight hard to compete with the products, but this time, when it comes to vague experience economy, the first camp manufacturer of IT direction and depth of thought is is rare in unison. No clear concept of the practice did not affect them, but rather the forefront of IT companies in the market constantly changes and warfare experience to enrich the connotation of the economy. .


. .


All of this simply reflects the current in the proposition that the imbroglio with academic, commercial, industrial and technical aspects of chaos. The speaker may not be visible, not the listener, the experience economy practitioners also may not necessarily go to clear and comprehensive, but this is not a problem, precisely because it feels, open and transparent communication and discussion is particularly necessary. For confusion in the it sector, to the third wave of the world and verbalization of Chiapas arrived in Beijing at the end of November by Toffler, seems to be that we need to find the best discussion objects and frames of reference:.


　　他最早提出了信息社会的概念，他的思想体系对于国人来说相对熟悉——这就意味着他的优点和缺点同样清晰；他来自一个“体验经济”体现得最为充分的一个经济体，而他多年来又对此保持了足够敏感的关注和思考——这意味着我们可以听到有关“体验经济”的现场说法，而不是“英译中”的失真或不同中文版本的以讹传讹；信息技术的发展和IT厂商在第一线的实践已经在某种层次上，从某个角度突破了这位老人的思想框架——这意味着双方之间差距的存在，而差距也正是所有讨论的起点。.


A rash or a matter of course? . .


In the light of the experience economy is still very unclear, IT borders on the subject of "warm" attitude naturally sparked speculation that our problems are the resulting: 2001 market downturn of shows or the industry change direction? even in the direction of the stride is also reflects the mentality of the manufacturers were Todd? we need to verify.


Coincidentally, the major manufacturers in 2001, is surprisingly consistent with the direction of change: customer focus, the pursuit of customer experience. With vague the "experience economy" in the IT sector has been the most clear and warmest support and response, in addition to product characteristics, production processes and enterprise structure, from top to bottom great effort Yi Wai, who self-confidence of manufacturers and even Zhijiejinru the experience economy the core of the entertainment industry. .


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Qian Comment on "The Third Wave." .


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"The Third Wave" could not save the life of the capitalist system, but one that's emerging technologies, the development of productive forces in China indeed of great significance. .


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World Economic Herald, July 19, 1982. .


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. .


Beijing, according to a Chinese scientist Qian xuesen recently in a report that was felt in foreign countries: Science and technology are there is a large reform, the so-called "third wave", you can change the fate of capitalism and imperialism, addressing economic stagnation, inflation, unemployment rose by the capitalist system, such as the crisis. From the Marxist standpoint. These arguments are completely wrong.


"The Third Wave" is to make the United States, Toffler, he published a book this name, is quite popular in the West. My "reading" magazine in 1981 11 and 12 had Excerpt published, can be read. .


Toffler to human history began development of agriculture, the establishment of the feudal system known as the "first wave", the industrial revolution, the establishment of the capitalist system is known as the "second wave", the "third wave". He believes that the current Western particularly the United States, was conducting a "new": the computer revolution speed of development and expansion of the scope of the amazing, will enable the rapid changes in the whole life; agriculture will not be required to grow plants with soil. Production of the whole process can be completed with machinery in the factory. And can yield ten to fifteen times; biology of genes and genetic transformation is already happening, the next 20 years to 50 years, can come up with a different quality and types of people, and so on. Toffler that these are the "third wave", it will change all the United States and the world, affect the development of human history. . .


Nothing new.


Qian said that Toffler's "third wave", the actual meaning is: the "second wave" developed capitalist system has come to an end, and longer development does not go on, and now from a scientific technology found in the "exit", science and technology can save the capitalist system life. They also believe that Marxism has been ineffective, and outdated. Because Marxism is the "second wave" appeared, Marx did not see "The Third Wave." In fact, these tunes are not new. Marxism was born a hundred years.Many people sing the words now, just change it.


Qian stressed that, in our view, affect human and social development of the most fundamental thing is the development of productive forces, which drive changes in the relations of production, and finally the economic base changed, the superstructure should be changed. The old social system hindered the development of productive forces, there are insurmountable contradictions, so there must be revolution. This is a truth of Marxism, has not changed. Today, the meaning of social capital, the contradiction is caused by the system, relying on scientific and technological development, is no life can save. They also said the two hegemonic struggle, who mastered the new technology will be able to beat each other, and this is simply wrong.New science and technology will only aggravate the struggle for hegemony of two PA. Cannot be said that the new technology will be able to decide the outcome.


. .


Available without a dereliction of duty.


Qian stressed that not mean that we can not pay attention to scientific and technological development, in China's socialist modernization, and must not see that many of the emerging world of new science and technology development. Toffler on "The Third Wave," a book that the computer, aerospace industry, ocean development, genetic engineering and other emerging technologies, the development of productive forces in China does have a very great significance. We should study how to fully exploit these new technologies, speed up and effectively to achieve China's modernization drive. In the long run, this is a very important issue.Qian xuesen said, we are now building in China, the Chinese Communist Party came under the leadership of the Socialist road, people all over the world are looking at us. After some years, for example, in the middle of the 21st century, the centenary of the founding of the, if we built in socialist China, productivity is also very backward, per capita than the well-House not much better (and comfortable house of productivity, capitalist countries reached a), the world's people will blame us, that we didn't do a good job, let their expectations. So we have to use modern science and technology come to arm yourself, that is the relationship between the State and the nation's destiny. In the development plan, considering the time envisaged. Should see a broader number, see the leading method of modern science and technology within the new development. Of course, we can not just copy what other countries, but nothing at all to consider new science and technology, which can be used to use we do not use, then we would be remiss. . .


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"The Third Wave," Toffler: I have full confidence in the Internet economy. .


Text/photo by Victor strong.


■ Toffler and CEO of China Internet Network Cafe meet on Oct. 17, is carrying his wife traveled the world's "third wave" of the author, well-known U.S. futurist Alvin Toffler, President "Tour" to China, network at the International Trade of Sparkice cafe and several Chinese networking professionals face to face communication, understanding networks in China is surging tide. Presence of a few CEO is: Sparkice's had strong that, when the online bookstore of Yu Yu, China Netcom's Edward Tian and SouFun's Mo Tianquan and e-finet. com, I just.Also in the Internet Cafe, a few months ago, US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright to during his short visit, specially about the development of the Internet. Thus, in a sense, this is a 100 m network Cafe has become a big-time foreigners who visit China's Internet industry development status of a window.


In 1983, a book entitled "The Third Wave", the book hit the Chinese, as that of the young of the required readings. A book influenced a whole generation that argument, the "third wave" is no exaggeration. Sparkice President Zeng Qiang, told reporters: "Many of today's leader in the Chinese Internet sector, the year both by the impact of Toffler's book. Therefore, in this sense, is a behind when Toffler Father of China's Internet development. "China Netcom CEO Edward Tian has been very emotionally said:" Imagine that I actually own this year accidentally met the most admired people."He said, in 1983, he was still in College, when he saw on television under the third wave of filming documentaries, heart felt pangs of passion, resulting in information technology in the future. In the communication process, the Chinese CEOs who lavished on them before the 70-year-old American man, who was in his "third wave" of grown up under the influence.


Toffler, in his "The Third Wave" and a series of books, he described the wave theory, although the human history is very complicated and unorganized, but generally can be divided into several stages as a basis for the formation of his The "Three Waves" concept: the first wave of production in about AD 10 000 years ago, from the first time, sow the seeds, cultivate crops, humans entered the agricultural era, the epoch-making significance of the human from out of nomadic and settled the scope of the lives of people living down in towns and started to develop their own culture.The second wave began in the 18th century, people in the industrial revolution as an opportunity to leave the farm in the big cities in search of factory life. The third wave is the thought of another revolution, this is what we call the "information age", information technology, and society needs to become a powerful impetus to the development of it, the whole world into one, it will break the boundaries and seek cooperation. The following is a journalist for an interview with Mr. Toffler.


■ China in the next 5 to 10 years, changes will not only affect China, but also affect the entire world Reporter: When did you begin to pay attention to China's information industry? . .


Toffler: I's "third wave" was written long ago, in 1983. From then on I was very concerned about the development of China's information industry. I have this book not only in China, in other countries too, I and my wife after that, around the world, to help people understand it, paying attention to it so that people know the IT industry is a thriving industry, it is not only a technical changes, but also to economic, social structure and cultural change, it is a new way of life, a new life. Technology, culture, social structure are interrelated, that change is not only part of the West, it not only belongs to the United States, it belongs to the world, and now many regions and cities around the world are gradually duplication and to restore this mode . .


With regard to technology, we manufacture not only talk, to create a computer chip, which is more important to the whole of society to promote this kind of technology to change people's lives. PEC is opened, the creation of new ways of life player.


Reporter: Do you come to China this time What is the purpose? . .


Toffler: I this time mainly due to the Secretary of the u.s. NAVY's invitation to come to China for the first time in 1983, and CASS friends come together to discuss developments in information technology, change, this time back to China's development so that we can see that this is a very exciting topics, see the PEC is precisely in the development of open information technology, and am very happy. The State Development Planning Commission of Zheng xinli Secretary-General told me that there were 9 billion people in the first wave of the industry, our city has a population of approximately 3 billion 2.5 to. 2 years ago, he told me that China is about 10 million people in the third wave. The third wave of people is to use the computer use of information technology to the new economy to China, then I think he was exaggerating, but now I know that China has 18 million Internet users, the network was to provide cafe a condition, using the Internet to change their lives, that China is undergoing a historic change, it makes a change in the lives of the Chinese people, then Chinese leaders hope that the Chinese directly across from the first wave to the third, the United States is agriculture, industrialization to the development of information technology, while China has an opportunity to cross the second wave, directly into the third wave.In many countries was that, if significant changes occur, it would make the community to become unstable. China in the next five to 10 years of change, not only China, but also affects the entire world will change the relationship between China and the West.


■ China's ability to cross from the first wave to third wave, the key lies in education reporter: You just mentioned one can leap from the first wave to the third, such a change in China is not very realistic? . .


Toffler: China has 9 million peasants, making them directly from the first wave of leap into the third wave is very difficult to achieve, you need a transitional period, to see if they have a good education. Now you can leverage information technology to enable them to be educated, it is not necessary to go into the second wave of many schools, because it can reach every corner of the country. You can span technique, but you cannot span education. Every country in the world are experiencing the same issues, such as the fundamental questions of life such as food, water and energy supply. Key to see whether the investment in high-tech aspects, is willing to invest in education. For example, there are many farmers in Mexico, of course not so many in China, but also in the second and third wave, if they are willing to put money in high technology and education with the above, across from the first wave to the third wave is possible. I have had a point of view, our community will be divided into two levels, one above the very rich in technology, a technology that is above the very poor. I believe that the new technology is the eradication of poverty, the most powerful weapons. .


■ From the stock market to understand the new economy is bad, we are at the beginning of change: that u.s. NASDAQ stocks fell in the series, just last week, u.s. technology stocks and set a five-month low, many people start on the network is not optimistic about the economy, then how do you see? in the u.s. stock market, many people see IT industry stocks declined, they would think it over, that fact has made a big mistake. Now about 20 billion chips, more than 100 billion spread to the world of semiconductors, such as the spread of their stock rise and fall trend to see these shares rise and fall to understand the new economy is wrong, we just Offices the beginning of change in information, computer technology and biology are being combined. To the present, the development of computer technology in a direct impact on biotechnology, bio-engineering to turn to the future impact of computer technology. We are at the beginning of change. .


From an economic point of view, I had no idea that the Internet is economically have such a great value.


IT industry, many transactions can reduce the costs, so it has significant impact on the economy, yes a kind of high added value of tools, whether one is to use it, Li Shi will prove all of the. The turning point in the great change, do not expect a peaceful transition, can only be overwhelming. Industrial revolution is the case, then many people fail, it was also successful, but the industrial revolution did not fail but to succeed. .


In China, we at all times to adhere to the faith. Some people want change, some people do not change, it came across. The struggle between new and old ideas, social, economic, and cultural aspects of the conflict. We should have the confidence to not only change, but also in changes in the innovation. Some conflicts are positive progress, some violence and discord, our responsibility is to support the good, the Suppression of those who are not good. ■ Network will become a powerful economic driving forces Reporter: you said that you have full confidence in the Internet economy, but now most of the network company losing money, then your confidence comes from? . .


Toffler: in fact we are now at a very early stage, we are not able to predict how to make money on the Internet, we just invented it. It's like in the past has just invented textile machines, many textile factory was also not make money, because they do not know how to use new technologies. I can't tell you what time the network company is able to make money, this is an information infrastructure engineering problems, now the infrastructure is not perfect, and the public from culturally and did not fully accept this new technology. We are also constantly testing different business models, keep trying in the doing, there's things that the network company failures is very natural, but at the same time, the new company will be better after the superseding the old camel production, particularly young people, they will do better. At present, the whole information industry is not in a very mature stage, therefore, failure and success will naturally accompanied. With the constant improvement of basic infrastructure, people familiar with the Internet as more and more professionals would be more Jing Yan, know how to do, in a time of failures, and reduce the risk that they will learn many ways to more some success.In my opinion, this may take a few years, but the network will become a powerful driving force of the economy.


Internet companies are a lot of money in public relations, marketing spend, spend connect buyers and sellers above, with plenty of money to make people aware of their existence. Now many Internet companies into a zone, they do not have a perfect business to profitability, but to find ways to make their listings. This aim to investors gradually lost confidence in them, thus not new investment. However, like Amazon, Yahoo and some Internet companies are particularly optimistic, they do not worry about whether the current earnings, they value the long-term effects.The automotive industry has just appeared, many automobile manufacturers are, then there are many companies go bankrupt, leaving a few big. This is also a question of infrastructure, initially we didn't have enough roads for cars to drive, not many people know how to drive a car, or even no place to go, so it can cause a lot of car manufacturers. But we've all seen the ultimate in automotive industry, so many years of wind and rain to survive and become a very important pillar industries. The same story appeared in the first auto industry job losses, investors money in vain, and now repeating itself with the network company. ■ China will become an information industry's most developed countries: China, you know what network people? Toffler: That is dinner tonight with these people. .


Reporter: why are you so concerned about China?.


Toffler: Because China has 1.2 billion people, China's development has great influence over the world. My wife and I are traveling the world and take a lot of countries, but I feel that China's influence is immeasurable. Currently, there is a great instability, China and the United States will play in the prevention of global turmoil huge role. Reporter: You have said that China is now in the third wave of the most critical moment, then, in the increasingly fierce competition among global information technology, China will be in what kind of position? . .


Toffler: China will become an information industry the most developed countries. Now the Chinese, the most important thing is not to focus on the production of computer stuff, but how to use network technologies to do business, to earn more money.


In China, government leaders on the importance of information the government much more than in other countries. We have to take into account, China has 900 million farmers a basic national conditions, how information technology is a very interesting topic. There are many ideas that in the future of China can not consider things before, because many people do not solve the problem of food and clothing. I think the network is an important tool to eliminate poverty in China. As long as China has shifted people's ideas, then to the network to address poverty, the day is very near. .


(Thanks to Miss Wendy gracious assistance).


"Beijing Youth Daily," October 20, 2000. .


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"The Third Wave,": Broadband should be a "gambling." .


(Ccidnet 27 November 2001 08: 43).


IDG As the Internet bubble burst, had been placed a lot of people expected, "Broadband" Recently in the overseas capital markets is also known as the "curse" of the object, but the 26 gathered at the China World Hotel Beijing has reason to believe that the elite from various quarters, the prospect of broadband industry in China is still bright, especially in "third wave" of the famous scholar Alvin Toffler's optimistic about the future attitude of the most exciting. .


According to the Beijing Youth daily reported that in a "sponsored by Netcom broadband industry prosperity" as the theme of CNC WORLD2001 meeting, the President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lu Yong Shyang Toffler, China Construction Bank xuebing and Peking University Professor Zhou qiren gathered together for China's broadband industry. Out of curiosity, Toffler can accommodate up to 1000 people packed the Conference scene, although with a Chair, there were forced to stand to listen to the lecture.


Toffler in his speech that, the system internal structure of today's society more and more complex, and when one based on "unity" of the great system of the transition to a highly complex system, you need a lot of information exchange, which makes transmission of the broadband highlight the needs. As for the prospects of China's broadband industry, Toffler believes that China's broadband situation is encouraging, if seized the opportunity to develop, it is likely not through the "second wave" of industrial transition, jump directly to the information society "The Third Wave."But China's problems is that we must fundamentally change to adapt to the development of talent in the information age is only a weak scale of millions of dollars.


As Alvin Toffler predicted that over the past 40 years, some - such as the rapid development of the computer, VCR, cable TV appearance, "home office", "order", "outsourcing", "franchise" in the form and now fulfilled one by one wave of corporate restructuring, he now China's broadband industry is clearly optimistic predictions greatly infected with the participants. .


Called himself a "too depleted aifu" bankers ' Bank of China building xuebing subsequently spoke as the so-called "new economy" bubbles burst, the focus on return and investment security of commercial broadband indifference is not difficult to understand, but Todd's lecture, allow yourself to enhance the understanding of this emerging industry and construction Bank will in this area to increase cooperation with operators, as well as business use broadband efforts.


Professor Zhou Qiren said that although the future direction of the broadband industry is still great uncertainty, but the entire Internet industry over the past few years, from the capital markets to finance hundreds of billions of dollars, it will not drop indexes disappeared, but the books by myself, will it out on to, from this point of view, should also be "gambling" 1. .


Fierce Japanese intelligence strategy.


In order to obtain the greatest political, economic, and military interests, the Japanese before action is taken have carried out a major, careful information gathering, Tebie strategic intelligence gathering. Their four vicious strategy are as follows:. .


(1) public legal strategy. In fact, Japanese envoys were gathering all of the State in which the intelligence mission. Japan is the Japanese embassies and local intelligence activity centre. Envoys to newspapers, magazines, television, radio and other public channels to search for the required information. In fact, through an open channel for the collection of information is not illegal, the world has done.


(2) espionage strategy used. Japanese countries in the world of spying and particularly in China. Japan has always been between the lines in China has several advantages: a) look like Chinese people, so easy to guard people, foreigners allowed to enter the restricted area they are easy to mix into. b) many Japanese can speak Chinese, lived in China for a long time, China's local customs fully understand. And people in exchange, it is easy to pass a few glasses of wine so that no defenses for the people dig chest child. c) the Japanese words gentle, mannered performance, it is easy to feel good.I am in Dalian travel, often seen in Japanese "ぅ め ん", meaning hand-pulled noodles, but also to read "grace" of lamech, asked whether there was a lot of Japanese people here, the locals are but said the Japanese people are very nice and polite. It is precisely these deadly to your guy with a camera, shooting everywhere around surveying our confidential. Could it be that my compatriots forgotten history of Northeast China, forget China once behind Japan, the Japanese are plundering the Chinese lesson? do we really want to use Chinese mother warm bosom again milk Japanese Wolf: a look newborn?.


l 1894 年 7 months, the Japanese spies were posing as the Chinese side Kotaro several people who risked proved "Chen-yuan," etc. No. 14 Qing warships bound for a specific date for North Korea, made the Japanese Navy to focus its combined fleet to intercept and destroy the northern Yellow Sea fleet, captured the sea, and eventually won. .


L in 1938, the Japanese Spy Chief, Kenji dohihara successfully put a spy into Chiang Kai-shek's attendants, steal our a lot of secrets. Even the Chiang Kai-shek of the Chinese Central Bank's senior officials also bought Huang, Kenji dohihara knows the importance of "China's Yangtze River to the sea park in Japanese warships," on the top secret, thereby allowing the Japanese Navy to escape a heavy blow.


l predatory squeeze in Taiwan, Japan's colonial rule, the use of spies to find out how much anti-Japanese elements in the activities? Thus these were not satisfied with the bloody suppression of Taiwan compatriots? Too numerous to record ah! . .


(3) uses the traitor strategy. Chinese General says renegade as traitors. There is the famous traitors Wang Jingwei, Kawashima, etc. 1928 nianfang child this scum spying to return to the specific ' Zhang zuolin course and schedule, resulting in the train station after huanggu, dissatisfied with the Japanese people were killed by the Japanese Zhang zuolin. Traitor why Japanese like? because they are more than Japan understand their compatriots, who will deal with, and being more aggressive, without the Japanese took the trouble. Most importantly, recruitment of collaborators is very easy money / wages / investment, a little color, a house, a little threat, or a few compliments on the line. Proof: We have a lot of corrupt countries, corruption and lust that they can win fame, of course, be taken as a traitor. You did not say Hari family consciously or unconsciously, a traitor to the Japanese when the dog leg right? . .


(4) use of people's war strategy. When Japan played the intelligence of our people's war, our people are clueless, also requested the Japanese "friends" Hu eat Hesse! This is the most frightening strategic ah! Do not you be able to be seen smiling from the Japanese despise it? They clearly say: "You will eat, Chinese pigs, you will keep up appearances! Spectrum was placed higher, the more you face? The more satisfied your vanity? You the more we happy? You more right? you more qualified to look down on your poor Chinese compatriots? I eat for free eat your Hell, you can account for cheap Chinese, I would more than account for, who told you claiming to be very big,?. " .


Japanese speciality is the "principal survey". It is a lot of intelligence investigations entrusted to nongovernmental organizations, the formation of the so-called public coordination system. The Japanese Government in addition to traveling to send spies to gather intelligence, but also to companies overseas staff, journalists, students, academics and other good identity intelligence gathering. Japanese people like wolves eat people like dogs to incentive is the habit of good habits, because in General, the Japanese currency has intelligence-gathering mission. Japanese people are very consciously to accept the joint Army Navy intelligence studies room Cabinet's question, the top-secret intelligence reporting. For example, such a survey commissioned by the publication of the Japanese cabinet, "the CCP" Cultural Revolution "observation", "Treasure Island dispute," "on the Senkaku Islands (Diaoyu Islands) issues related to the attitude and comments of various countries." Who is said to lead in Jingdezhen porcelain Japanese guests visited the production line, the Japanese production of porcelain better than the Chinese. Strategic intelligence about Japan, read more in-depth understanding of high-Jinhu editor of the "fog of deep intelligence of the Kingdom." .


Japanese people have the good habit of gathering intelligence, the Japanese company. Doing business in China, first, before dinner, friends. Consider taking other people's soft-eat other people's mouths. Consider a gift to someone, they eat Hu Hesse can hold anyone, can do business. Japanese well, but did not eat it. They have to collect your information to understand your strengths and reputation, only began to think it is worthwhile to do a little business with you. The following is a common Japanese companies survey, do not know your company is Japanese, a survey of the right or honest to the people filling up? You use this table surveyed the Japanese company? . .


Work if a habit, but it is positive, it must be good mood every day. However, there will not be a sail divided along to some new changes and try, just like the time and his wife lived always awkward, try one of spots of rain bright feeling.


My work status is also off the mark, happy even when the market is not gratuitous scores Kuangpao themselves 啥 also do not want, like a fool, sometimes extremely heavy burden on their shoulders, I also rock solid, no fire, no hurry, step by step. But always be optimistic attitude to life strong and full of confidence for me. Sometimes feel that they should change themselves to adapt to this changing environment, multi-stage colleagues, but years of work and found that they simply can not be changed.Can only be trampled upon, make money or to try to catch the big head, work is stimulating and confused, but still want to save money, too much good stuff, I could not finish it. Saving all unmarried men may be the first choice, my first choice, there's a little secret and it. I won't say, later, this is the driving force of human survival! I think everyone had a dream, or less. Whether you are married or unmarried, for marriage, for the sake of the children, for cause, for the sake of a better life, in order to House, to relatives, even a little selfish desires. Are happy as long as not too tired. .


The last time on the train, I had a look at 20 years of Nanfang zhoumo (Southern weekend), and later added a Tibet expert, I saved more than 10 years of Foundation, bombarded with them five hours (as a result of a sleeper sleeping only bought two hours, then others, not sleep), find themselves turned to crap, just like I now read lang, and previously seen Nanfang zhoumo (Southern weekend), freedom of speech, freedom of others. The age, learning not to mention the drowning in other people's freedom of expression. This is a train experience at that time, I found the truth.


World Development up to now no philosopher, and they can not explain, and things are not complicated, but more speech, everyone is a window, everyone theorists. But the speech can be enjoyed, as I like, like Lang's point of view, but his remarks do not represent the ruling party always remarks, standing now in the point of view, I do not think about it,. Just enjoy - the world as a mirror. Such a nice feeling. .


Dragon Boat Festival approaching, I wish you and your family will be healthy and happy life.


OL please love your work (Figure). .


2008-06-02 10: 22 source: jingpin.


. .


A job cannot be satisfied, happy work, no matter how hard he tried, never. A lot of evidence: the majority of failed because people don't like to work, not work.


About half a century ago, psychologists have conducted an interesting experiment: the experimental group were divided into three groups, completed a test of very tedious work. Work done, the first group to seriously say to other people how interesting the work. Later tested and found that the first group of people than the other two groups are more like the work. This experiment shows that a generally accepted psychological theory: When people face cognitive contradictions would have a cognitive disorder, disorder will seek to restore balance after.As the experiment described, although work is boring, but I would also like to say how interesting it, slowly they really think that this work is very interesting. From this result, we can get inspiration from this: when you are in you the love of work, the want to accept it, and learn to love it, some day you will really love this job.


In reality, many people are suffering a kind of mentality to face every working day of eight hours, coming to an from work, work, new tasks can push the push, not push the negative just go, not only can not achieve their professional ideals, but also a waste of time. In fact, love their work, have a happy, positive working attitude is priceless. While many of the external conditions is a necessity for our survival, but with good training of people, the more valuable the work embodied in the value of their own, to find happiness. .


There is such a thought-provoking story: a University Library by regular readers have misplaced the books, to this end have to hire some part-time college students to help the administrator will stay on the books go, most of the students think this job was very boring but quickly resigned, only a thin young man thought, the job can be a bit like a detective, looking for cracking the clue? this wonderful idea originally boring working assumption is very lively and attractive, young eyes beaming, briskly into the work.


Although as strange, the first day he only found a few books. But his special interest in work and enthusiasm, soon mastered the skills and experience, increasing the number found. When the young man leave here, librarians were reluctant to leave, I found myself thought: this guy definitely become a major event in the future. Sure enough, years later, he became a well-known big company. .


The story also confirms the Scottish philosopher said one reason: the dream of people who are lucky ... when a person's spirit devoted to work, his body and mind will form a truly harmonious, no matter what a humble labour.


Of course, not every man is born on the work of a certain kind of strong interest, usually hobbies and hard work are often difficult to equate. In most cases, we must actively cultivate interest in work, active, dedicated, only from work happy, and can do impressive work, which stand out in the group. .


Today on a business trip in the car suddenly think of a couple of days ago, watching TV, and always feel that the marriage is now free, you indicate that he has or your male friend (female), professional to see beautiful (handsome) you silly. I really don't know what is the eternal now, it seems that only parents are invariant (sometimes not necessarily).


In fact, I would like to get in the car, the freedom of marriage, not marriage, confusion, and now our young people's desire for early marriage, yet we were bored of the times to bring the social set to the deceived. I would like to learn when I was little, like stamp collecting, swimming, reading, singing, mountain climbing, know that many years later, found that after I fall in love, you never learn anything, it may not fall in love too when I grow up Well, I will also not add any.However, I have lost a lot, but is not to say that I regret, just for one person, this is not worth it, I believe in freedom for the young at heart is a great friendship, is vital to healthy living, beautiful childhood is rich and varied. Two days and two nights without sleep, without you, "" read, "I'm still continue to watch prison break. I've never seen coupes girlfriend, now I romance TV like TV, it seems that, although the know it all is the Director, screenwriter, novelist sat together to engage in the seemingly absurd yet like it so you hurry of the cops. .


Now, I can only say that he has no medicine may, but need to continue, this is the devil time to get your brain stay on lying, keep looking, there is one point because he is too convenient, even if he wanted Kan Maopian , only a moment. Only, it is boring, is repeated far too many do not want that anymore, but there is nothing else to do but to have to this. Now give yourself a requirement is really no fun until you had, the bed, then sleep. This can be such a brain not subject to command and numbness of limbs, but also do not want to change the status quo.Well, it's a good thing die back and find a woman to earn a bit, they don't have to see what movie as long as the couple, a walk, one to each other, doing gymnastics, yoga, morning and evening together with two morning exercises. May happiness is not so well, as long as each other together, no matter how much real money, they are happy, I just graduated, you would also like to say with his girlfriend, earn some money, and then come back and get married. Now think of really stupid, then all I do not know what had become of the work, who are you married, also is to know who and who married!.


Know a lot of truth, is love forever;. .


One of the most terrible is the time to make up for the lack of knowledge.


I love you, I marry you, marry you, marry me. Eventually, very serious with you, not to us, too many good girls do, find one. Keren really strange in this life, why is it so liked slut, so they say that they are cheap, carved this logic is not right! This is clearly a grudge against someone, or to forgive others, reading is really struggling to find his girlfriend that he would ask Mile this, nor is it a pretty ah, ah, or rich parents, I think he is foolish, but he Lu Tao, Xia Ling and his pursuit of love in the analysis of the role of touched me.That kind of love in a party, just like CHEUNG Dor Fook, like Xia Lin do not know why, just that feeling, my boyfriend and I'll go crazy. But two maniacs on first sight. There is also the huazi, really amazing. Love is always nice:.


If I can ever forget you, that there may be a lot of fun, after all, can not easily use a pen to write words, I can not find the heart of the original, easy to erase your sum. .


If you are late in my life, I wouldn't have met you and narrate the past and always, only you meet on the track in mind, that. Sales of the time, began to grow tired of. Because of the long travel, not long ago, and three years and five months of his girlfriend broke up. Do not like it when they graduate. But the idea is also a student in the life of the territory. Never complain about my life and work, I live and work without their own ideas, on the contrary, I'm waiting for an opportunity.


Do not know how to describe my feelings at this time, I direct showing impulsive feeling bored all my friends, and even others feel very vulgar, but I feel normal. Really, the day of sale, know many people, good girl, good dealers, good restaurant owner, a good friend, may also be generated by a particular age specific feelings. I love the people I get along, and we are very good, to work together to work together to worry about, with pay, along with playing eye-happy.This age is too beautiful, lovely people younger than you, 4, 5-year-old, though because of the environmental situation. Era ubiquitous communication, cable, wireless, opposite, know, just to see. Even so, we are still lonely and boring — learn not to happy pain, breathing not sad, depressed, we shared.


The people of this age are, underachievement, satisfied almost, enough to know better also, the dissemination of information overwhelming people instinctively feel that the imbalance in mind, a happy moment was solidified in the twinkling of an eye the gap in sight . Information broaden our horizons, to extend the life of our journey, the feeling of infinite capacity doubled. Coordinate with the times of life, add their own dimension. .


Opposite concept antagonistic groups, independent lives.


Love love love their family life. .


To accept the existence of every day of the acceptance of the work of each point to accept everyone around.


Work for themselves for their pursuit of their own efforts. .


Good night if you are an adult, and. ..


But have not spoken in love. .


Please talk about love;.


If the Warriors just move forward. .


I would love to pursue also has the effect.


In our age of marriage more often a consumer. .


When paying for love, a love of nature, if you are happy.


Loved the people, lost people, will gain an asset, the best combination of human has its own interpretation. .


The pursuit of a better life, as the former England football coach Milu said: "attitude is everything".


At this point, no matter what situation you are, please conviction, courage, concentration of well everything. .


Thank you for visiting!.


I believe everyone is a blog about their own business cards. Everyone needs to share, not just browsing. Sprinkle the seeds of blessings every day, over time, you will no longer just a business card, but all corners of a map. .