[荐] 真正的危机来源于无知 。.
Lang - official website blog - Tencent blog. .
http://blog。.qq。.com/qzone/622004678/1276049644。.htm。.
The crisis itself is not terrible, the worst of the crisis that we underestimate the ignorance and even the most terrible. Crisis, when not everyone fight, but he settled down to think about is not in the past underestimated the crisis, ignorance. Greek crisis, how come? Why is the SEC prosecution of Goldman Sachs? Greek story seems intensified. Quoted in October 2008 to say, the financial tsunami if the United States were slightly injured, seriously injured in Europe, we are worried by China's internal injuries. The operation of the process, we find that financial capital play an important role. .
新帝国主义不是最可怕的，但是我最担心的是对它无知甚至低估，因为它的影响是无远国界。先说希腊危机，你觉得希腊危机只是突发事件吗？不要说这个危机是不是精心策划的阴谋，我把事实讲给你听，你就知道这是阴谋不需要争辩。欧洲这么多国家为什么只有希腊危机？比如一群狼追逐一群猪，首先被吃掉猪就是生病的猪、跑的慢猪。这个猪就是希腊。为什么这么弱势的猪加入欧盟？。.
"Pigs" packaging in mind. .
2001年希腊想加入欧盟，但是他条件不够，因为根据欧盟规定，财政赤字不能包括GDP3%，希腊是5。.2%，又想加入又不达标怎么办？他首先找到华尔街高盛，帮他伪造一下材料，结果经过高盛运作之后，把十亿欧元债务基本上消失，那么这个债务怎么回事？你就会看到所谓华尔街这批精英、所谓新帝国主义他们用何等复杂手段创造出未来发生的危机，就是当是高盛帮助希腊发行一笔融资100亿美元债券，可以收回74欧元。Goldman Sachs to exchange rate adjustments, it becomes 84 euros, just over a billion euros, which is equal to one billion euros in cash, and Goldman Sachs lent book on the Greek equivalent, and your financial statements do not show up alone, billions of euros write off the debt, so the Greek budget deficit is only 0. .7%, So glorious to enter the EU. Will definitely go wrong, what is more frightening? . .
高盛心理非常清楚知道这笔钱可能收不回来，怎么办？就找到德国人购买刚好十亿欧元保险，当然保险非常复杂，它意思就是这意思，只要希腊还不了钱，德国人还。高盛既然这么久之前知道德国必然出事，通过保险把德国拉进来，一切布置妥当就等着金融海啸爆发。因为一定从病猪中出问题。.
Why do I have been talking pig? Because in addition to Greece, there are the Portuguese, Italian, etc., to piece together the English out that pig, so these countries would go wrong. Greece did not enter the EU if there is no problem, how to hoodwink the public into not the result of Goldman Sachs. When the outbreak? Is this on February 8, in New York clubs, the original financial raid by the familiar meeting, including George Soros, there 约翰鲍罗斯, there is another little known people, three of them since the February 8 day, a comprehensive attack euros, as the crisis of Greece on this day.就在这一天把欧元抛空高售，两个礼拜2月23日赌欧元跌超过欧元涨的140倍，就在这一周赌一欧元跌到一美元比例是1/14，而在去年11月这个赌还是1/33，就从这一天开始欧元急速下挫。而在此之前希腊危机发生了，就从这天开始急速下挫。.
So this meeting was very important meeting, we again look 约翰鲍罗斯 between Goldman Sachs and Soros have anything to do with? You remember do not remember how the financial tsunami coming? Financial tsunami came, there was a hedge fund has not lost money, but earned 20 billion U.S. dollars, to the envy of die Soros, to eat with this man gave him a number of calls, you know Who it? His name was 约翰鲍罗斯 is Feb. 8 meeting with people, and the Soros met with the people.金融海啸时期约翰鲍罗斯能赚这么多钱？查一下，原来跟高盛勾结的结果才能赚这么多钱，怎么勾结？又是非常复杂、非常戏剧化版本出来了。That in January 2007 Goldman Sachs already know about the subprime crisis broke out, and this time Goldman Sachs did not disclose this information to investors, but collusion and 约翰鲍尔斯 done it? Engage in a debt fund doing? Singled subordinated bonds, only better than the junk bond debt, and these bonds are in New York, California, Arizona is the place for the housing bubble, the bond rating of BBB, but also in high-risk areas, how many elected ? 123.可是鲍尔斯觉得风险不够大，又从123家挑出63家，这么挑的结果我相信结局是悲惨的，因为他们肯定出问题。挑这么大风险的组合找谁卖呢？当然找高盛去卖，因为高盛最富盛名华尔街同行。.
Goldman began selling, but also sold in Germany. Here you will find it mentioned how complicated this terrible conspiracy to sell the German industrial bank, he was worried to find the insurance Caixing. Goldman Sachs asking many insurance companies to find NCA, by his guarantee that if I pay problems. Germany saw no problem, coupled with very high international reputation NCA to provide insurance, so rest assured the German industrial bank, it will go wrong. Goldman Sachs sold to German industrial bank after it lost gambling. .
约翰鲍罗斯把债券最高的组合通过高盛卖给德国工业银行和荷兰商业银行以后，赌它一定跌。德国工业银行只买了1。.5亿美元的债券，最后金融海啸爆发之即，德国政府为了救这家银行花了135亿，你只买1。.5亿，最后花这么多钱来救。荷兰商业银行也出现危机了，最后被苏格兰皇家银行收购。由于他做套的结果，苏格兰皇家银行赔了8。.4亿，通过大量交易回到约翰鲍罗斯。形成一系列问题就是金融海啸。This is why the SEC investigating him. Because Goldman Sachs, 约翰鲍罗斯 looks as if led by an independent entity, has countless together behind, and these people to the world crisis caused unimaginable, they practice very lack of morality, in order to make money without any fiduciary duty. This is the April 29th thousands of people holding signs protesting the U.S. Wall Street greed, greed on the American people are the problem, while the people of Europe, the Chinese people that crisis. .
最可怕的不是危机而是无知。.
I have read a book on comic Drucker thought of the "Du teacher ignorance", the book impressed me deeply. In fact, every day the world changes so fast updating of knowledge, information, unpredictable, often caused by yesterday's success is precisely the root of this failure can only put down and then lay down, keep learning, questioning, thinking, in order to prevent emergence error. .
而这些故事驱动我写一系列问题，包括产业链阴谋1、2、3，新帝国主义在中国1、2等等，就是希望给大家全新的思维，要学会质疑，更要学会思考。我们这么多年改革开放犯什么错误？我们金融改革都请高盛协作我们做金融改革，最后发现竟然要求我们四大行上市之前把所有坏账剥离，全世界怎么有没有坏账的银行，凭什么我们来做。因为我们不知道危机，这就是我一再讲的对于危机低估和无知。After the bad debt clean and peel the shell to the lowest price to sell Bank of America, to the end of 2007 subprime mortgage crisis, Americans said that because they have been lost, but the CCB they earn 130 billion, I ask you to people that Qian average what is wrong, the listing of China Construction Bank shareholders have nothing to gain it. We ask him to do financial reform, and finally found that Goldman Sachs has to meddle in two, because including many real estate projects. I ask you to enter the mainland from 2001 to the present, I mean things are not all correct. .
当你不了解这个问题的时候，情愿用争议两个字，而不愿意用低估、无知。我可以告诉各位朋友我们可以有不同的概念，但是我们目的都是一样，希望通过东方出版社出版这一系列书，告诉全国老百姓什么叫危机。我觉得最不应该有争议性就是我，因为我过去讲这么多事件一一都发生了。我写书目的就是今天的结论，危机本身不可怕，你只要把危机说透了，你就不会再有危机。Fear is the encounter of this great crisis, you do not know, this person also said the controversial encounter large, this is the most sad! I hope I start a discussion, we should learn about all the people into a crisis after 2010 to see Greece, Goldman Sachs door fraud case, this is how complicated era. I just tell a small part of the other books I have inside. .
我也希望透过这个机会能够提出一个我们过去没有想到过新危机的理念，只要把危机认识清楚了就没有危机了。所以这些目的就是很清楚，那就是透过这一系列的书籍，和各位朋友解释什么才是你需要真正关注的危机？。.
Finally, a photographer works. .
发表时间：2009年07月28日 10:14 。.
This article addresses: http://qzone. . Qq. .com/blog/622002983-1248747264. .
本文标签: 摄影师 棕熊 作品 帐篷 照片。.
If the future use of Windows 7, but the XP-compatible, then the past, see this list. .
桌面CPU(台式机)。.
Core 2 Duo. .
E4300/4400/4500/4600/4700。.
NO. .
E6300/6320/6400/6420/6540/6550。.
YES. .
E6600/6700/6750/6850。.
YES. .
E7200/7300/7400/7500。.
NO. .
E8190。.
NO. .
E8200/8300/8400/8500/8600。.
YES. .
Core 2 Extreme。.
QX6700/6800/6850. .
YES。.
QX9650/9770/9775. .
YES。.
X6800. .
YES。.
Core 2 Quad. .
Q6600/6700。.
YES. .
Q8200/8200S/8300/8400/8400S。.
NO. .
Q9300/9400/9400S。.
YES. .
Q9450/9550/9550S/9650。.
YES. .
Core i7/Core i7 Extreme。.
I7-920/940. .
YES。.
I7-965. .
YES。.
Pentium D / Pentium EE. .
805/820/830/840。.
NO. .
915/925/935/945。.
NO. .
920/930/940/950/960。.
YES. .
955/965。.
YES. .
Pentium for Desktop。.
E2140/2160/2180/2200/2220. .
NO。.
E5200/5300/5400. .
NO。.
E5300/5400 (NEW). .
YES。.
Mobile CPU (notebook). .
Core 2 Duo Mobile。.
L7200/7300/7400/7500. .
YES。.
P7350/7450. .
NO。.
P7370. .
YES。.
P8400/8600/8700/9500/9600. .
YES。.
SL9300/9400/9600. .
YES。.
SP9300/9400/9600. .
YES。.
SU9300/9400/9600. .
YES。.
T5200/5250/5270/5300/5450/5470. .
NO。.
T5500/5600. .
YES。.
T5550/5670/5750/5800/5850/5870/5900. .
NO。.
T6400/6570. .
NO。.
T7100/7200/7250/7300/7400. .
YES。.
T7500/7600/7700/7800. .
YES。.
T8100/8300. .
YES。.
T9300/9400/9500/9550/9600/9800. .
YES。.
U7500/U7600. .
YES。.
Core 2 Extreme Mobile. .
QX9300。.
YES. .
X7800/7900。.
YES. .
X9000/9100。.
YES. .
Core 2 Quad Mobile。.
Q9000. .
YES。.
Q9100. .
NO。.
Core 2 Solo. .
SU3300/3500。.
YES. .
U2100/2200。.
YES. .
Core Duo。.
L2300/2400/2500. .
YES。.
T2050/2250. .
NO。.
T2300/2400/2500/2600/2700. .
YES。.
T2300E/2350/2450. .
NO。.
U2400/2500. .
YES。.
Core Solo. .
T1300/1400。.
YES. .
T1350。.
NO. .
U1300/1400/1500。.
YES. .
都是去年这个时间段的文章。要点：。.
Mention of economic development, many local government departments described themselves as carrying out large projects, construction of large enterprises, large industrial development, attracting Fortune 500 presence, etc.. Those who invest in small, a myriad of small and medium enterprises, are often left to fend for themselves, not mention the attention it deserves.这样，就违反了一个基本的经济准则：任何大公司都是由小企业一步步发展而来，你也找大企业，他也找大企业，都不来关心小企业，那么，本土大企业又何从产生？这些年，针对发展民营经济，各地出台了不少优惠措施，但往往停留在口头上，落实到位的比较少。政府“隆重奖励”的是纳税大户，“挂牌保护”的是名企大厂，设立“绿色通道”、坚持“特事特办”的也是针对大项目，真正叫响的中小企业服务举措，实在是少之又少。.
Ma from Shanghai did not keep talking about. .
http://www。.rednet。.cn 2008-3-8 0:13:33 红网。.
This year's first meeting of the Shanghai Political Consultative Conference, the Party Secretary Yu Zhengsheng of "Why did not the Ma Shanghai" in reflection. He said, Alibaba founder Jack Ma has given him a "stimulus": "One day I met the owner of Alibaba Ma, he told me that, the company was started in Shanghai, then back to Hangzhou," "I loss of such a small enterprise evolved giants feel very sorry. " .
。.
Ranking based on customer visits, Alibaba has the world's number one international trade and domestic trade network market in China last year, is the acquisition of the network giant - Yahoo China. Who knows, Alibaba business in 1998 when only 500,000 yuan was started by a small business. This high-tech industry of electronic commerce for international metropolis like Shanghai, apparently in infrastructure, recruitment of talent unparalleled advantages over other places. But Ma had abandoned Shanghai, Hangzhou back to business, certainly in business costs, business environment, has not been considered.上海市委书记俞正声为没能留住马云而遗憾，从根本来说，是对中小企业创业环境的拷问。实际上，中小企业创业环境不优，不光在上海如此，许多地方也存在类似问题。.
. .
一提起发展经济，许多地方的政府部门言必称搞大项目、建大企业、发展大产业，吸引世界500强进驻等等。对那些投资微小、数量繁多的中小企业，往往是任其自生自灭，没有提起应有的重视。Thus, in violation of a basic economic principles: that any small business by big companies evolved step by step, you look for large enterprises, he also blames big business, not to care about small business, then the local large enterprises in where is the produce? Years for the development of private economy, local governments, many concessions, but are often beyond words, put in place a relatively small. Government "grand award" is taxpayer, "listed protection" is the name of corporate giant, a "green channel", adhere to the "special matter" and also for large projects, really called out the slogan of the SME service initiatives, it is very small. .
。.
At the same time, the tax burden is concerned, SMEs are much heavier than the large enterprises. On the one hand, the main body of the self-employed as small and medium enterprises, have to pay business management fee, while large enterprises are not required to pay, the charges emerged from the planned economy period measures, after many years and can not be canceled, is a clear discrimination of individual entrepreneurship, obviously unreasonable and unfair, the heavy burden that hinders entrepreneurship. On the other hand, the same be "listed protection" compared to large enterprises, SMEs lack of resources, the strength is poor, understaffed, a serious lack of law enforcement agencies with the "bargain" of the game ability.因为中小企业“好欺负”，众多靠收费、罚款养活的执法部门，一窝蜂地涌向中小企业，生存环境之恶劣可以相像。前些年，媒体报道的“一家新开业超市的36劫”（指一个月内遭遇36次检查、收费、罚款），还有创业者感慨“一角角地挣，一沓沓地交”；近几年，虽然出台了不少整顿措施，但并没有明显改观。难怪有网友开玩笑说，如果比尔·盖茨选择在中国某城市创业，恐怕早就被有关部门的收费、罚款压垮了！。.
. .
真正的智慧在民间，真正的财富也在民间。给民众足够的经济自由，我们照样可以造就本土的“微软公司”。阿里巴巴的创业奇迹就是最有力的证明。上海市委书记俞正声为没能留住马云遗憾，这也应该引起所有地方政府领导的反思。你善待中小企业了吗？你服务中小企业了吗？不必一门心思总盯住招商引资、国际大厂，只要营造一个优良的中小企业创业环境，象阿里巴巴这样的企业巨头，可能就产生在你身边。.
[Manuscripts: Red Net]. .
[作者：李树花]。.
[Editor: Xiaoxiang line]. .
马云谈离沪初衷：回杭州能得到更多重视。.
http://www. . Sina. . Com. . Cn 2008 年 03 月 03 日 09:39 China Youth Daily. .
马云(新浪科技配图)。.
Why did Ma to leave Shanghai? Shanghai to see how he's entrepreneurial environment? As secretary of Shanghai and Guangdong, two of Ma's concern on these two issues have become the hearts of many people's doubts. .
在1月27日举行的上海市政协十一届一次会议上，上海市委书记俞正声要求反思“上海为何留不住马云”，并表示“为上海失去这样一个由小企业发展而成的巨型企业感到相当遗憾”。接着，2月20日，广东省委书记汪洋率广东省党政代表团在“华东学习考察活动”中专门到马云创业的阿里巴巴公司进行了考察，对马云的创业精神和阿里巴巴的商业模式给予肯定和赞许。.
Familiar with Ma know that, and he was not a low-key, but disappointed that the media for both Shanghai and Guangdong, and his secretary of the credit to his choice, he declined an interview to any reporter. .
“我觉得陆地上最开阔的是草原，人类社会最具想象力的是互联网。”这是马云的原话。2月29日，记者通过“最具想象力的互联网”找到了他一年前的一篇演讲稿，正是这篇演讲稿详细解释了他为什么离开上海。.
"In the past, I put on the Shanghai headquarters, in the Huaihai Road and rented a large office, dressed up neat, the results within one year completely exhausted heart, recruit people not hire. They said that Alibaba is a company where ? almost no one reason we are. Finally, we decided to withdraw from Shanghai, Beijing was selected first, last, or back to Hangzhou feel good. "Ma said," At the time, I comforted a little, I think if that in Beijing and Shanghai, We are 500 children in one, in Hangzhou, Hangzhou, we are the only child, at least we can receive more attention. ". .
也可能由于公司小的缘故，马云说，感觉当时上海“怕我们这样的创新公司”，“因为上海比较喜欢跨国公司，上海喜欢世界500强，只要是世界500强就有发展，但是如果是民营企业刚刚开始创业，最好别来上海”。.
Let Ma feel most acutely, in the eyes of Shanghai, "we are all country folk." .
“作为一个大都市，不应该比哪里的楼高、哪里的路宽，而应该看一个城市的胸怀有多大，应该考虑怎么包容外地人来创业。”马云认为，“我想，上海有今天，是因为有很多不会讲上海话的人融进这个城市，帮助这个城市的成长。所以，我觉得一个城市第一要投资的是人，第二要建立良好的投资环境，第三一个城市的激情非常重要。”。.
According to a recent survey, once favored by many private enterprises in Shanghai, business costs are becoming higher and higher, as of June 2007, more than 7,000 private enterprises in Zhejiang leave Shanghai, but their headquarters or major department moved to Hangzhou, Ningbo, Hong Kong. Although the number of SMEs in Guangdong is the first, but did not hatch such as Alibaba and innovative e-commerce business. .
专家们认为，正是上述现状引起两位书记对创业环境的反思。.
Tsinghua University, China Lei, deputy director of Centre for Entrepreneurship Jiasu that a city's business culture and start-up costs on the private enterprise is growing is very important. .
“对刚开始创业的小企业来说，不管是不是高科技企业，生存都很艰难。”雷家骕说，一个创业企业首先要有现金流，然后做到逐步赢利，但刚开始创业的企业基本都是亏损的，就是马云创办的阿里巴巴也是先亏损了3年才开始走向赢利，“一些土地、税收、人才引进等政策，都是对大中型企业做一些‘锦上添花’的事情，但很难对小企业、创业企业做到‘雪中送炭’”。.
KAB educational research in entrepreneurship research vice Liu Fan from another point of reflection on this issue, he considered the most important factor in business success is the entrepreneur's quality, but the business sector and geographical factors will also The success of entrepreneurial companies have a great impact. .
相关报道：。.
Ma: China is not worried about Yahoo's business expenses. .
马云对雅虎案表态：独立自主是阿里一贯原则。.
Ma Ali, said his first public appearance after the listing is not afraid to fail. .
【原富】上海为什么出不了马云？。.
http://www. . Infzm. .com/content/trs/raw/40047. .
作者: 许德音 。.
2008-03-12 20:12:00. .
当批评家们指责上海没能留住马云的时候，又有几个意识到这里曾经是马云迭出的地方？成就老上海的其实正是来自全世界的“冒险家”们，或者用现在的话说，是创业家们。今天的上海该如何才能找回冒险家们失落的乐园？。.
Once the "adventurers paradise." .
最近看到一位原籍广东的上海市政协常委的高论，网络上概括为：上海缺乏冒险精神，所以出不了马云。.
These comments, in my real sounds of Shanghai, both painful experience of feeling, but also the helplessness felt irrelevant. I am ego but "politically incorrect" to the "real people of Shanghai" is defined as speak Shanghai dialect, but have heard from the Father, where ancestors past glory on the Shanghai generation. .
会说上海话，因为语言是文化的载体。没有上海话，也就不会有所谓的上海文化。很难想象一个不讲上海话的城市会和中国的其他城市有什么不同，会有什么竞争特色。所以我听到老同学的孩子说不好上海话就摇头，看到上海人以互相之间说普通话为时髦就觉得奇怪。.
Father heard from grandparents, where the story of Shanghai, because the only way to link with us in spirit. Our generation and our future generations, need this kind of education to keep our pride, may be fortunate enough to stimulate our ancestors from where the genetic father to the spirit of struggle. .
过去几十年，上海缺少激动人心的成就能够令我们保持自信，而我们父祖辈的遗产，从物质到精神，都被我们坐吃山空——虽然这不能完全责怪我们自己。更要命的是，时间久了，谎言多了，让我们还以为上海从来都是一个醉生梦死的虚无之地。.
Has been always one of the notorious Shanghai reviews associated with: "paradise for adventurers", and thus trigger the national sentiments of several generations and painful memories: Wusong and fall of Shanghai, Nanjing / Humen signing of the treaty, foreign The establishment of settlements, the loss of customs rights, and so on. But in fact, the event itself and not achievement Shanghai. The fact is the Shanghai achievements from around the world, "adventurers" who.他们中的许多人确实是白手起家，靠着自己的冒险精神和聪明才智，利用了上海这个当时全中国法制最完善、游戏规则最清晰的风水宝地，奠定了自己的事业，也奠定了这座城市的辉煌。今天我们有一个比“冒险”更好的词可以适用于他们：创业精神。.
Professor of Business Administration in my eyes, is that these early international "adventurers" who had a successful "demonstration effect" (demonstration effect) and the "spillover effect" (spillover effect), so close to the capital region and the whole of China personnel to focus on Shanghai. From previous wars, from Taiping, Boxer Rebellion, has been to warlordism and civil war, but also increase the attractiveness of Shanghai.带着闯劲的新移民，以及他们受到更好教育、具有更国际化视野的下一代，共同使得20世纪前期的上海成为中国历史上创业成就最多最大的地方。.
I have seen that the description on the history of Shanghai, all emphasize modern Shanghai is the birthplace of national industry and the display field, but it is rarely a more micro level, that Shanghai has numerous successful entrepreneurs struggle business stories. .
如今，职员文化当道。.
The past ten years, Shanghai's prosperity in the material, but let us forget this history even more. How many Shanghai people relish the achievements of these surfaces, do not know that we have unwittingly lost the city's most precious spiritual legacy. Because these are too dependent on foreign capital and technology: large companies have been successful adults - some of which is from Shanghai to the world - to establish a regional headquarters here. .
这些早已经官僚主义化的大企业让我们上海文化中的一些被过分渲染的方面——职员文化、敬业主义——重新有了用武之地。但是它们未能带来过去曾经带来过，而且被老上海人视为英雄楷模的冒险家，以及他们的创业精神——不是因为世界上没有了冒险家，而是因为几十年的历史断层局限了我们的眼界，让我们忘记了自己真正需要的是什么，以至于今天的上海被讥为缺乏冒险精神的城市。In fact, when critics accused Ma of Shanghai could not keep time, few realized that there was once a place where Ma occur repeatedly. .
最近的物质成就还被归功于上海一度的“强势政府”，虽然现在可能没有人喜欢承担这种名声。强势的政府，自然是相对于弱势的市民。2003年2月的一天，我从北京赶回上海，为的是阻止拆迁公司强行进入北外滩我老家已有近百年历史的石库门房子。在被对方嘲笑讽刺了半天之后，我这个北京大学教授只能用相机拍下老宅的最后容貌——以便今后在向我的一对子女讲述我的故事时，可以给他们增加一些感性认识——然后黯然折回机场。.
I know that my modest, can not afford to stop the pace of the city. Numerous cultural elite with the names of the 1930s associated with the old building, has been or would be replaced by high-rise buildings. Praised in the whole of China in Shanghai, high efficiency, security improved, they will have very few people - apart from a few small number of property rights and institutional economists - realize the respect and protection of property rights is the best entrepreneurial activity catalyst. .
几个月前，我在港大-复旦国际MBA项目高层管理班授课。我给学生的作业是，可以选择一个上海老企业在国际竞争中的创业案例。如我所料，70位在知名跨国公司、大型国企担任中高层职位的学生中，只有寥寥数位选择做这项作业。他们中的很多人，虽然说着上海话，却不曾听到过真正的上海故事。.
The long line waiting for the fellow who paid for the "Shanghai green card" officials, there are a few to realize that this was once one does not require a visa for the whole world to the open arms of the East of freedom? . .
上海的故事，我亲耳听到的其实也并不多。我仿佛可以看到1930年代，从福州移民过来的曾祖父在虹口购置了房产，从苏州移民过来的外婆正在勇敢地教同龄的外公骑自行车；1940年代后期，祖父带着全家搬回了一度被日军占用的房子，而半个世纪之后在加拿大教过我博士课程的一位犹太人教授此时正在弄堂里和其他孩子玩“官兵捉强盗”的游戏。.
Then there was 45 years of neglect. .
接下来，我坐在嘉定一家工厂的办公室里，听我的两个在美国念MBA时的同班同学——一位北京人，一位山东人——告诉我其中一位是怎样在一家Office Depot(欧迪办公)因为看到一块不是Made in China的黑板而大惊小怪，结果双双从各自所在的美国大公司辞职，一起筹资到人生地不熟的上海来创业。现在他们的公司已经打破了几家美国老牌家族企业的垄断，正在每年成倍地增长……。.
Mentioned here, I have almost used up my material. After all, I am a business school professor. Students expect me to teach them practical skills available, the President and my colleagues look forward to academic journals on foreign investment in China to make accurate estimates of spillover effects. The story of Shanghai, the Shanghai spirit, is probably best by historians, cultural scholars to tell. However, in addition to their search for Shanghai not really ever exist nobles, they are doing? . .
上海又如何才能找回冒险家们失落的乐园？。.
(The author is Associate Professor, Business School, University of Hong Kong). .
■链接。.
Member of the Political Bureau of the phenomenon of both Ma. .
2月20日，中共中央政治局委员、广东省委书记汪洋带领广东省党政代表团抵达杭州阿里巴巴公司总部。“我特地来看看，马云到底是怎样的一个人，阿里巴巴到底是一个什么样的公司。”汪洋开门见山地对阿里巴巴创始人马云说。.
Ocean, said long ago visit in Shanghai, the Central Political Bureau member, Shanghai Party Secretary Yu Zhengsheng with special reference to his Ma, and feeling unable to retain Shanghai Why Ma, and the two also discussed the topic of Ma. .
在今年1月27日举行的上海市政协十一届一次会议上，俞正声面对政协委员，就“上海为什么没出马云”进行了反思。他说，马云给了他一个“刺激”：“马云跟我说，阿里巴巴一开始是在上海，后来回到了杭州”，“我为失去这样一个由小企业发展而成的巨型企业感到相当遗憾”。.
"He was thinking is, 'Why are such people like Ma, we did not grow up here?' This is Yu Zhengsheng the issues raised at that time." Ocean said. .
上海市政协常委郑韶对这个问题的回答是：上海人有其人文“基因”上“奉令惟谨”、不愿冒险的历史弱项。在上海成为计划经济尤其是工商业重镇的年代，这种不善开拓而长于奉命管理的文化有了充分发挥的新空间，这种消极状态的正面效应是为上海育成了中国一流的近代化管理人才和管理文化，代价是窒息了以破旧立新、敢为人先、冒险开拓、拼搏进取为要求的创新文化。.
(According to First Financial Daily, Shanghai Securities News). .
沪粤两位书记探讨上海为何不出马云(图)。.
http://money. .163. .com/08/0222/08/459RS8NE002524SD. . Html. .
2008-02-22 08:00:28 来源: 第一财经日报(上海) 黑马推荐。.
Guangdong provincial government website said: "We took the high level, scale, go to provinces and municipalities of Guangdong Province in recent years, study tours the most.". .
“我特地来看看，马云到底是怎样的一个人，阿里巴巴到底是一个什么样的公司。”一到杭州阿里巴巴总部，汪洋开门见山地对阿里巴巴创始人马云说。.
Wang Yang seriously listen to the grassroots to speak. (Profile picture). .
20日上午11时30分左右，由中共中央政治局委员、广东省委书记汪洋带队的广东省党政代表团一行抵达杭州华星路的阿里巴巴总部大楼，在这里停留了将近50分钟。当天中午，代表团还参观考察了杭州的城建、环保和旅游规划等项目。下午，浙江、广东两省有关人员举行了经济社会发展情况交流会。昨天上午，汪洋一行又到义乌市进行了半天的考察，下午3时30分左右登机返程。Before in the Zhejiang, Guangdong delegation had a first in Shanghai, Jiangsu, carried out non-stop learning and exchange visits. .
“用新一轮思想大解放推动新一轮大发展”，是汪洋担任广东省委书记后对广东提出的新要求。在省内掀起思想解放后，刚过春节长假没几天，他就和省长黄华华率团到长三角“取经”。The strong delegation, in addition to Wang Yang and Huang Huahua, there are Provincial Committee, secretary of the Shenzhen Municipal Committee Liu Pu, Provincial Secretary-General Xiao Zhiheng, propaganda minister Lin Xiong; have three Deputy Governor (Huang Yong Woon, Tong Xing, 10000 Qing-liang), three NPC Deputy Director (Zhuhai Municipal Party Committee Secretary Deng Weilong, Qingyuan City Party Committee Secretary Chen Zhi, CHEN Xiao-chuan, Yangjiang City Party Committee Secretary), has the Shenzhen Mayor Xu, Health Department director Yao Zhibin, there are parts of Guangzhou, a responsible person and level Party secretary and mayor, as well as provincial government officials of the relevant more than 70.广东省政府网站称：“代表团规格之高、规模之大，为近年来广东省赴兄弟省市学习考察之最。”。.
If the two secretary Ma. .
汪洋说，前些日子在上海考察时，中央政治局委员、上海市委书记俞正声跟他特别提到了马云，并感慨上海为什么留不住马云，两人随后也就马云的话题进行了探讨，“俞正声的话让我震动很大”。.
January 27 this year, at the first meeting of the CPPCC Shanghai, Yu Zhengsheng the face of CPPCC members, on the "Why did not the Ma Shanghai" in reflection. He said, Alibaba founder Jack Ma has given him a "stimulus": "One day I met the owner of Alibaba Ma, he told me that, the company was started in Shanghai, then back to Hangzhou," "I loss of such a small enterprise evolved giants feel very sorry. " .
“他当时的想法就是‘为什么像马云这样的人，在我们这儿没有成长’？这是俞正声当时提出的问题。”汪洋说，广东代表团在上海考察期间，俞正声又一次就马云与他展开了话题，由此他产生了“一定要到阿里巴巴来看看”的念头。.
Rushed back to the company to meet the ocean from the home of Ma, it is very common, but the ocean apparently do not think so, he pointed to Ma, in the presence of the presence of Zhejiang officials face jokes: "This is a treasure of Zhejiang.". .
汪洋对阿里巴巴兴趣甚浓，他与马云就互联网发展动态及阿里巴巴的业务状况进行了深入交流，并直接制止了工作人员要求发言方尽量简短发言的示意，要求马云“放开讲，有多少事就讲多少时间”。.
It is noteworthy detail is that Ma had finished trying to say about all this, most officials in Guangdong delegation is still in thought, most people feel there is something more to say, even to hint Ma go on. .
马云介绍了阿里巴巴如何通过一体化的电子商务服务，帮助 中小企业同时开拓出口市场和内需市场，特别是在出口形势不乐观的情况下，帮助中小企业转型升级。.
"Alibaba's development path and Development of SMEs in Guangdong Province is very fit." Ocean of the Ma said that Guangdong's SMEs are facing some difficulties, the company was inspired by the development to him, he had very much hoped that Ma see Guangdong a few days, and Ma said he would cooperate and open up the Guangdong market. Ma also expressed willingness to cooperate further explored. .
对于汪洋的“力邀”，在场的浙江官员笑着要求“汪书记要手下留情”，汪洋“安慰“在场的杭州官员说，他不会挖杭州的“墙脚”，但希望广东也要用好阿里巴巴，并给它增加营业额。.
12:15, Guangdong delegation left Alibaba, than their original travel plans delayed 20 minutes. .
经济发展“大渗透”。.
Yesterday morning, Wang Yang and his party came to Zhejiang Yiwu China Commodity City in Yiwu market study a 2. "Wangshu Ji of the Yiwu commodity trading, foreign trade, made a detailed inquiry, see, Wangshu Ji of the Yiwu China Commodity City is very interested in development mode." Zhejiang officials who accompanied a "First Financial Daily" said. .
作为国际上最大的小商品市场，中国小商品城2007年市场成交额实现348。.37亿元，与上年同期相比增长了10。.58%。2007年前十个月实现自营进出口总额14。.95亿美元，其中出口13。.86亿美元，出口国家和地区不断扩大，达到188个国家和地区。.
Guangdong's foreign trade also benefited, in Yiwu, a lot of the products are through Guangdong, China Yiwu Small Commodity City in this platform are sold around the world. To this end, Wang Yang, Guangdong products on sale in Yiwu is very concerned about. During our visit, see the sale of products, businesses have to stay in Guangdong, some, make some inquiries to find the product market and stalls development. The official said: "The economic development of Zhejiang and Guangdong is very close, many areas have been imbued, which is demonstrated most clearly in Yiwu.". .
浙江、广东两省的经济发展的确已经相互渗透。根据“在外浙江投资创业人员及企业基本情况”的调查课题得出的结论，在广东发展的浙江人也占据浙江在外发展商人的很大一个份额。目前，在广东创业的浙江人有50多万，企业有5万多家，投资总额2000亿元。在广东的浙江企业近几年“反哺”浙江投资总额为 500 亿元，每年汇往浙江的现金超过 100 亿元。Data also showed that there are 5 million Zhejiang scattered all over the world, the annual product sales of Yu Wan billion, Zhejiang businessmen in recent years through various forms of "feedback" Zhejiang's capital accumulated nearly 500 billion yuan. .
汪洋对浙商“走出浙江、发展浙江”的现象表示了很大的关注，在20日下午的浙江、广东经济社会发展情况交流会上，他说，“区域间的竞争，从长远看是文化的竞争”，浙江的文化竞争力正是广东所欠缺的。浙江有400万人在全国各地经商投资兴业，还有100万人在世界各地经商，“这种‘千方百计、千山万水’的全民创业精神值得广东学习。”。.
In fact, as early as December 25 last year, the CPC Guangdong Provincial Committee Wang Yang in the Second Plenary Session of the Tenth, it issued "a new round of ideological emancipation to promote a new round of development" called and said, "Brothers Province should learn the advanced experience of the city ", then, the Guangdong Provincial Party Committee Propaganda Department also organized the local media to visit and inspect complicated Zhejiang back, even in the Zhejiang province set off an upsurge of learning. .
长、珠三角洲互相学习。.
"After several days of investigation, the delegation comrades are feeling, in vain, the competitiveness of the Yangtze River Delta region a substantial increase, there are lots of experiences to learn from Guangdong." In the afternoon on the 20th of Zhejiang, Guangdong's economic and social development in exchange on the ocean so that. .
汪洋说，虽然广东发展取得了巨大成绩，但也存在不少突出问题，为此广东“必须继续解放思想，坚持改革开放”，他表示，此次广东省党政代表团到包括浙江在内的长三角地区考察，就是推动思想解放学习讨论活动深入开展的重要组成部分。.
Wang Yang said: "I hope the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta region continue to strengthen exchanges and cooperation, promote mutual development and to build a world-class competitiveness in the regional economy, to enhance national competitiveness to make new and greater contributions.". .
浙江省委书记赵洪祝也表示，浙江的改革和发展正处在一个关键阶段，需要广东等兄弟省区市的大力支持，尤其需要“学习广东解放思想、锐意进取的精神”。.
"We Yao on the existing basis, to further promote the two provinces of economic and technological exchanges and cooperation. To make full use of regional resources in Guangdong this important element of Peizhi platform, Jiji all over the country and even to absorb the Youzhi Quanqiu elements, to promote economic structural adjustment Zhejiang and development pattern. through all-round cooperation and common development. "Zhao Zhu said. .
此前，广东代表团在江苏考察访问期间，先后考察了昆山出口加工区、苏州新区、苏州工业园区及昆山龙腾光电有限公司等企业，并参观了苏州山塘街、苏州科技文化艺术中心、吴中区旺山村等。汪洋说，江苏全面建设小康社会取得的重要阶段性成果，给他们留下了深刻印象。在19日下午江苏、广东两省的经济社会发展情况交流会上，汪洋也表态，希望两省建立加强合作和交流的长效机制，在长三角、珠三角区域发展中发挥更大作用。.
Liang Baohua, secretary of Jiangsu Provincial Party Committee also recommended, Jiangsu and Guangdong provinces should focus on further strengthening cooperation in the following aspects: First, encourage and support their enterprises with various forms of inter-regional cooperation, facilitation of industrial structure optimization and upgrading. Second, give full play to resource-rich provinces of science and education, the advantages of strength, encouragement and support of provinces and universities, research institutes and high-tech enterprises to develop a wide range of scientific and technological exchanges and cooperation, optimize resource allocation, joint science and technology innovation and technology Achievements.三是充分发挥两省的旅游资源优势，加强合作，互荐旅游产品和线路，互为旅游目的地，共同拓展旅游市场。四是加强联系，推进人才交流和劳务合作。.
During the previous inspection in Shanghai, Wang Yang also said that a similar cooperation. "Wang Yang's visit to Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai, which means by the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta turned to hand the development of competing." Zhejiang Province, an official commented. (Zhong Wen). .
汪洋指出，过去5年，是广东省经济社会发展最好的时期之一，在保持良好发展势头的同时，发展成本有所下降，发展协调性明显提高，发展后劲继续增强，开始步入了科学发展的轨道，这是最令人欣慰的变化。.
Through this 5 years of practice, the whole province deepened the understanding of the scientific development concept, accumulated for implementing scientific outlook on development experience and created crack problems affecting the scientific development of material basis, exercise the leadership of the scientific development of cadres, the Tansuo a promote the scientific development of institutions, mechanisms, and further strengthened the concept of scientific development in Guangdong and striving to practice pacesetter confidence. (This article Source: First Financial Daily). .
http://parandroid。.com/27-open-source-image-manager/。.
December 23rd, 2008 27 shall open source photo album management system. .
还记得帕兰映像收集发布的60多个CSS GALLERY画廊网站简介/附截图，不过你是想建立一个这样的专业GALLERY站点，还是只做一个自己的图片相册，下面的这些开源图片相册管理系统都能够帮得到你。.
singapore. .
singapore是一个开源，多语言支持，模板驱动的图片管理器。它不需要数据库，所有图片信息都存储在CSV文件中。.
SPGM. .
SPGM(Simple Picture Gallery Manager)该基于Web的图片管理器支持为图片加说明，不限制图片分类目录，支持对每个目录进行配置(支持继承)，随机或固定缩略图，对新图片加亮显示，支持EXIF，提供幻灯片浏览模式，易于集成到网站中，可按自己的喜好来调整界面主题样式，多语言支持(当前提供34种)。.
yappa-ng. .
yappa- ng是一个非常强大但非常易于安装和使用的在线PHP相册。支持所有操作系统(Linux/UNIX,Windows,MAC, …),和所有Web服务器(Apache,IIS,…)并且不需要数据库支持。每一张图片都可以以多种不同的尺寸进行查看，并且缩略图和所有其它调整大小都将自动快速创建。yappa-ng支持为相册设置密码保护，统计图片点击，设置图片评论功能。.
Gallery. .
Gallery是一个开源基于Web的相簿管理器。用户可以使用Web浏览器上传图片(缩略图也同时被创建)，评价图片，添加注释和发送电子贺卡。管理员可以批量添加已经上传到FTP服务器上的图片。.
Slooze. .
Slooze安装与使用都非常简单，而且具有很好的结构。.
LinPHA. .
LinPHA是一个易于使用，支持多语言，灵活的相册。它使用SQL数据库((MySQL/PostgreSQL/SQLite)来存储你图片的的相关信息。它自带一个基于HTML的Installer，所以你不需要有架设SQL DB的经验。LinPHA的特性：完善的用户管理，把相册压缩成zip文件下载，统计最受欢迎的图片，包含上传功能的Web文件管理器，为图片加入水印，打印图片等。.
Qdig. .
Qdig是一个非常简易的图片管理器(只有一个PHP脚本文件)。.
Zoph. .
Zoph(Zoph Organizes Photos)一个基于web的照片展示与管理系统。.
Leafs-Photo management. .
Leafs是一个基于web的照片管理软件。.访问者可以上传图片和添加评论,所有页面都处理成静态页面。.Leafs还为基于搜索引擎的图片搜索提供一些支持。.
PHP Photo Album script. .
这个PHP脚本能够自动获取指定目录下的所有图片，然后生成一个可按文件日期或文件名排序并进行分组的相册。.
My Image Gallery. .
Mig是一个相册管理系统。它提供的包括缩略图创建(调用ImageMagick实现)，从JPEG文件抽取EXIF标题等功能。.
Plogger. .
Plogger这个开源图片管理系统易于安装并易于与你的现有网站相集成。支持按设定尺寸自动生成缩略图，支持一些主流图片格式包括JPG、BMP、PNG、GIF。支持为图片添加评论。集成JavaScript幻灯片浏览器。.
Snipe Gallery. .
Snipe Gallery是一个基于PHP+MySQL开发的图片管理器。它的特点：易于安装；提供跨平台剪切和缩略图片的工具；支持PNG,JPG和GIF格式；支持使用。.zip上传来批量导入图片；按设置自动调整图片大小；支持通过标题，描述，摄影者，位置和关键字搜索图片；支持为图片加文本水印。.
phpAlbum. . Net. .
易于安装和使用，不需要数据库。提供密码保存，缓存，自动缩略和图片大小调整等。.
photo-uploader. .
谷歌贴图可以让用户从互联网搜索图片或从用户的谷歌相册选取图片插入到Discuz论坛，从而提高用户贴图的体验。 用户还可将本地照片批量上传到谷歌相册后插入论坛，达到节省网站空间的目的。.
phpGraphy. .
phpGraphy这个相册管理系统：支持实时生成缩略图/低分辩率的图片。提供用户评论/评价系统。显示最受欢迎/最近更新/修改的图片。支持幻灯片浏览方式。对图片和目录实行角色访问控制。支持操作EXIF/IPTC元数据。它还易于安装高度可配置(主题/模板)。.
PhpWebGallery. .
PhpWebGallery 是一个带有非常简单的安装界面和管理面板的图片管理系统。它的特点包括：可设置自由或限制图片访问，角色/用户管理，多服务器支持，支持用户评论，采用 HTML模板控制界面外观，多语言支持，一个RSS通知Feed，EXIF和IPTC元数据管理，多目录支持(每一张图片可以同时属于多个目录)，所有 Web页面都兼容W3C规范。.
Phormer. .
Phormer是一个轻量级，强大的PHP在线相册。不需要MySQL,易于安装。支持Ajax上传/评论/评价,主题/样式(CSS)更换,RSS输出，EXIF，对图片进行分类，加权限控制，集中上传(ZIP)，幻灯片的形式展示等等。.
Pyxy-gallery. .
基于Ajax技术的PHP相册。.
Cheesecake. .
Cheesecake基于cakePHP框架开发。具有自动创建缩略图，幻灯片浏览方式，添加注释(自动屏蔽垃圾信息)，易于管理，Tag支持等特点。.
photolibrary. .
photolibrary基于PHP，MySQL和Ajax技术开发的图片管理器。.
minishowcase. .
minishowcase一个漂亮的Ajax/PHP相册脚本。不需要复杂的数据库或编码。当图片上传时，能够自动生成缩略图。当点击缩略图时，将出现一个Lightbox。尽管理minishowcase使用Ajax技术，但是它会为每一张图片生成一个永久URL地址。.
phpMyPhotoGallery. .
phpMyPhotoGallery是一个基于Web的图片管理系统，具有类似于Windows资源管理器的操作界面。 它能够一次性上传指定目录下的所有图片，并快速生成缩略图。.
Ajax File / Image Manager. .
基于PHP的文件与图像管理系统，用于管理远程的文档与图像。通过充分地利用Ajax，实现快速地维护肉站文件内容，同时达到了所见即所得的图像编程效果。.
Thickbox Gallery 2. .
Thickbox Gallery 2是一个采用PHP开发的图片管理系统。前台采用多种Lightbox控件来展示图片。默认使用ThickBox 3。.1，其它还有Lightbox、Highslide、Litebox、SmoothGallery、FrogJS、ClearBox JS 2和Lightview。.
photo-viewer. .
谷歌看图是谷歌开发的一个Discuz!论坛图贴插件，它是一个基于 Flash 技术的丰富互联网应用程序，目的在于给 Discuz!论坛的图贴一种崭新的浏览体验。图贴阅读插件为Discuz!中的图贴提供了一种以图片为中心的视图，用更多的空间更好地集中展示帖子中的图片，精简了帖子中一些和图片无关的信息，使用户更方便地浏览查看帖子中的图片。.
iFoto. .
基于CSS，GD2，文件真正简单的PHP相册。不需要MySQL。.
Small mobile devices to find the articles of articles, full look. Seen from the paper and found, the processor manufacturer Marvell to 600 million U.S. dollars acquisition of Intel communications and application processor business is in :2006-7. .
Google/WM双系统! HKC Pearl独家评测 http://www。.pdaclan。.com/thread-22959-1-1。.html http://www。.pcpop。.com/doc/0/359/359292。.shtml。.
Complacent, the twinkling of an eye is 2009, in 2008, we discard all the troubles, just look at smart phones, only to find, PPC phone has been tremendous changes this year, as a true smart phone, Windows Mobile system may only iPhone rival is the only attack may be the stimulus iPhone, PPC only form of dramatic change, through the S1's small, Touch Diamond and Samsung i900's gorgeous, we are finally ushered in the body with the perfect combination of performance HKC Pearl, Smartphones wisdom and beauty on the balance point in this phone has been a full interpretation。.
Today, we are the first to get the phone and made a start in the first evaluation, for a listing of the latest mobile phone, we always want it to have all the features of our most wanted and most beautiful appearance, the most stunning interface, though, HKC Pearl almost has all the features, but from a rational perspective, it is not one perfect phone, it is only close to perfect just a step along the way ... .... .
下面，我们首先了解下HKC Pearl的配置参数。.
HKC (Hong Gu Xinhua) Pearl (parameters offer comments). .
手机昵称。.
Pearl. .
手机制式。.
GSM. .
支持频段。.
850/900/1800/1900 MHz. .
网络连接。.
GSM / GPRS / EDGE. .
操作系统。.
Microsoft Windows Mobile 6. .1 For Pocket PC. .
标配电池。.
1250 mAh. .
CPU。.
(Marvell PXA310 + NXP5209) 624MHz. .
内存容量。.
128 (RAM) +256 (ROM) MB. .
外观样式。.
Straight. .
机身颜色。.
Black, white. .
主屏分辨率。.
240 × 320 pixels. .
主屏颜色。.
65535 colors. .
主屏尺寸。.
2. .8 Inches. .
主屏材质。.
TFT. .
产品尺寸。.
109. .1 × 59 × 15. .5 Mm. .
产品重量。.
128. .0 G. .
摄像头像素。.
2 million pixels. .
摄像头材质。.
CMOS. .
摄像头描述。.
Static photography: autofocus shooting prompted the state to support digital zoom, manual focus process to support automatic exposure support to support self-timer mode support macro shooting white balance adjustment (Auto, daylight, night, tungsten light, fluorescent) still image file formats: JPEG in the machine image editing dynamic shooting: Record status tips. .
照片质量。.
Support the maximum resolution of 1600 × 1200 photo shoot. .
照片特效。.
Optional standard, black and white, sepia and other special effects mode. .
视频拍摄。.
Support audio video capture. .
视频播放。.
Built WindowsMediaPlayer player, support WMV, MPEG4, 3GP (H. .263) And other video format full screen. .
音乐播放。.
Built Windows Media Player 10. .3 Player, support WMA, WAV, MP3, AAC and other audio format (support background player, playlist editor, EQ-conditioning and sound loop settings), 3. .5 Mm headphone jack. .
WAP浏览器。.
Support, WAP2. .0. .
WWW浏览器。.
Support, built-in Internet Explorer Mobile. .
电子邮件。.
Support, built-in Microsoft Outlook Mobile (supports SMTP, POP3, IMAP4 and other e-mail protocol). .
GPS。.
Built-in SiRFstar III GPS chip and network assisted A-GPS navigation software pre-installed maps and Kay Rucker random with the 1GB memory card installed in the national map, voice prompt, mobile track record around the facility showed that real-time traffic, the purpose to set the navigation, to remind all road speeding, 2D 3D map switch, route planning, avoiding line management and map zooming. .
蓝牙。.
Bluetooth 2. .0, A2DP stereo Bluetooth. .
Wi-Fi。.
Support wifi, 802. .11 B / g. .
数据线接口。.
Support for Microsoft Exchange ActiveSync synchronization suite, USB data cable (MiniUSB interface, full-speed USB2. .0, Rechargeable). .
Java扩展。.
Support, Java MIDP 2. .0 CLDC 1. .1. .
扩展卡。.
Support MicroSD (T-Flash) card expansion. .
国务院披露"救市"轨迹 中国借势推关键领域改革 http://msn。.ynet。.com/view。.jsp?oid=47350375。.
【Comment】 2008-12-29 7:29 Source: North Youth Composite. .
时近岁末，国际金融危机仍在兴风作浪，中国政府在应对此次全球性危机中结合本国国情，走出了一条“中国式救市”道路，效果被指立竿见影，出台之时，便有掌声。明年世界经济形势料更严峻，中国经济面临的挑战可谓空前，“中国式救市”下一步何去何从，将从哪些领域入手提振经济，回顾最近两个多月来历次国务院常务会议的部署重点，可为我们提供一个可循的政府救市轨迹。.
"Chinese-style rescue" the first important macro, from the face and point. .
10月17日的国务院常务会议，公开报道的内容比较简单，会议重点为“分析当前经济形势，安排部署四季度经济工作”。而现在回头看，此次会议的作用十分重要，在此次会议之后的历次国务院常务会议中，开始有系统地推出一系列的扩大内需保增长举措，而通过回顾，我们看到，中国政府的救市方略遵循了一条首重宏观、由面及点的路线。.
November 5 launch of the State Council executive meeting on the further expansion of domestic demand and promote economic growth, "Ten measures." This "10 measures" covers a broad, up to 4 trillion of investment giant, the intensity of the large, involved were rare. This policy is not the end, November 12 State Council executive meeting, but also to implement the expansion of domestic demand, promote stable and rapid economic growth, policy deployment, decision to launch, including increased export tax rebate rate of some products to adjust the export of some products tariffs in the four initiatives. .
上述宏观意义上的全局性政策推出之后，国务院又陆续推出了各个领域的“救市”举措。11月19日的国务院常务会议上，研究部署了促进轻纺工业健康发展的政策措施。12月3日的会议上，部署了金融促进经济发展的政策措施，并推出了落实适度宽松的货币政策等九条具体措施。12月17日的会议上，部署了促进房地产市场健康发展的政策措施，推出了进一步鼓励普通商品住房消费等一系列重大刺激楼市举措。The December 24 the just-concluded State Council executive meeting, then introduced the expansion of consumption and invigorate the circulation to maintain steady growth in foreign trade of policies and measures ... ... no doubt that these initiatives are in various industry sectors point to a fundamental measure, determine an industry Down in the general direction of, respectively, the weights for the various economic sectors to develop detailed measures in the situation, the central government determination to ensure growth and the degree of attention on the crisis. .
将金融危机坏事变好事 顺势推出多项重大改革。.
As someone said the central leadership, the Chinese are good at the bad things into good things. Although the financial crisis that has become extremely difficult economic situation, but also strengthened the central government to promote reforms in some key areas of commitment. We combed the time of the recent State Council executive meeting, surprised to find that many of its recent major reform of the advance has seen a significant rise. .
改革的推进还是从经济的核心金融业开始，10月21日，即刚刚研究完第四季度经济形势之后，《农业银行股份制改革实施总体方案》便在国务院常务会议上进行了审议并获得原则通过，从而使中国四大国有商业银行的整体改革步入收官之战。.
Since then, the State Council executive meeting decided to implement a nationwide VAT reform, beginning the people's livelihood, major tax reform, a large screen. In response to this reform, the State Council also amended the Provisional Regulations on Value Added Tax, etc., including the three regulations. .
步入12月，国务院常务会议经公开征求意见，决定出台成品油价格和税费改革方案，让这项研究了十五年之久的改革得以实施。此外，国务院还审议并原则通过《珠江三角洲地区改革发展规划纲要》、《关于义务教育学校实施绩效工资的指导意见》等多项重大改革文件。.
Next move the focus of concern or reach more areas. .
转眼2009年即将来临，按照中央此前部署与近期改革举措出台效率，多项改革举措成为近期各界关注的热点。.
The new medical reform plan has been public consultation process, the media that is expected to be released in January next year, if they are compound, there are likely to remain through the State Council executive meeting examined and adopted and published. And this reform is even more important areas of people's livelihood, in line with the central government to stimulate economic growth in a consistent protection in the heavy people's livelihood, the livelihood of the people in the field tilt approach. .
此外，此间纷纷扰扰、热议了许久的个税起征点提高方案、大规模提高居民收入的方案，是否真实存在，亦或是否将提交国务院常务会议公开审议，也是明年初各界关注的焦点。.
Finally, the reforms had been introduced supporting the reform program, such as the oil price and tax reform at all levels of traffic charges after the Charge Collection personnel placement program, expected to be put on the agenda, the upcoming next step of reform initiatives one. (BEIJING). .
【延伸阅读】。.
Experts called for not because of the financial tsunami change the direction of market-oriented reforms in China. .
中国国内多位知名专家学者在一至二日于海口举行的“中国改革的下一步:变化与选择”国际论坛上表示，中国不能因美国金融海啸而改变市场化改革的方向，呼吁继续推进改革。.
Cao Yuan Zheng, chief economist at Bank of China International Holdings Limited on the 2nd at the forum talked about the world financial crisis and its impact, said the financial crisis is not a market economy problem, but the market mechanism in the development of a problem. China's reform can not shake; open is the trend, China's open policy not waver. China not only participated in the rescue and more important to consider whether the reconstruction system and assume any responsibility in the reconstruction? China's reform and opening up three decades, not because of the financial crisis, its impact on the reform and opening up. .
中国(海南)改革发展研究院院长迟福林认为，面对国际金融危机的冲击，扩大内需，扩大资源环境投资需求，必须进行市场化改革。市场化改革则依赖于政府转型。.
A "Market Wu" in praise of the famous economist, again today stressed that only by promoting reforms to eliminate institutional obstacles to change the current extensive economic growth mode, including the continuation of readjustment of state enterprises restructuring and demutualization, strengthen goods and services markets to antitrust enforcement and capital market regulatory compliance. .
中共中央党校《学习时报》总编周为民称，中国经济增长方式长期不能转变、内需不足等问题，说到底都是体制问题，是市场化改革不彻底、不到位，现有体制不足以支撑发展的问题。下一步改革任务之一应是建立和完善中国市场经济体制。.
China's Economic System Reform Research Association, Gao Shangquan that hard-won China's market reform is the reform of China's basic experience of three decades. The overall market in China is not excessive, but less than the market. Whether a sign of disturbance must unswervingly adhere to the direction of market reform. (BEIJING). .
【速评】。.
Important reforms to address the financial tsunami is more important. .
中央经济工作会议将于12月8日至10日召开。一年一度的中央经济工作会议是国内最高级别的经济会议，将确定来年的经济工作基调。由于国内外经济形势在近一年来出现了巨大变化，当前经济界普遍担心经济衰退风险，在这样的经济背景下，中央经济工作会议更加引起了高度关注。.
From the U.S. subprime mortgage crisis is still not improved, the domestic macro-economic indicators are not encouraging. To judge, how to deal with overseas financial crisis and domestic economic recession will certainly become the central economic work conference of the important issues. It must be noted that if the reason that the Central Economic Work Conference which is "to address the financial crisis" special meeting or its extent on the size of the favorable capital markets to be observed in fact a departure from the meeting core positioning Bingbu appropriateness and appropriate. .
对于宏观调控部门而言，当前需要深入思考和探讨的问题，除了突然爆发的金融危机之外，如何进一步完善和推进经济体制改革、进一步优化经济发展方式，促进市场经济内生增长动力的提升，同样是不可或缺的重要经济议题。事实上，由于经济体制改革问题的推进关乎中国经济长期发展前景，因此其意义和重要性甚至要大于应对金融危机的议题。.
China's national economy has been a long time there consumption rate low, the high dependence on foreign trade and other imbalances. China's current dependence on foreign trade was 65%, this figure even higher than the 1998 Asian financial crisis, 30% more than doubled. More critical, the Asian financial crisis in Europe and America are the direct economic impact is not significant, the overall world market demand is still able to maintain, but the source of subprime crisis in Europe and the United States, but also the hardest hit by the crisis. This is an industrial manufacturing based economy, its adverse impact on more than ten years ago, obviously. .
经济增长过度依赖于海外市场，等于是部分放弃了国内实施经济调控的主动权。由此导致，一旦海外经济出现波动，国内的调控政策就不得不采取紧急的应对措施。应对经济衰退的经验表明，以投资拉动经济增长的政策作用因其时效最快而首当其冲。对于应对突发性的危机局面而言，这样的政策选择是无可厚非的。然而应急性的政策措施绝不是经济体制改革、经济结构调整的替代品。On the contrary, the face of crisis, the regulatory authorities should take further the open economy policy to encourage private economic development, to market economies to confront the crisis in the system and maintain stability. .
民营经济代表市场经济发展最有活力的部分，从总量上看也是解决国内就业市场需求最重要的渠道。但长期以来民营经济发展的政策壁垒始终没有全面开放，即便是前些年所公布的“36条”，已经明确了“非禁即可入”的原则，但实质上仍然存在一道横亘在民营经济面前的玻璃门。不仅在战略资源行业、大型装备制造行业，甚至在文化服务等行业，民营经济进入并发展壮大的机会也并不多。The result is a channel on the owners of the private economy, had to rely on low-end low-price competition within the manufacturing sector, heavily dependent on overseas market channels has led to its industrial added value of stability and a serious shortage of products. Thus, once the economic volatility in overseas markets, will lead directly to problems in the domestic job market, but also further inhibited the ability to raise domestic public consumption. In this context of economic structure, leading to economies of students from the fundamental lack of capacity to cope with risks, thus, the fully rely on investment to stimulate economic growth, better regulation and control department is quite upset.值得一提的是，由于数万亿的投资资金进一步强化了国有经济的实力，这反而可能进一步弱化民营经济市场活力的激发。从这个角度上讲，我们在应对危机的时候，更应该强调推进对各种阻碍经济发展的制度性障碍进行改革，而不能让危机反而进一步强化这些制度障碍。.
Domestic consumption is the long-term economic growth and stable development of Ji Chu, overseas markets the financial crisis to the economic structure of China's shortcomings appear Gengjia prominent. Therefore, as the year's most important economic work conference, the real surprise in should be on how to optimize the economic structure, so that the Chinese economy has gradually shake off the constraints of overseas market volatility. (Shanghai Commercial News). .
【延伸阅读】。.
There are four strokes government rescue rare joint rescue three ministries. .
在中央连续重拳出手救市后，2009年还有哪些政策可以期待？多位业内人士分析认为至少还有4招。.
One trick: lower interest rates further. .
央行行长周小川12月中旬曾表示，直到明年中期都有可能降息。而摩根大通首席经济学家龚方雄也预测，2009年存款利率会降至1%以下，贷款利率降至4%以下。摩根士丹利的王庆甚至预测，央行在明年年中之前可能会继续降息135个基点。.
Trick 2: a reduction of taxes. .
未来政府在税收上还有进一步操作空间。韩世同博士表示，房地产市场目前所推出的减免税费主要集中在交易环节。实际上，在房企开发环节有城建税、教育费附加、土地增值税等十几项税种,而目前的减税并没有触及国家政策底线,因此，预计还有进一步的减免税费措施出台。.
Trick 3: Land policy. .
韩世同指出，由于实行土地招拍挂政策，政府又严控土地供给，这在一定程度上造成土地价格不断上涨，从而推动房价逐步走高。因此，在土地政策方面可能存在一定的调整空间。.
Tricks 4: credit. .
进入今年第四季度以来，政府层面已经出台多项政策支持房地产企业融资信贷，但总体依旧没有实质性的放松，因此，市场预计未来继续加大对房地产市场的信贷支持可能成为政府救市的又一张牌。如中央政府可能会鼓励并支持房地产企业信贷等。 (广州日报) 。.
【Extension in life. .
三大部委罕见联手救市。.
Revitalize the automotive industry to clear the whole industry chain. .
即将出台的汽车业救助方案或许能为凛冽寒风中瑟瑟发抖的汽车业送去一丝暖意。.
Recently, it was the "Shanghai Securities News" reported by the Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Industry, Science and Technology were brewing about the revitalization of the auto industry were introduced. Industry sources said the three ministries also attempt to save the city were very rare, the state of the auto industry's attention has already admitted that. Detroit compared to the U.S. government's "rescue act", the Chinese government a lot of shots much faster. .
汽车救市已经箭在弦上，而整个汽车业内对振兴计划都抱有非常期待的态度。“现在我们车企都在关注具体政策的细节，虽然还不是很明确振兴计划究竟会对我们有多少帮助，但是还是期待。”日产中国投资有限公司公关品牌部项目总监沈莉对《中国产经新闻》记者表示。.
The Chinese senior auto analyst Jia Xinguang the reporter that in fact, some auto industry revitalization planning policies has been formulated, such as fuel tax and the policy of stimulating domestic demand. However, the revitalization plan should also include the other two important parts: first, to maintain steady economic growth, for the automotive industry is the impact of the macroeconomic environment. Only stable economic growth, the car market to sustainable development. Second, the auto industrial restructuring, and new energy for low-emission cars to encourage and support policy. .
据了解，三大部委将会从不同的侧重面对产业进行扶持。发改委即将出台九大行业振兴规划，而工信部将提供旧车置换、鼓励业内兼并重组以及提供低息贷款等扶持措施。在节能汽车的鼓励措施上，由科技部提供扶持资金，从消费者角度出发，将会出台鼓励消费的措施，例如减免购置税；另外在企业层面，将对汽车厂商的技术研发提供配套资金进行扶植。.
Director of the Center for Automotive Research in China Zhao Hang, said in an interview, "The financial crisis hinges on financial policy to address." He analyzed the Road, the Government should develop appropriate financial policies to support China's auto industry, auto industry chain relatively long only through monetary policy so that all aspects of automobile production and sales are running smoothly, can play a role in boosting the industry. For example, car sales links to favorable policies, and to dare to buy a car people can afford to buy cars, cars will be able to motivate the consumer, thereby stimulating the whole industrial chain. .
赵航同时提出，面对困难如何面对很关键，当下我们的汽车企业修炼内功也是当务之急。分析人士指出，在金融危机和经济衰退的背景下，政府的救助只能让汽车业短期内继续营运，但不能解决根本困境。在政府采取必要救助措施的同时，汽车公司自身必须做出艰巨的变革，才有可能真正摆脱困境。（中国产经新闻）。.
Norm-makers continue to focus on large-scale mobile devices Intel planning, after all, the 2-4 inch screen can not completely solve the mobile communications terminal program. .
http://www。.intelcbb。.com/news/bjbdiy/46-btocbb-。.html。.
BTO to the CBB. .
Written by Administrator 。.
Sunday, 27 April 2008 19:13. .
也正基于此，英特尔曾在四年前曾经提出过笔记本BTO(Build To Oder，即按单定制)模式，其原因是由于笔记本电脑的出货方式通常都是以整机出货，这使得用户很少有按需选择的余地，面对这一空白市场，英特尔提出了BTO模式，把CPU、内存、硬盘与“白牌机”分开出货，并由负责销售的渠道商组装。这不但可以“按单生产”满足客户的需求，还可以降低经销商的风险，有效控制成本。It was the emergence of the BTO notebook to DIY as an important step, the relevant products in the second half of 2002 in the domestic market, but the BTO was far from expected as successful. .
英特尔中国区渠道业务总经理李翔在分析BTO前期的教训时提出了三点看法:首先是当初没有制定标准，标准不统一使其发展受到了很大限制;其次，其出货量太小，直接影响到与ODM厂商对话的能力，而现在的CBB计划则允许OEM厂商加入，增大了CBB笔记本的总出货量;第三，在市场前端，当年用户对笔记本的需求与现在有很大差别，在时间点、引爆点和价格点上，今天的笔记本市场拥有天时、地利、人和的有利条件，更易于取得成功. .
八亿时空集团总裁韩洪波也认为，现在的DIY 2。.0和当年的BTO有本质的差别，因为当年渠道只能是看中某一款产品，拿过来根据用户需求配置相应的CPU、内存和硬盘，可选范围很小，而现在则是先出标准，使得多个部件可以互换，这样渠道根据需求定制的能力增强了，甚至消费者也可以自己DIY笔记本。Bayi now to do is tell the individual consumer groups, they can DIY notebook, but also organizations such as notebook DIY competition to help consumers to understand from not knowing, "not" to "can." .
散热不是问题 。.
In fact, integration is much higher than the desktop notebook is really DIY, has always been brands, DIY channels and one of Intel, the focus of debate. .
例如以轻薄型产品著称的富士通个人电脑就认为，尽管CBB的架构的确有发展可能，但富士通对于LifeBook的散热规格的把关是相当严谨的，若要整合NB架构还是得通过富士通本身产品制作的标准流程才行。.
However, Beijing's Compal Electronics Technology Co., Ltd. Paper R & D, product manager of vegetation on Queren Wei, cooling the laptop DIY Laishui should not, because the Intel CPU in the Tui Chu Mei Xin a O'clock, will be to foundries a 功耗 These standard factory according to the specifications of the design Barebones, this development model is already very mature; most brands have their own R & D personnel to meet the foundry, but also to ensure that its product development to maintain the inherent style of the brand.事实上，广达、仁宝和华硕三家ODM工厂每天都在开发新的Barebones，其所要作的也仅仅是为英特尔再开发一些符合CBB标准的Barebones而已。.
"In the first half, the current CBB program has completed 6 of 11 products, is covered in high-end product line. Mainly 14,15-inch notebook." Xiang Li said, adding that "the second half of the third quarter We will introduce entry-level product line, will increase the 12-inch models. to the product will be covered when the CBB 5000-10000 yuan market space. ". .
升级中的DIY 。.
DIY from desktop PC. For the early PC users, their first desktop PC to help assemble most channels out but for the mobile product, due to its highly integrated feature to make it in production, manufacturing processes in the main by the ODM and OEM vendors. In fact, CBB plans to promote the common components of the notebook, only to notebook DIY first emerged. .
针对中国市场定制 。.
DIY's rise to about 20 years now, Xiang Li that, DIY 1. .0 Is born, the modular desktop can be assembled based, but the notebook's DIY, is a completely different business model, because the notebook can be DIY of confidential far lower than the desktop, but will also bring more business opportunities, such as notebook after-sales service. So Intel made a DIY 2. .0 Concept. .
事实上，在DIY市场发展了20年之后，曾经繁荣蓬勃的DIY市场正在逐渐萎缩，越来越多的DIY商家正在探求新的出路。相比国外成熟市场的DIY文化，国内的DIY主要被局限于台式机的组装，并且以价格最低为标准，DIY在某种意义上是与廉价相提并论的。而国外DIY的产品涉及面更为广泛，高端DIY更占据了很大一部分市场，其中还包括更多的DIY的形式，DIY同时也充满了科技、自信、高端、自由的文化内涵。.
Xiang Li pointed out that the DIY 2. .0 To adapt to the Chinese market, Intel launched special environmental programs. Intel Asia-Pacific PC market, according to the survey conducted by the Australian PC market, the current ratio of 15% DIY, and a mostly high-end products; the Vietnamese market, the proportion of 90% DIY; China was 40%. Ratio from this DIY is not difficult to see the extent of a country's economic development and PC DIY inverse proportion. In the domestic PC market, the ratio of desktop DIY brand manufacturers because of price competition and rapid decline, profits are declining rapidly; and notebook computer users in the increase.因此，此时的中国提供了一个适合笔记本DIY的环境。.
Last Updated (Saturday, 31 May 2008 16:30). .
为了给主机加上第二个电源使得相关设备都能保证在额定功率的使用，查到了下文做参考。.
Original image link is broken, the author should not notice or can not find the local paper. .
初识微机ATX电源。.
http://www. . Mcublog. .com/blog/user1/5267/archives/2006/16094. . Html. .
[ 2006-9-14 22:56:41 | By: 风中思绪 ]。.
Free today and think of the bad school coffers to find some good computer parts out, open the case, which can not be the first to find out the computer's power is good. Because these computers are not working, so I removed the power supply module (which is a separate part), a separate test with a multimeter after powering some of its output, there's no output voltage, initial judgments are bad, but the continuous measurement several results are the same, in the end what is the reason, not so much computer power do not have a good ah. Will be one of the room next door to try to get the power a bit, actually can work, but testing is still not remove the power output after。询问其它老师，也都说应有输出电压的，那到底是什么原因呢？郁闷中……。.
Internet Solutions boredom it, but the Internet can not only play games and chat with QQ ah! Find relevant material, did he realize. Computer ATX switching power supply with daily TV's switching power supply is different: the former city of cancellation of the traditional electric key switch, with new contact switch, and rely on +5 VSB, PS control signals to achieve a combination of automatic power and automatically shut down.主机在通电的瞬间，主机电源会向主板发送一个Power Good(简称PG)信号，如果主机电源的输入电压在额定范围之内，输出电压也达到最低检测电平（+5V输出为4。.75V以上），并且让时间延迟约100ms～500ms后（目的是让电源电压变得更加稳定），PG电路就会发出“电源正常”的信号，接着CPU会产生一个复位信号，执行BIOS中的自检，主机才能正常启动。+5 VSB is for the host system in the ATX standby power, and open and close automatically manage the communications module and the remote wake-up work related to power supply circuit, and controlled start in the standby state, the output voltage are 5V high-power level, using the purple wire from the ATX plug ⑨ foot leads (the output voltage is connected with the cable in the motherboard, just I did not think to test this cable, I would like other output cable illustrates a problem). PS for the host on or off the power and the network computer remote wake-up power supply control signal.当按下主机面板的POWER电源开关时，受控启动后PS由主板的电子开关接地，使用绿色线从ATX插头14脚输入。PG是供主板检测电源好坏的输出信号，使用灰色线由ATX插头⑧脚引出，待机状态为低电平（0V），受控启动电压输出稳定的高电平（+5V）。.
I see. .
但总不能每次检测电源都必须插上主板吧！这样有两点不好：一是检修太不方便；二是如果电源输出电压异常升高，会损坏主板上的其它部件。那如何能脱机单独测量电源模块呢？脱机带电检测ATX电源 ，首先测量在待机状态下的PS和PG信号，前者为高电平，后者为低电平，插头9脚除输出+5VSB外，不输出其它任何电压。Second, the ATX power switch manually wake up, is: Use a wire to 14 pin ATX connector (green line) PS signal either to side with (black line 3,7,13,15,16,17) in pick any one foot short, this step is to test the key (otherwise, the power switch when the power supply fan will not spin, the entire circuit without any reaction, resulting in no maintenance or can not determine the fault location and quality of good and bad).将ATX电源由待机状态唤醒为启动受控状态，此时PS信号变为低电平，PG、+5VSB信号变为高电平，这时可观察到开关电源风扇旋转。为了验证电源的带负载能力，通电前可在电源的+12V输出插头处再接一个开关电源风扇或CPU电源风扇，也可在+5V与地之间并联一个4Ω/10W左右的大功率电阻做假负载。Then measured outputs can power voltage is normal, if normal and stable, you can rest assured that connect the various components within the host to use; if found to be not normal, you must carefully check the circuit again, this time is absolutely not allowed to host various parts connection, so as not to cause serious economic losses power. .
这难道不是一个小收获吗？我想好多老师平时判断电源好坏大多是找个好的电脑来替换的方法吧，想想这种做法虽简单，可也存在不少危险因素啊，听说曾经就有人将坏的电源换上好的主板，结果将主板上的部件烧坏的所剩无几！。.
Reference circuit diagram attached it to see better understanding of the above mentioned. .
UploadFiles/2006-9/914769984。.jpg话说千禧年之后，中华大地通讯行业三分天下，各山寨大王各占山头，吾等草民须多关注这等通讯话费的切身利益之事。.
Rolled his drawer to find out once and play with the phone service and other objects, one of which is spent huge sums of money at that time considered a small thing, that is, between 01-02 years of small-scale popular Plam Vx handheld computer, then I was it did base repairs to broken and replaced the transformation of the base snaps, snaps interface is a business trip in Shenzhen SEG when inadvertently in the market to buy a counter.还增加过4合一指点笔，usb转串口的数据线，原装的便携式键盘，Ohfish的GSM通讯模块，原装的备用指点笔，当时用来链接网络用的NOKIA 6510也还在，6510后来还买了台备用的呢。.
Connected to the line charge, hours after boot, it does not open. Found that the battery may not charge, and simply removed the first removed the battery to test and is ready to change, find the opportunity to run up it. .
搜索资料后得到以下链接http://www。.keaf。.com/bbs/dispbbs。.asp?boardid=8&Id=63，原文应该发表在http://www。.echoice。.com。.cn/study/neirong。.asp?id=131。.
The site is now closed. The original image seems to have lost the link, and also tolerated, switch to a text over it. .
palm V全面剖析、升级 。.
2001-9-21 17:56:10. .
作者：Benbird 。.
-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------. .
palm V机器是palm家族里非常经典的一款机器。主要的参数如下： 。.
Size and weight: 11. .5 Cm × 7. .7 Cm × 1 cm; 113 grams. .
应用程序：日历、地址簿、邮件、安排、便笺、开支、计算器、证券、游戏、同本地及远程PC同步的Hot Sync技术等。.
Palm Desktop software: calendar, address book, arrangements, notes, expense report template (Excel 5. .0 Or higher), e-mail, and Microsoft Excel and Word, drag link, desktop, import and export formats: CSV, TAB limited and TXT, Palm OS 3. .0. .
显示：增强的LCD屏幕技术---不论是在较暗的光线还是在较亮的光线下，各个角度都很容易观看。.
Hardware expansion: Hardware Accessories Component (modem) can be added via the serial port. .
电池寿命：用一个月后，放置在Hot Sync托架上，锂离子电池会自动充电。.
Connection: The TCP / IP software to achieve application and Internet-based e-mail. .
IR端口：可以将商业卡、电话列表、附件应用等传输到支持IR的Palm设备。支持IR的电话、打印机等设备可利用第三方的传送系统，还可以和具有IR的手机连接进行无线上网。 存储容量：2 MB内存能存储大约6000个地址、5年的约会、1500条安排项目、1500个便笺、200个e-mail及大量的第三方应用。 闪存：允许通过Internet下载升级Palm OS。In the product box includes: Palm V, Palm Desktop organizer software, Palm V applications, rechargeable battery (built-in), DB-25 adapter, new to guide, protect the leather case, manuals, and Hot Sync bracket. .
系统需求： PC系统：IBM兼容486或更高，Windows 95/98或Windows NT 4。.0，最小8 MB RAM（Windows NT 4。.0推荐16 MB），鼠标，CD ROM驱动器(可以是单独加的)，串口，20 MB可用硬盘空间。 Macintosh系统：任何Apple Macintosh或兼容的Power PC处理器，7。.5。.3 or more operating systems, CD-ROM drive, a serial or USB port available. .
为了实现我所需要的功能，我就安装了英汉字典、汉字显示、汉字笔输入、读书软件等，2 MB内存已经装满了，竟然连一本《射雕英雄传》都装不下。可能在国外用不着装中文系统，所以2 MB内存才够用。看着很多好软件不能安装，心里很是难受。打开小猫，到互连网上搜索一番，终于发现Palm V是可以支持8 MB内存的，而且有升级服务提供，2 MB升8 MB连邮费共计350元人民币。As can be upgraded, for my kind of super master DIYer, Is there anything not rise truth. Imagine upgraded to 8 MB, I can install all sorts of software, could not help but carried away. Well, say a pound. Since the rare open a back, I'll ride the heart, liver, spleen, stomach, kidney and other parts of anatomy to give you a look at a clear and dynamic operation as my display their look. .
1． 准备工作 。.
Since it is a hardware operation, it must first prepare some tools. The surgical tools needed in Figure 1 are: watch screwdriver set, pliers 1, scalpel one (you can also use the knife), a needle (can also be used needle), anti-static soldering iron tip 1, a roll of fine solder wire, solder adhesive tape roll paper, there is a work of assistants. These are only the tools needed, in order to achieve our goal, we have to prepare to upgrade to use several components, these components use the steps in down in the details. .
图一 。.
Ready? Ready! OK! Let's go! . .
2． 手术过程 。.
(1) back up your palm all the stuff, including software, directories and other documents. Because in the process of demolition of all the information will be lost. Figure 2 is my palm V final photo before surgery. Detailed map I marked you can see all the buttons, knobs and switches. .
图二 。.
Their functions Xiangjie as follows:. .
前面板 Palm屏幕: Palm屏幕显示应用程序和显示在Palm中的信息。它是触敏屏，能够对手写笔或指尖产生反应。.
Graffiti handwriting area: You can Graffiti handwriting area to write characters by handwriting alphabet strokes. .
快捷触摸钮: 您可以在这些触摸钮上点击，以便迅速开启程序。.
Application button: application buttons to open a single Palm application, the corresponding button on the application icon: calendar, contacts, task list and notes. You can re-assign these buttons to open the Palm in any application. Note: For closed Palm, by any one application will open the Palm power button and immediately run the corresponding application. .
滚动按钮: 滚动按钮用于查看超出Palm屏幕范围的文本和其它信息。按滚动按钮下端的箭头，可向下滚动，以查看当前屏幕显示信息之后的信息，按滚动按钮上端的箭头，可向上滚动，以查看当前屏幕显示信息之前的信息。.
Power Button: Power button to switch Palm, and control the background light. If the Palm is turned off, press the power button to open it, Palm will show the last shutdown before the final content you are viewing. If Palm is in use, press the power button to turn it off to extend battery life. Hold down the power button for about two seconds to open or close the backlight function. .
对比度调节钮: 对比度控制按钮用于调节Palm屏幕的清晰度。根据使用环境的光线条件和温度状况，您可能需要调节对比度控制按钮来进行设置。.
After the panel:. .
手写笔: 手写笔一般插在Palm右侧的笔筒中。使用该笔时，将它从筒中取出，然后象握钢笔或圆珠笔那样用手握住。因为比较细，所以初次感觉并不好。 注意：通常用手写笔尖在 Palm屏幕上进行单击或在上面写字。绝不要用真正的钢笔、铅笔或其它尖锐物在Palm屏幕上进行书写。.
Infrared (IR) port: use infrared technology or infrared to other Palm devices to communicate, send or receive data. .
复位铵钮: 在通常情况下，不会用到复位铵钮，但是如果遇到死机等异常情况下，需要用曲别针等细小物品，在复位铵钮的孔中点击。有一种原装的手写笔中带有复位用的细针。.
Synchronous port: The port can synchronize Palm on the bay, the mouth of the connection synchronization the surface to keep clean, no debris. .
（2） 拆卸过程 。.
1. The machine is not fixed with screws, front and rear cover are based on the 3M hot melt glue, so the demolition of up to heat for the job is too much trouble. We must be careful. First, in accordance with the slightly larger size than the size of the screen cut a piece of hard Zhi Qiao, paste in the sides of double-sided tape, and then paste in the Palm V in the positive, to protect LCD screen. Palm V with a hair dryer on the four sides heated, about 10 cm from the Department sustained heat 5 to 10 minutes, the heating temperature is maintained at about 80 degrees Celsius, according to the length of time will change at room temperature, shown in Figure 3. .
图三 。.
Mouth with a flat screwdriver carefully inserted between the front cover, you can open the shell, shown in Figure 4, because the time machine body is hot, so we have to wear gloves operation. .
图四 。.
Note: This step must pay attention to controlling the operation of the heating temperature hair dryer, LCD display temperature overheating will cause permanent damages, so be careful. .
打开外壳以后，我们可以很清楚的看到该机的电路。如图五（正面）、图六（反面）。.
Figure 5 Figure 6. .
下来我们就要将主电路板和显示屏部分进行分离。先将图六中的电池接头拔掉。在此之前你一定要确定你已经将你的Palm里的资料作了备份。此时才可以将电池拿开，注意该机内置锂电池是有保护电路的，要一块将其拆下。拆下后的锂电池如图七。图六的同步接口部分，你要保持它的清洁，以免引起接触不良，影响同步效果。这里你可以用橡皮擦擦拭其表面。.
Figure 7. .
2． 下来我们将要把主电路板和其他部分进行分离。首先我们要把主电路板上的三个排线拆掉，如图八。该图是图六右上角的放大部分。.
Figure 8. .
三个排线从左至右：第一个是连接红外接口、电源开关和对比度调节按钮部分的；第二个是连接触摸屏的；第三个是连接LCD显示屏的。将与排线连接的卡口向上挑起，即可将排线和主电路板分离。在拆卸线路板的过程中，因为线路板很薄，所以用力一定要小。发现阻力比较大的地方，一定不要使用蛮力，仔细看看是不是哪里卡住了。图八最左边的按钮开关是该机的复位开关。After the cable removed, we can separate the plane into two, namely, display LCD / touch screen (Figure 9) and the main circuit board (Figure x). Figure 10 on the right of the circuit board is the most important thing in this machine, CPU, RAM, ROM are all here. We can clearly see that the machine is the CPU frequency of 16 MHz Motorola Dragonball (Dragball) EZ68328. RAM chips by South Korea SEC. Tell me what you pay attention to it! We want to upgrade is the chip. .
图九 。.
Figure 10. .
3． 升级和硬件超频--增大该机的内存，从2 MB增大到8 MB；以及将CPU的工作频率从16 MHz超频到20 MHz 。.
That it simply is to use 8 MB of EDO memory, 2 MB of EDO replace the machine memory. We must first find the replaceable 8 MB of EDO memory. Do you remember 586 years we have used in the computer memory 72 lines, which are basically memory EDO memory, we are looking for is 2 to 16 MB or 4 of the 32 MB 72 lines of memory. Generally in the local market can be found second-hand computers to find the future to read the chip, and if some of the words following, to congratulate you, hurry to buy. Note, we must determine is a good memory Caixing.另外的一种选择是到当地的笔记本内存经销商那里去问问是否有EDO的笔记本内存条，一般32 MB和64 MB的EDO笔记本内存条大多采用我们需要的芯片。我就是从HP的笔记本内存条上拆的片子。.
Note that here there is a general type EDO DRAM and low power consumption (energy saving low power is of course La) divided. Both DRAM difference is to enter Standby mode (Standby, not boot) time, the consumption of power (current) not the same. How does it? It's IC number from the distinction between them can be:. .
KM416V4104AS - 6 （8 MB一般型，用于Desktop PC） 。.
KM416V4104AS - L6 (8 MB low power consumption, for Notebook PC or handheld computer). .
由于两款IC的包装外型一模一样，如果不知道两者的差别而将一般型IC装入PDA，就会使得待机时间缩短，因为它的待机耗电量比省电型多上好几倍。曾经听说有人改装8MB之后变得相当耗电，错用IC可能是其中的一个原因。一般72线的内存条用的都是一般型的，而笔记本内存条大多用的是低功耗型的，（但是也不全是如此，我就看到有笔记本内存条用一般型的芯片），所以大家要尽量看仔细才行。.
We use the 8 MB EDO RAM standard is 64 Mbits, 4 M * 16-bit, 3. .3 V operating voltage from the refresh EDO Page Mode CMOS DRAM technology package for the TSOP II, pin number 50. .
以下是常见的厂牌以及型号: 。.
1. KM416V4104 [ABC] S-L6 - Samsung Samsung (L on behalf of low-power). .
2． 4MX16TLE-6 - Star Ram 。.
3. UPD42S65165G5-A60 - NEC. .
4．V53C365165A - Mosel Vitelic 。.
5. HM5165165 (F) LTT-6 - Hitachi Hitachi (L on behalf of low-power). .
6．MT4LC4M16R6TG-6 - Micron Tech 美凯龙 。.
7. IBM0165165PT3D-60 - IBM. .
8．M5M465165[AB]7P - Mitsubishi 三菱 。.
9. D4265165G5-A60-7JF - SERIES. .
10．K4E641612D-TL50 - Samsung南韩三星（L代表低功耗） 。.
11. . GM71V (S) 65163C/CL-6 - South Korea LGS (L on behalf of low-power). .
12。. TC5165165BFTS-50 - TOSHIBA东芝（s代表低功耗） 。.
Above the chip makers are produced, the quality of the little difference. Models with L, are essentially low-power products, is our first choice. Is found, then go to the website of the major PDA to look message boards, there are a lot of friends to provide these chips. Or if you can not find contact me (oyhome @ 21cn.. Com). I used a Samsung Samsung's KM416V4104BS-L5 chips. Figure 11, this is a 32 MB memory chip laptop parts. .
图十一 。.
Memory to get a first step is to remove the chip, because the surface mount chips, so removed to the chip or have some difficulties. If you have a hot air gun case, around the pin directly in the chip Office heating until the solder melted and tweezers you can easily win the chips come. However, professional tools hot air gun is estimated to find most of the friends. OK, now put my experience with iron chips removed tell you.首先要用防静电的恒温尖头烙铁，相信大部分的DIYer都有，因为芯片是CMOS工艺的，很害怕静电，几十伏的静电就可以击穿，所以焊接用的烙铁一定要是防静电的。然后就是要有一根绣花针（想起东方不败。，所以我用的比较专业,是注射针头。）。先用烙铁依次加热芯片的各个管脚，待焊锡溶化后，用绣花针将该管脚挑起，使其和电路板分离。将该芯片一侧的全部管脚挑起后，我们就可以将芯片的一侧完全和线路板分离。All pins are after this is done, the chip removed come. Note that, in particular, the end of the trunk and a few pins, with the chips and circuit boards are basically out of, they must be careful not to break pin; and soldering iron should not be in the same point on staying too long, otherwise it will cause memory chip overheating. If you do not trust their craft, they can acquire a number of waste components are surface mount board to try, and you can try welding according to the method behind Oh. This waste board computer in the secondary market should be sold on the pounds, and very cheap.经过一番磨砺，你的芯片应该已经拆下来了吧，焊接水平也应该提高到一个新的阶段了吧，哈哈。.
Well, since memory on a chip has been removed came down that we should dismantle PDA 2 MB of EDO chip. Demolition and concrete the same way as described above. But because we have to weld in the area 8 MB of EDO chips, so when the demolition of the chip must be careful not to damage the circuit board Pocket PC. With a soldering iron not to stay too long point, otherwise it will cause the circuit board copper contacts overheat and flips, and even rupture. Pocket PCs are the multilayer circuit board, and if bad, you just cry.同时你还要用纸质的胶带将焊接处以外的电路保护起来，以免在焊接过程中焊锡飞落到其他地方，造成破坏。又经过一番磨难，你应该已经在电路板完好的情况下，把芯片拆掉了吧。.
Now we are ready to weld 8 MB EDO chip to the handheld computer, pay attention! This is but the most difficult places. First removed to the 8 MB EDO chips to clamp the pin correction. Followed with a hot iron, toothbrush, etc. to Pocket PC welding clean, the main chip is removed when the remaining rosin flux, small welding bead and welding slag to clean out in order to avoid such short-circuit and Weld failure. The work finished, you can be 8 MB EDO chips on the site of a wish to weld. Should be careful not to put anti-chip gaps, and board positions must be shown the same gap.还要注意不要放错位，由于管脚多，又是用旧片子、旧板，错位是经常发生的事。用烙铁依次加热芯片的各个管脚，同时将细焊锡丝接触管脚，一旦焊锡丝溶化，就可以移开电烙铁了，该管脚就焊好了。因为管脚间距很小，焊接要求很小心，你可以先拿废板卡练练。把所有管脚依法炮制，最终就完成了最艰巨的任务。另外大家还可以采用"拖焊"的方式焊接内存。The so-called "drag soldering" method, that is, vertical diagonal board first, then solder with a large group, using soldering iron to tin the large group on homeopathy by the band down, because the relationship between gravity, the excess will be with the tin group the soldering iron down and slide down, left one pin of each is a beautiful, uniform solder joints. In order to identify Fengyun 8M EDO Pocket PC chip, we also need to change the location of several resistance. In fact the jumper, which are 0 ohm resistors.具体的操作就是将电路板上的R1拆到焊接到R11的位置；R2拆到焊接到R22的位置；R3拆到焊接到R33的位置。图十二是改电路板的局部放大图（就是图十中左边的部分），标明了要改变的电阻位置，该图是已经改好的情况。.
Figure 12. .
将CPU的工作频率从16 MHz超频到20 MHz的工作相对内存升级容易多了。就只是改变主电路板上一个三极管的位置。具体的操作就是将电路板上的Q1拆到焊接到Q11的位置。图十三是改电路板的局部放大图（就是图十中右边的部分），标明了要改变的三极管的位置，该图是已经改好的情况。.
Figure 13. .
完成了以上的工作之后，我们的升级工作就已经基本结束。用牙刷烙铁等工具将焊接遗留的助焊剂松香、小焊珠及焊渣等打扫掉，并用放大镜仔细看看焊接处有没有虚焊、短路等问题。最终的完成图见图十四。.
Figure 14. .
以上的操作有一定的危险性，读者如果实在对自己没信心，拿上本文，到修手机的师傅那里，请师傅帮你升级。成都的一个朋友就是花了40块的手工费，15分钟就搞定了。.
4. Down we can see our screen and touch screen components of the. Figure 9. Carefully observe the left side of the liquid crystal display, you should find it not the same as an ordinary liquid crystal display, the surface layer of transparent plastic film, it is reasonable that it should be glass 才对. Or how to protect the LCD screen, tear it! ! ! ! Do not! Do not! This layer of tear film, and indeed a does not affect the show, that your pen can scrap it. It was touch screen, pressure sensitive screen to identify input commands. Our first boot Pocket PC stylus calibration is to match the touch screen and LCD display.Palm的触摸屏是四线电阻式的，长时间使用因为触点氧化问题，会出现控触不准的现象，大家可以将触摸屏和主电路板的连线用细金刚砂纸稍微打磨一下，即可。液晶显示屏除了表面覆盖着触摸屏，背后还有背光呢。PALM用的是EL的背光片。EL背光片在显示模块的最后一层，很薄，大约0。.5毫米厚，是粘上的，可以拿下来。EL backlight film is 30 ~ 200 V AC to drive, the drive voltage range is broad, as long as the voltage in this range, it will not damage the backlight film, a brightness level up to the size and power consumption issues. EL backlight screen color is determined by the chemical coating, EL films are blue, green, blue green, etc., for the PALM of this size cost about 10 to more than 20 yuan / piece, the domestic manufacturers can produce a lot of them in Shenzhen mostly manufacturers. Some friends do not like the palm of the backlight color can change one other color EL backlight screen.我正在做相关的实验，实验成功以后，和大家共享。还有些朋友的掌上电脑一开背光就会有轻微的"吱吱"声，这是正常的现象。背光的电源是高压电（其实只是高于掌上电脑的供电电压，约为几十伏），掌上电脑是通过高频振荡变换出所需要的电压，在高频振荡中有一部分振荡波被人耳听到，就是"吱吱"声了。当然有些掌上电脑这部分电路设计得好，"吱吱"声就基本听不到。.
5. Because it is the power switch from the case particularly close, the dust is very easy to enter, causing the power switch control touch insensitive, we can use the toothbrush to clean up the power switch office, can solve the problem. Figure 15. .
图十五 。.
6. We have the machine finished the circuit part of the analysis. This is the Pocket PC platform above all the anatomical process. Since they split into it, and also it's heart, liver, spleen, stomach, kidney see clearly the (well familiar with these words!). We have the seam on it instead. Slow! We can not split Yeah white! I write articles earn royalties, you? Well, tell you a trick to install screen protection film. You see the Pocket PC was removed before the cover instead. To find a durable plastic film with high light transmission (which is not too professional, I use the package on the CD of plastic film, it is common).在掌上电脑的前盖板内边贴上双面胶带，把塑料薄膜裁成合适大小，平展的贴上去。等你完全装好你的掌上电脑的时候，你会发现这个保护膜太棒了，简直就象长在掌上电脑上的。（就是太难安装了） 。.
7. Well, all the family property have to tell you. Now we disassemble according to the steps, step by step loading up your Pocket PC. Because the machine is fixed with hot melt shell, so even heating case Caixing. Will protect LCD screen attached to machine hard Zhike positive on both sides with clamps, be careful with the hair dryer heating cabinet edges, can be chassis cooling. (Figure 16). .
图十六 。.
Good use of equipment after the power you will find your palm faster, "belly" are grown up, do not forget and desktop synchronization Yo! 8 MB of space you can easily install the software. Note that overclocking and OS must first upgrade to 3. .3 Or later (the OS upgrade of the article will write another paper), change the system have the ability to determine the location of the logic transistor, which makes the running speed of 20MHz. OS changes and upgrades transistor action must be completed, are indispensable. .
好了，这次对这台倒霉的palm就折腾到这里，下次我们再升级他的操作系统。有什么疑问大家可以直接和我联系oicq：1144169 。.
This part has been published in the digital users in 2001 at No. 9. .
[3G专题]1。. WCDMA、CDMA1x、CDMA2000、HSPA、HSDPA、HSUPA各是什么? 。.
http://www. . Anhuiboke. .com/blog/user1/7/archives/2007/20732. . Html. .
aphirst 发表于 2007-4-27 18:00:00。.
1. . WCDMA, CDMA1x, CDMA2000, HSPA, HSDPA, HSUPA all that?. .
WCDMA 。.
WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access): WCDMA from Europe and Japan, the integration of several technologies. WCDMA uses Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (MC) model, carrier bandwidth of 5MHz, data transmission can be achieved per second 2Mbit (indoor) and 384Kbps (mobile space). It uses MC FDD duplex mode, with the GSM network has good compatibility and interoperability.作为一项新技术，它在技术成熟性方面不及CDMA2000，但其优势在于GSM的广泛采用能为其升级带来方便。因此，近段时间也倍受各大厂商的青睐。WCDMA采用最新的异步传输模式（ATM）微信元传输协议，能够允许在一条线路上传送更多的语音呼叫，呼叫数由现在的30个提高到300个，在人口密集的地区线路将不在容易堵塞。.
In addition, WCDMA also uses adaptive antennas and micro-cell technology, which greatly enhanced the capacity of the system. .
WCDMA全名是Wideband CDMA，中文译名为“宽带分码多工存取”，它可支持384Kbps到2Mbps不等的数据传输速率，在高速移 动的状态，可提供384Kbps的传输速率，在低速或是室内环境下，则可提供高达2Mbps的传输速率。而GSM系统目前只能传送9。.6Kbps，固定线路Modem也只是56Kbps的速率，由此可见WCDMA是无线的宽带通讯。.
In addition, with a number of transmission channels, it also provides circuit-switched and sub-exchange services, so consumers can receive calls while using the exchange method, and then sub-exchange access to the Internet, this technology can improve the mobile phone usage efficiency, allows us to more than only at the same time to do more voice or data transmission service limitations. .
在费用方面，WCDMA因为是借助分包交换的技术，所以，网络使用的费用不是以接入的时间计算，而是以消费者的数据传输量来定。.
WCDMA is the main initiator of standardization organizations in Europe and Japan, and manufacturers, WCDMA inherited the second-generation GSM mobile communications system, a high degree of standardization and openness of the good characteristics, standardization progress. WCDMA supports high-speed data transfer (slow moving 384kbit / s, walking in the room when the 2Mbit / s), support for variable speed transmission.其主要特点如下：基站支持异步和同步的基站运行方式，组网方便、灵活；调制方式上行为BPSK，下行为QPSK；导频辅助的相干解调方式；适应多种速率的传输，同时对多速率、多媒体的业务可通过改变扩频比和多码并行传送的方式来实现；上、下行快速、高效的功率控制大大减少了系统的多址干扰，提高了系统容量，同时也降低了传输的功率；核心网络基于GSM/GPRS网络的演进，并保持与GSM/GPRS网络的兼容性；支持软切换和更软切换，切换方式包括三种，即扇区间软切换、小区间软切换和载频间硬切换等. .
3GPP的R99、R4、R5、R6等各版本中，R6尚未冻结；R5虽已于2002年3月冻结，但目前正处于各厂家落实设备开发进程而大量提交CR的阶段，协议还很不稳定，近两三年内尚不具备大规模网络建设条件；R4于2001年3月冻结，协议已基本稳定；3GPPR99于1999年12月冻结，成熟稳定，目前已有多个网络运营实例。上述不同版本的改进主要体现在核心网，无线网则改动不大。.
CDMA1X technology allows users to quickly download cell phone ringtones and pictures, to achieve the screen saver, and can use the phone for dynamic games, multimedia chat, Kara OK, enjoy the e-books, stock information, mobile banking, electronic transactions and other information services. CDMA1X mobile Internet per second transfer rate up to 144Kb, more than 10 times higher than the existing CDMA products. .
CDMA2000 是 TIA 标准组织用于指代第三代 CDMA 的名称。适用于3G CDMA的TIA规范称为IS-2000，该技术本身被称为 CDMA2000。.
The first phase, also known as CDMA2000 1x, it makes the existing IS-95 system has a communication company can double its overall system capacity, and can increase the data rate of up to 614kbps. .
比 1x 更高的 CDMA2000 技术进展包括 1xEV (高速数据速率)。.
Introduced by the QCT MSM5000? Chipset solution backward compatible CDMA2000 cdmaOne (IS-95 CDMA). .
CDMA2000标准由3GPP2组织制订，版本包括Release 0、Release A、EV-DO和EV-DV，Release 0的主要特点是沿用基于ANSI-41D的核心网，在无线接入网和核心网增加支持分组业务的网络实体，此版本已经稳定。联通即将开通的CDMA二期工程采用的就是这个版本，单载波最高上下行速率可以达到153。.6kbit/s。Release A Release 0 is the strengthening of the highest rates of single-carrier can reach 307. .2 Kbit / s, and packet voice services, and support concurrent operations. EV-DO uses a separate carrier support data services available in 1. .25 MHz carrier in the standards, while providing voice and high-speed packet data service, the maximum rate of up to 3. .1 Mbit / s. .
HSPA如今已经成功投入商用。它由两种核心技术组成，能够提供远远高于现有3GPPRelease99WCDMA所能支持的数据速率。.
HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) in the downlink can be achieved up to 14. .4 Mbit / s rate. Through new adaptive modulation and coding, and some of the wireless interface control transfer from the radio network controller to the base station, achieving a more efficient scheduling and retransmission faster, HSDPA performance has been optimized and enhanced. .
HSUPA（高速上行分组接入）在上行链路中能够实现高达5。.76Mbit/s的速度。基站中更高效的上行链路调度以及更快捷的重传控制成就了HSUPA的优越性能。.
For users, the more efficient retransmission means faster upload and download speeds and better quality of service, such as high-quality video streaming and fast e-mail business. Of the operators, HSPA implements these advanced services, and make a packet data throughput has been greatly improved, which means that a wireless carrier can support higher data transfer rates more users. In other words, using HSPA, operators will be able to order the lowest cost to provide advanced services for the mass market. .
HSDPA---High Speed Downlink Package Access是高速下行链路分组接入。HSDPA 是一种基于分组的数据服务，它增强了移动数据传输的下行部分。（另外还有刚刚萌芽的 EUDCH，即增强上行链路数据通道，用于上行链路）。.
In the WCDMA downlink with HSDPA (5MHz bandwidth) within, providing maximum data transfer rate up to 10Mbps, actual average rate of 4Mbps and 8Mbps in between. The upgrade is expected to further increase these rates to 20Mbps. The goal is to provide a higher HSDPA data rates and consistent QoS (Quality of Service). It also provides simultaneous transmission to the receiver the same voice and data. Technically, HSDPA can mainly be achieved through software.不过情况并非总是如此，因为必须对 3G 基站和手机做各种改造。这些改造包括使用自适应调制和编码 (AMC)、混合自动重传请求 (H-ARQ)、快速蜂窝搜索、MIMO（多输入多输出）天线等。与 WCDMA 中通常使用的 QPSK 相比，HSDPA 还必须改用 16-QAM 调制。HSDPA 来自第三代合作伙伴项目 (3GPP)，该组织控制着 WCDMA 规范。The organization intends to HSDPA is included in the standard version 5, in the 6th edition includes antenna transformation. Version 4 provides an enhanced Internet Protocol (IP) support. Now, including Agilent and UbiNetics and some other companies are providing HSDPA test system, and picoChip is offering a HSDPA base station reference design. In silicon, the Bell Labs, is Qualcomm and Nokia is one of several companies in the technology only. .
HSUPA采用了三种主要的技术:物理层混合重传,基于NodeB的快速调度和2msTTI短帧传输,HSUPA和HSDPA都是WCDMA系统针对分组业务的优化,HSUPA采用了一些与HSDPA类似的技术 。.
HSUPA in key technologies. .
HSUPA采用了三种主要的技术：物理层混合重传、基于Node B的快速调度及2msTTI短帧传输。同时还新增了一个专用信道以支持HSUPA的传输。.
New dedicated transmission channel E-DCH: In HSUPA, the addition of a dedicated transmission channel to transmit E-DCH HSUPA business. R99 in the DCH and E-DCH can coexist, so that users can enjoy the traditional R99 DCH on voice services, the use of HSUPA to burst in the E-DCH data transmission. .
(1)物理层混合重传[L1(Fast) HARQ]：在HSUPA中定义了一种物理层的数据包重传机制，数据包的重传在移动终端和基站间直接进行，基站收到移动终端发送的数据包后会通过空中接口向移动终端发送ACK/NACK信令，如果接收到的数据包正确则发送ACK信号，如果接收到的数据包错误就发送NACK信号，移动终端通过ACK/NACK的指示，可以迅速重新发送传输错误的数据包。Because bypassing the Iub interface to transfer, in 10msTTI, the retransmission delay shortened to 40ms. In the HSUPA physical layer hybrid ARQ mechanism, also uses the soft-merge (soft combing) and incremental redundancy (Incremental Redundancy), improves the transmission of data packet retransmission accuracy. .
(2)基于Node B的快速调度(Node-B Scheduling)：基于Node B的快速调度的核心思想是由基站来控制移动终端的传输数据速率和传输时间。基站根据小区的负载情况，用户的信道质量和所需传输的数据状况来决定移动终端当前可用的最高传输速率。当移动终端希望用更高的数据速率发送时，移动终端向基站发送请求信号，基站根据小区的负载情况和调度策略决定是否同意移动终端请求。If the base station agreed to the request of mobile terminals, base stations, mobile terminals to send signaling to improve the maximum available data rate. When the mobile terminal is not sending data over time, the base station and mobile terminals will automatically lower the maximum available data rate. Since these scheduling signaling is directly between the base station and mobile terminal transmission, so fast Node B based scheduling mechanism to control the cell base station within a flexible and rapid data transfer rate of all mobile terminal so that the wireless network resources more effectively serve the visit unexpected data users, so as to achieve the effect of increased cell throughput. .
(3)2msTTI 和10 ms TTI:：WCDMA R99上行DCH的传输时间间隔(TTI)为10ms，20ms，40ms，80ms。在HSUPA中，采用了10msTTI以降低传输延迟。虽然HSUPA也引入了2ms TTI的传输方式，进一步降低传输延迟，但是基于2msTTI的短帧传输不适合工作于小区的边缘。.
They are the current 3G standards are mutually incompatible. .
2。.ngn与3g的关系。.
Broad wireless communications (Wireless Communications) concept of view, wireless broadband and broadband resources will arise in the broad and unlimited room for development. But in view of the wireless transmission medium of space and time-varying characteristics of instability, even with the most advanced adaptive signal processing techniques confrontation, in this century for the foreseeable future it is still hard work.虽然从物理网络安全角度出发，聪明的网络设计师仍不会忘记大容量多转发器宽带卫星及宽带多波道微波无线电对特发事件环境中对光纤传输平台的必要补充支持的战略作用，但核心传输平台技术依然是光纤。Thus, broadband wireless (BW) and next-generation broadband wireless (NGBW) main function is to access and use levels, and can say from personal connections and seamless global multi-media more and more and more and more important the individual asked the meaning of the future NGN (next generation network) and the GII (Global Information Infrastructure) and application level access, broadband wireless will be the world. .
所谓窄带（Narrowband）接入，常指其携载业务的每用户比特速率≤64kbps；而宽带在此指同时包括≤2Mbps与>2Mbps的“Wideband”与“Broadband”这两种不同场合。而通用无线接入通常包括地面固定无线接入（TFWA）、地面移动接入（TMWA）及卫星接入（SA，同时计及固定及移动）。Universal wireless access to comprehensive, including great area, the macro area, cell, micro cell, pico cell, mobile, semi-mobile (including nomadic, Nomadic), fixed and other access to coverage model, which can effectively cover any three-dimensional physical space corner and effectively connect to any individual user, which is realized in terms of future global personal communications, the actual connection cover (WBAN / WPAN / WLAN / WMAN / WWAN) and the universalization of strategic significance and importance of the self-evident. .
宽带无线的重头戏是以3G演进为中心的宽带移动通信，其演进发展沿1G→ 2G→2G+（2。.5G，2。.75G）→3G→3G+→4G→……方式前进，一般说来这是一种与NGN概念与要求相协调的前、后向兼容式的演进。Corresponding to the center before and after the 3G-compatible system to track the evolution of standards as: GSM → WAP / x-HTML-GPRS / EDGE (IS-136 → EDGE) → WCDMA → HSPA (HSDPA / HSUPA) ... ... → (4G) ... ...-FDD; IS-95A (IS-95A +) → IS-95B → cdma2000 1X → (GSM 1X) → cdma2000 1X (2X) EV-DO → cdma2000 1X (2X?) EV-DV (cdma2000 3X?) ... ... → (4G) ... ...-FDD; GSM → TD-SCDMA (UTRA-TDD?) → ETD-SCDMA/TD-LAS? ... ... → (TDD Broadband IP Wireless?) → (4G)。. —TDD 。.
The Evolution of transmission rate corresponding to:. .
9。.6kbit/s→14。.4kbit/s→56/64kbit/s→114/153kbit/s→308/384kbit/s→2。.0Mbit/s→2。.4Mbit/s→5。.2/6。.0Mbit/s→≥10/20Mbit/s……→……（4G, 高速移动。.→>20/30Mbit/s~100Mbit/s ; 接近固定。.→≥156 Mbit/s ~1000Mbit/s） 。.
Broadband wireless evolution is also an important part of NGN, particularly personal meaning from the point of view, as mentioned above, the future of NGN and GII access and application level, will the wireless communications world, but the 3G evolution of the so-called all IP network architecture development phase must also be coordinated with the NGN. .
涉及NGN是否应为“全IP化”网络之争的问题，首先，从NGN的发生背景可理解，IP网的飞速发展及巨大市场扩展成功与全球覆盖的现实使人们容易接受在IP协议基础上进一步演进提高，以较好地融合现有网络，平滑地向期望中的NGN发展；另一方面，Email、WWW浏览及VoIP等业务的普及与飞速扩展导致IP网的全球覆盖、全方位命名与服务，其开放性及可经济、有效地支持多业务运行的特点使人感觉与GII的构想甚为相似，使人们容易认同采用IP协议支持核心网平台进行未来网络的融合与演进. In this basis, to realize the most cost-effective interconnection of various network level, of course, should the network terminal and the PBN (body area network objects or objects), PAN (personal area network), LAN (Local Area Network) , MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) and WAN (wide area network) should be based on IP protocol-based operation, which will produce "NGN should be all IP-based network called" point of view.但另一方面，目前的IP网络确有安全失控、QoS无保障、网管弱智及系统结构缺乏中间件缓冲及分布智能处理能力差等多方面缺陷，从而另一种对立性观点即认为“NGN不应是全IP化网络”。.
Moreover, the so-called IP-based really understood the whole can "win a war, restrictions on all", this is not science, does not comply with the development of logic. Even if the IPv6 address capacity in the main, and in security, QoS control, address resource management rationality are greatly improved, they can not explain it perfect, can live forever, it Bijing only "Version 6" version of it, and from IPv4 to IPv6, IP protocol incompatibilities can be reflected in the limitations of stage design and great disadvantages.因此，客观说，这两种观点均有其理由及可取之处，但应避免偏激对立，否则难以取长补短，取得现实有效的融合与推进－－一方面，想要完全抛开现存IP网是缺乏基础的、不现实的；另一方面，希望用今天的IP网一统天下显然不切实际、过份乐观与理想化。今天的IP网协议必然与未来NGN协议有很大差异，NGN亦不等于下一代Internet（NGI）。研究和发展NGN必须认真分析这些差距的根源，找出有效的解决办法才行。Even still considered to be IP-based NGN or "all IP-based", IP should change the concept and meaning of the original sense of the IP will not be able to implement a series of defects expected the basic objective of NGN. In fact, as mentioned above, IP and Internet research authority IETF Internet and IP protocols to existing defects and shortcomings are adequately understanding and trust, taking a series of effective measures, a new IP to 基础The network can take on NGN task. .
因此，作为网络标准制订一贯牵头的国际组织ITU与IETF则应抓紧这一机会，协调各方，博采众长，合理保留与使用IP协议的合理成份，并重视一切有益概念与现实途径，使NGN的新协议与现实装备可行性均获得长足提高，从而不负众望。对NGN与GII的关系首先应作出明确合理的阐述，NGN的定义亦必须逻辑合理，并划分必要的阶段性。Secondly, in addition to the network structure optimization of vertical levels, the level of its horizontal, or even multi-dimensional aspects of co-ordination should be pointed out that the optimized structure-oriented. Meaning in this new IP, it seems not only the core network, including the access network, including, should be updated to this future of "all IP" evolutionary direction, "IP Over Everything" also will be "Everything Over IP" / "IP Under Everything" the direction of evolutionary development. .
当然，从网络核心层面, 至接入层面乃至应用层面，应不乏大量应用中间件、分布智能控制、软交换及软件无线电等一系列有效的软件工程技术，等等。在这一含义上，从而，移动通信与Internet的飞速发展这全球信息社会中最耀眼的两大亮点的联手，将把人类实现全球个人多媒体通信－－任何人无论何时、何地都能与任何对象，按自己感兴趣的任何方式实现所谓5W或5A信息交流－－的梦想真正能一步步变为现实。Wireless mobile data services platform for further development needs the support of Internet networks in order to further take-off; and Internet connectivity of individuals who wish to further develop, they must shake off the shackles of a fixed terminal, to be truly personalized service, that is, into the global personal multimedia communications. And global information networks and the popularity of global e-commerce development can really be effective, but also inseparable from the wireless Internet (WI) or mobile (MIP).因此，无线/移动与Internet/IP相结合是历史发展的必然，亦为NGN及BGNW发展的主要组成，深刻洞察与牢牢把握这一新机遇对宽带无线发展战略上尤为重要。 做不同的菜要选用不同的锅。.
http://www. . Greenclub. . Com. .cn / bbs / viewthread. . Php? Tid = 240. .
“特富龙”事件引发了市民对锅的关注，专家认为不同的锅有不同的特点，并建议——。.
Make different dishes, different pot. .
不粘锅、铁锅、不锈钢锅、陶锅、瓷锅、砂锅、纳米技术锅，市面上五花八门的锅让人们看得眼花缭乱。在最近“特富龙”被曝出“可能含致癌物”，而且“美国在数百名新生儿的脐血内发现了生产特富龙等不粘产品时的关键化工原料——全氟辛酸铵(PFOA)”的消息，使人们一下对身边常常使用的锅的安全性产生了怀疑，我们用的锅安全吗？用什么锅是安全的？。.
Chinese Nutrition Society, Vice Chairman Professor Su Yixiang recently said in an interview, there is no need to panic on non-stick pan and tension. The current academic PFOA (PFOA) debate whether the cancer is still in, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's conclusion is "likely." This "may" is the probability, does not mean that cancer will be used. However, Su Professor, can use to minimize the use of less. .
铁锅:目前最安全的锅。.
According to Professor Su introduced the use of traditional Chinese wok is the most safe kitchen. Cast iron wok is made by a qualified, generally do not contain other chemicals, it does not produce oxidation problem. In cooking, cooking course, there will be no dissolution of iron pots objects off the problem does not exist, even if the dissolution of iron material, is absorbed by the body good. .
据悉，世卫专家也建议使用铁锅。究其原因主要是铁锅对防治缺铁性贫血有很好的辅助作用。由于盐、醋对高温状态下的铁的作用，加上锅铲、勺等的摩擦，使锅内层表面的无机铁脱屑成直径很小的粉末。这些粉末被人体吸收后，在胃酸的作用下转变成无机铁盐，从而变成人体的造血原料，发挥其辅助治疗作用。食物中很多都含铁，但铁锅补铁最直接。.
Use Reminder: General wok easily rust, iron oxide, if the body absorb too much, that rust will cause harm to the liver. Experts said the pan easy to rust, not containing food overnight. At the same time, try not to use the wok soup, so that the surface protection of their pan does not rust in the oil layer disappears. Backboard should be minimal when using detergent, to prevent the protective layer was brush to do. After brushing pan, but also try to wipe the pot of water to prevent rust. If there is slight rust, can be used vinegar to clean. .
不粘锅:不宜过高温煎炸。.
The possible carcinogenic Teflon non-stick incident was caused by the main raw material - PFOA. According to Director of Environmental Chemistry Expert, said the Golden Lion, PFOA is a man-made fluoride polymer acid, due to its high degree of stability and food production is not easy and as non-stick coating adhesion will be used for production of materials, such non-stick coating is actually a film thickness of 0. .2 Mm or so, if dry or oil temperature above 300 degrees Celsius, this layer of film may be damaged. .
据了解，使用不粘锅时，若温度达到260℃就会导致不粘锅中PFOA成分分解。不过，一般而言，炒菜时，温度不会达到260℃，但是如果烹制煎炸食品，锅子的温度就可能超过260℃。据专家介绍，水的沸点为100℃，如果用不粘锅煮菜，温度不会超过100℃。此外，如果只是用不粘锅炒菜的话，油冒烟后倒菜进锅，水烧开菜就差不多熟了，温度也不会太高。.
Use Reminder: cooking many dishes require frying, such as fried chicken wings, fried pork ribs, etc., the oil of boiling point is 320 ℃, the fried foods, oil has always been hot, the temperature is very high, which easily lead to non-stick decomposition of harmful components in the pan. So cooking fried, deep-fried food should be avoided, "Teflon" non-stick pan. .
专家还提醒，用不粘锅炒菜，不要用的铁铲子，这样更会加快不粘涂层的破坏，很可能释放出对人体造成危害的物质。.
Ceramic pot, casserole: not dress acidic food. .
瓷器锅过去被公认为无毒餐具，但近年来也有使用中毒的报告。据专家说，有些瓷器餐具的漂亮外衣(釉)中含有铅，如果烧瓷器时温度不够或者涂釉配料不符合标准，就可能会使锅含有较多的铅。当食物与锅接触时，铅就可能溢出釉的表面混入食物中。国家质检部门在抽检中也发现部分陶瓷锅产品铅、镉溶出量超标。Lead or cadmium is holding food products, especially dress acidic food, long-term use of lead or cadmium exceeding the product will cause heavy metal poisoning, serious impact on health, the national compulsory standards on lead, cadmium volume indicators, etc. affect human health, there are strict limits. .
使用提醒:砂锅的瓷釉中含有少量铅，故新买的砂锅，最好先用4%食醋水浸泡煮沸，这样可去掉大部分有害物质。砂锅内壁有色彩的、不宜存放酒、醋及酸性饮料和食物。搪瓷餐具涂在搪瓷制品外层的实际上是一层珐琅质，含有硅酸铝一类物质，若有破损，便会转移到食物中去。选购搪瓷餐具时要求表面光滑平整，搪瓷均匀，色泽光亮。.
Stainless steel pot: not for a long period of salt. .
不锈钢制成的器皿美观耐用。但不合格的不锈钢锅会存在安全隐患。苏教授表示，不合格的不锈钢锅，在使用时其中的某些化合物可能会溶出来，人体多次摄入同样会在体内慢慢累积，当达到某一限度时，就会危害人体健康。.
Provincial Bureau of Quality Supervision, according to concerned parties, the general failure of the stainless steel pot disqualified as chromium exceeded. Chromium is an essential trace elements, the body's glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism play a special role. Trivalent chromium is the element of human good, while hexavalent chromium was harmful to humans as one of the chemicals, is recognized internationally as one of the carcinogenic metal. .
使用提醒:不锈钢并非完全不会生锈，若长期接触酸、碱类物质，也会起化学反应，使其中的微量元素被溶解出来。因此，不锈钢食具容器不应长时间盛放盐、酱油、菜汤等；不应用以煎熬中药。此外，不用强碱性或强氧化性的化学药剂如苏打、漂白粉、次氯酸钠等洗涤不锈钢食具容器，以免对产品产生腐蚀。.
Aluminum pot: not cooking with a metal shovel. .
铝锅的特性是热分布优良，传热效果是不锈钢锅的16倍，且锅体较轻。但使用不当铝会大量溶出，长期食铝过多，会加速人体衰老，对健康不利。据暨南大学附属第一医院营养科副主任黄俭医生介绍，铝锅不宜用于高温煎炒菜，高温或者金属铲在炒菜时与铝锅碰撞、摩擦都有可能使铝成分释放出来。此外，铝锅也不能装强酸强碱的菜肴，如腌制食品，最好还是用玻璃器皿。.
Use Reminder: Some experts said that as far as possible not to use aluminum utensils because aluminum in the human body caused by excessive accumulation of mental decline, memory loss and dementia. Aluminium utensils and iron utensils with even less use of chemical reaction occurs between the two would lead to more aluminum ions into the food. .
注：关于解决铁锈问题的另一则厂商软文：。.
Chinese people like to use the wok cooking, and the persistence of "pan rust" problem, most recently in the cookware industry, finally leading brand Supor been completely resolved, "rust" color meal times can finally Supor's "Nanocrystalline" of technology announced before the end of the pan instead choose the standard is "good pot does not rust, iron supplementation is more healthy." .
提起铁锅，人们可谓又爱又恨。作为百姓最常用的传统炊具，铁锅对人体的健康自不言而喻。传统铁锅炒菜所溶解出来的少量铁元素，容易被人体吸收，可有效防止缺铁性贫血发生，对人体的健康很有裨益。而且，铁锅已成为世界卫生组织向全球推荐的健康炊具。但是，无法根除的铁锈顽疾让人们使用铁锅的时候多了许多担心铁锅中的铁锈，即铁锅中的铁原子与空气中的氧原子发生化学反应而生成的氧化铁。Have proved, the city's high incidence of liver disease in the rural population, primarily because of excessive absorption of iron oxide, the most direct is the iron oxide is the most damaging to human liver damage. Therefore, the rust damage on the human body has long been of concern to health experts one of the topics. .
化学常识告诉我们，要阻止铁锅生锈首先必须隔离铁原子与氧原子，杜绝其发生化学反应，这个看似简单的问题并不是所有炊具厂家都可以完美地解决。苏泊尔经长期的潜心研究，独立研发出的“超微晶化”技术，一举攻克传统铁锅生锈的技术壁垒。这种“超微晶化”技术的不锈铁锅，通过特特殊工艺的处理使铁锅表面形成超微晶化不锈层，实现锅体铁原子与空气中氧原子的完全隔离，从根源上杜绝了锅体生锈的隐患 。.
http://www. . Pcmag. . Com. .cn/evaluation/column/story/200807/51007323. . Shtml. .
文章来源:PCMag 作者:陈鹏 2008-07-02。.
Recently, with multimedia devices and mobile data increasing the capacity of peripherals, high-speed data transfer interfaces become increasingly important. After a period of development, has formed an external storage device USB, IEEE 1394, and eSATA three parallel situation. .
一、规格再度升级，USB绝处逢生 。.
USB (Universal Serial Bus) in Chinese called "Universal Serial Bus" interface. Since 1996, after the publication of specifications, Intel and other upstream firms in strong support, with plug and play, USB and scale of applications has been greatly expanded, and soon became the standard peripheral interface. Today, almost all peripheral devices to the USB interface provides support. .
在这段时间里，USB有两次重大的升级——从最初的USB 1。.0到USB 1。.1，再到目前主流的USB 2。.0（USB 2。.0分为Hi-Speed和Full-Speed，如非特别说明，本文所指均为Hi-Speed）规范，速度也从最初的1。.5Mb/s提升至480Mb/s（60MB/s）。但随着数据容量的逐年攀升，USB 2。.0也已经难以满足大容量数据传输的需要。On the other hand, the original plan for the promotion of alternative to USB, eSATA progress disappointing. In this case, USB standard-setting organization in September 2007 Intel Developer Forum on the update again after a lapse of years later, USB standard, proposed USB3. .0 Standards. .
为了实现向下兼容，USB3。.0保留了USB 2。.0的物理设计。USB3。.0采用一种新的物理层，不再采用令牌式总线设计，采用一种封包路由技术，仅允许终端设备有数据要发送时才进行传输，并用两个信道分别负责数据传输及确认。由于采用新的物理层，USB3。.0接口结构也有所改变，除了拥有USB 2。.0 of 4 metal contacts, but also added 5 new contacts, by sending a list of sections for data contracting, uplink interface, the five distributed contact for the USB3. .0 Equipment interconnection, while the downstream part is backward compatible interface to USB 2. .0 Equipment distributed hierarchical transmission. In addition to traditional copper as the transmission medium outside, USB3. .0 Also introduced a fiber material, a means of significantly improved USB transfer rates, its theoretical maximum data transfer rate up to 4. .8 Gb / s (600MB / s), even higher than the mainstream SATA 3Gb interfaces.这就极大地缓解了目前外置存储接口传输率过慢的窘境，举例来说，一部25GB的高清电影通过USB 2。.0需要花费近14分钟，而利用USB3。.0传输则只需要70秒。.
It is worth mentioning that, USB3. .0 New connectivity standard that every component will also support multiple data streams and each stream will be maintained independently of the priority level, can be used in the video transfer process to terminate the interference caused by jitter. Data flow mechanism also may be inherent in the command sequences, which make the hard disk data transfer optimization. USB3. .0还对供电部分进行了改进，使其突破了目前500mA电流输出限制，有望实现1A以上的供电能力，能够涵盖几乎所有采用USB接口的便携设备，从而真正充分发挥USB设计的便携性。.
Although USB3. .0 Has a higher transfer rate and greater supply, but its implementation has paid a certain price, the transmission distance of only 2 meters higher than the current USB 2. .0 Significantly reduced 5-meter, the cost of cable should be higher than the latter. Progress in the development of standards more slowly than expected, Intel had plans to USB3. .0 Import ICH10 plan will not be able to achieve. Same time, it will also face the challenge of other standards, such as time to market new IEEE 1394 than USB3. .0 To about three months earlier. Of course, USB3. .0最大的优势便是能够实现无缝升级，借助现有巨大的用户群，USB3。.0依然有很大的机会继续它在外设接口中的统治地位。.
USB 2. .0 Different transmission rates. .
USB 2。.0发布后，之前的标准也并入到新的标准之中，包括USB 2。.0 Low-Speed（1。.5Mb/s）、USB 2。.0 Full-Speed（12Mb/s）以及USB 2。.0 High-Speed（480Mb/s）。我们目前所说的USB 2。.0事实上全程应是USB 2。.0 High-Speed。.
Second, WUSB - USB wireless version. .
无线USB（Certified Wireless USB，简称WUSB）的概念并不新鲜，这个早在2004年英特尔春季技术峰会就被提出的无线数据传输标准使用基于WiMedia的通用UWB(Ultra WideBand)无线平台，其数据传输率与USB 2。.0持平，达到480Mb/s。.
WUSB is a star topology based on wireless technology - that is the host (HOST) will serve as the center of the whole system to handle all the work connected device data transfer, and assign each device to use the time slot and data Bandwidth. In this topology, WUSB host and WUSB connection between devices is point to point direct connection, this way the image is also known as clusters; in theory, WUSB host can connect up to 127 WUSB devices.同时该技术允许空间重叠，也就是说多个WUSB集群在保证没有冲突的前提下，可以在同一个空间中共存，而且通过在一定区域中使用多重的活动频道，允许多个设备在同一时间内共用数据带宽，从而让有限的频谱空间被充分利用起来，实现小空间中的大带宽。Be noted that in the WUSB specification also defines a dual role mode (Dual-Role Device), any one WUSB device while serving as a "node" and "host" the dual role of WUSB devices can be directly connected to two together without going through the special master. .
在传输规格上，WUSB采用3。.1GHz～10。.6GHz的频段进行通讯，能够在3米距离内实现480Mb/s的理论最大传输率。它还具有根据距离动态调整传输率的功能，通过降低数据传输率至110Mb/s可以使其最大有效距离达到10米。与此相比，目前便携数码产品、手机普遍使用的红外线和蓝牙2。.0只能达到16Mb/s和20Mb/s的传输速率，仅有最新的蓝牙3。.0（480Mb/s）可与之媲美。Meanwhile, WUSB UWB platform is based on time hopping spread spectrum signal, and IEEE 802. .11 A / b and Bluetooth compared to the same transmission rate in conditions have a stronger anti-interference WUSB. .
目前USB接口的应用极为广泛，繁多的连线有时也相当令人头疼，WUSB标准则可以在此基础上将用户从众多的连接线中解放出来，相当有发展前景。不过，目前WUSB标准最大的缺点就是传输距离过短，尤其是全速率时的距离限制更为严格，这也是WUSB亟待解决的问题。.
3, IEEE 1394b, even behind the professional market. .
IEEE 1394是苹果在SISI接口的基础之上推出了一种高速串行总线，自1987年推出至今已经逾20年，算得上是PC外置接口的元老。与USB相比，IEEE 1394能够同时支持同步和异步传输，并具有处理器占用率低的优点。Synchronous data transmission to emphasize its real-time, use this function device data can be fed direct to PC, at the time meant that no longer need expensive buffer, which is digital video (DV) has been adopted as a standard interface IEEE 1394 Reasons 1. .
随着市场的需要，这些年来1394贸易协会也几度对IEEE 1394进行提速改进，基本标准从最初的1394a发展到目前的1394b，传输速率则从100Mb/s、200MB/s、400MB/s提升到800MB/s。Even so, a rising star in the face of frequently Gb / s transmission rate, IEEE 1394b apparently been difficult to match, the 1394 Trade Association announced last year that the existing IEEE 1394b standard electrical updated, improved specification is named S3200, The interface is still using the existing 1394b standard. Its transfer rate from the current 800MB / s significantly enhance four times to 3. .2 Gb / s. Although the point of view from the specifications, S3200 should be inferior to the latest USB3. .0 Standards, but USB3. .0的实际传输率远远达不到其理论值，特别是当几台设备共用一个USB通道，其传输速度就会急速降低。由于IEEE 1394b采用独立的主控芯片，则很少存在这种情况，具有极稳定的传输质量仍是IEEE 1394的优势。同时1394b的有效传输距离可达到100米，并能提供8V～40V的电压以及最大5A的电流，这都是USB3。.0、eSATA所不能比拟的。.
Meanwhile, like wireless USB, as a by ultra-wideband (UWB) wireless transmission standard 1394 Wireless 1394 being developed. Transfer rate in the current Wireless IEEE 1394 will remain to maintain a speed of 400Mbps, may also occur in the future transfer rate 800Mbps, Wireless IEEE 1394b standard.因此从某种意义上说，Wireless IEEE 1394与WUSB的竞争将持续下去，就好像IEEE 1394与USB的竞争一样。值得注意的是，WiMedia联盟开发的MBOA融合层软件可以使WUSB底层的UWB射频技术能够支持Wireless IEEE 1394、蓝牙、互联网协议(IP)或USB协议的软件栈，这意味着未来或许出现WUSB、Wireless IEEE 1394、蓝牙标准归于一统的局面. .
不过，成本问题仍然是S3200无法逾越的难题。目前的主板芯片组中都已经集成了USB和eSATA控制器，用户基本上不需要再投入其他费用。而IEEE 1394控制器的结构较复杂，加之市场竞争的因素，目前市面上几乎没有集成IEEE 1394控制器的芯片组，这就使其使用成本一直难以降低，这正是IEEE 1394未来发展路上最迫切需要解决的问题。Negative factors which impact more and more obvious, resulting in recent years, IEEE 1394 in the PC peripherals market share dwindling, the strong market before IEEE 1394 - External USB device market was practically the occupation. Likewise, similar to the PlayStation2 gaming console this generation have at least IEEE 1394 interface, but now they also have longer attention PlayStation3 IEEE 1394.值得庆幸的是，IEEE 1394在数字电视以及数码摄像机等CE装置领域的增长在很大程度上弥补了它在PC外设领域的萎缩，这也使得IEEE 1394愈来愈像是个摄影录像、视讯应用和专业剪辑领域的专用接口，逐渐从泛用走向专用。.
To ensure compatibility, USB 3. .0 Interface to retain the original USB-4 pin (shown in purple pin). Meanwhile, another front-end interface to provide a dedicated USB 3. .0 5 new high-speed transmission pin (shown in red pin). .
尽管传输率大幅提升，但S3200还是属于IEEE 1394b规范。因此，其采用的接口与现有的IEEE 1394b一样，均为9针接口（图中右）；也同样可以使用用于兼容IEEE 1394a的6针接口（图中左）。.
WUSB actually very practical for the user. Although the existing USB device does not support WUSB, but by WUSB adapter, the user can PC-existing equipment and space constraints reduce to the minimum extent, which is reluctant to take over the family's Yonghu cable is particularly useful. .
尽管属于SATA的下属规范，但eSATA的接口与SATA是无法通用的。SATA接口采用单向防呆设计，eSATA则采用双向防呆设计。同时，为了应付频繁的插拔，eSATA接口的品质要求也更高。.
eSATA is the current undisputed king of the speed of up to 3Gb / s bandwidth makes the transmission of vast amounts of data is no longer a torment. However, you must use an additional power supply becomes the biggest weakness, making it completely lost in the portable market competitiveness. .
WUSB采用星形传输结构，任何数据都需经过WUSB Host传输，终端的WUSB Device最多可以接入127个设备。不过，在多设备传输时，Host的负荷很容易就会迅速提高到一个很高的水平。.
4, eSATA standard, applications still need to break surface. .
外接式接口除了较常见的USB和IEEE 1394外，近两年来PC上还出现了一种新的外置接口——eSATA。.
As an extension of the current mainstream SATA interfaces, eSATA is actually SATA 3Gb external standard. eSATA is just SATA interface is an extension mainly used to connect an external rather than internal SATA devices. Simply means that through the eSATA technology to the external I / O interface uses SATA functionality.如果拥有eSATA接口，用户就可以轻松地将SATA硬盘插到eSATA接口，而不用再做打开机箱的动作，这就使得用户可以在电脑外部连接SATA硬盘而不像过去只能局限于电脑内部。在规格上，eSATA拥有方便的热插拔功能，最高可提供3Gb/s的数据传输速度，能够充分发挥硬盘的需要（USB 2。.0和IEEE 1394b的接口带宽则要低于主流硬盘的内部传输率）。随着USB3。.0 and the S3200's made, it is no longer the advantage of bandwidth, but it still has been put into practical high-bandwidth external interface. .
eSATA还具有USB3。.0、1394b所不具有的优点。首先，eSATA可以在主机内部的系统崩溃后引导启动盘直接恢复系统，大大拓展了备份设备的附加值。其次，eSATA接口的另一个好处是有利于RAID性能的发挥，通过端口复制器（Port Multiplier，简称PM）可以让两个硬盘组建RAID0而不至于因为接口带宽的因素影响性能发挥。And through eSATA interface, another to purchase another one suitable expansion card, or through the RAID disk array parity data protection (Parity Protection) will be able to support users of data protection features required to provide users with continuous data backup. Therefore, eSATA in the PC, server, workstation or notebook's external storage and data protection and so more potential for development. However, the SATA-based specifications, eSATA can not provide the supply, the need to eSATA-based storage devices to provide additional power.这就使得eSATA虽然具有足够的带宽，也已经成为主板的标准配置，但却迟迟不能大规模普及。好在SATA-IO（SATA的规范制定组织）已经意识到问题的严重性，正着手开发通过SATA数据线来传输电力。随着新一代USB接口的推出，eSATA的发展前景更为严峻，如果无法对其进行必要的改进，要超越USB真正成为外置存储设置首选接口将显得更加困难。.
1. . Several different wireless USB. .
除了Certified Wireless USB外，Cypress也发布了专门针对人性化接口装置（Human Interface Device，简称HIDs）的WirelessUSB（注意，中间无空格），这个工作在2。.4GHz频段的规范最高传输率为1Mb/s，此时的连接距离达到10米，在降低传输率至62。.5Kb/s后则可将传输距离延长至50米。Use Freescale's UWB is a wireless USB other bands the same function, but users should apply the same standards with the purchase of equipment. .
2。.IEEE 1394、FireWare和i。.LINK。.
In fact, IEEE 1394 a total of three kinds of call. In addition to our common assertion other than IEEE 1394, Apple calls it FireWare (FireWire), Sony will call it i. . LINK. .
3。.端口复制器。.
eSATA support the port replicator, so it allows 15 devices share the same bandwidth eSATA interface. However, only the bandwidth of the current eSATA 3Gb / s, from a practical point of view, with an eSATA interface, the hard disk can only guarantee the performance of 3 full. .
来源：互联网 作者：west263。.com 时间：2008-02-23 。.
http://www. . West263. .com/info/html/caozuoxitong/Mac-OS/20080224/24056. . Html. .
“数码生活”这个词相信是现在媒体上曝光几率最多的了，而且我们也越来越感受到数码技术日新月异的发展给我们的生活带来的变化。打印机，扫描仪，数码相机对于我们早就不是什么新鲜的东西了，甚至数码摄像机也已走进了千家万户。每逢过年过节，全家外出旅游，带上数码设备用他记录下那出色的点点滴滴生活时刻，同时，也记录下了科技改变生活变化的每个细节。谈到数码设备，就不能不谈这些设备的接口类型。From the early Serial, parallel to USB interface technology, bringing us is the rapid speed of great leap forward and easy usage. Today we say that the interface application is the market leader. .
IEEE1394接口类型 。.
IEEE1394 interface, there should be a first in the country around in 97,98, but then he is also for most of us simply stop at the concept level, that a few years, and rarely associated in the MAC accessories on the market that have the IEEE1394 interface type of hardware device, occasionally only those "rich" in order to enjoy the play.可是随着时间的推移，进入20世纪以后，市场上带有IEEE1394接口类型的设备不断涌现，已有了应用此接口的扫描仪，数码相机，Webcam，硬盘等设备。.
1, IEEE1394 definition and features:. .
1394卡的全称是IEEE1394 Interface Card，他是IEEE标准化组织定制的一项具备视频数据传输速度的串行接口标准。他支持外接设备热插拔、同时可为外设提供电源，省去了外设自带的电源、支持同步数据传输。IEEE1394接口最初由苹果公司研发，早期是为了取代SCSI接口而设计的，英文取名为FIREWIRE。.
Was later called FireWire, in part because fast (the fastest transfer rate interface, the 400MBPS, and the upcoming IEEE1394B standards is to enhance the speed to 800MBPS or 1. .6 GBPS standards, the undisputed seat peripheral interface in the speed of the first of the throne), on the other hand result from the English name derives. Later, this interface is very fast, but also small relative to the number of SCSI terms, it has gradually been accepted by all, and widely popular. His presence is a digital data transmission Revolution.作为新一代的高性能串行总线标准，IEEE 1394的主要性能特点如下： 。.
(1) digital interface: data can be transmitted in digital form, without digital-analog converter, which reduces the complexity of the equipment to ensure the quality of the signal;. .
（2） “热插拔”：即系统在全速工作时，IEEE 1394设备也能够插入或拆除，用户会发现，增添一个1394器件，就像将电源线插入其电气插座中相同容易； 。.
(3) Plug and Play: No Set ID (identifier) or the terminal load, the master node can be dynamically determined;. .
（4） 总线结构：采用读／写映射空间的结构，而不是IEEE1212标准规定的寻址发送数据方式，对于外部电缆和底板技术规格，都有周详规定； 。.
(5) speed: IEEE 1394 standard defines three transfer rate: 98.304 Mbps, 196.608 Mbps, 392.216 Mbps. Because these three rate at 100 Mbps, 200 Mbps, 400 Mbps in the vicinity, so the standard is also known as S100, S200, S400. End million this rate can be used to transmit uncompressed motion picture signal.而IEEE 1394．b标准正在研讨支持800 Mbps和1 600 Mbps的传输速率； 。.
(6), good compatibility: IEEE 1394 bus can be adapted to desktop PC users, all the I / O needs, and can and SCSI Parallel (small computer system interface), RS232 standard serial port, IEEE 1284 standard parallel port, Centronics interfaces, Apple's Desktop Bus interface compatibility, etc.;. .
（7） 接口设备对等（peer－to－peer），不分主从设备，都是主导者和服务者。其中有足够的智能用于连接，不需附加控制功能。如此便可不通过电脑而在两台摄像机之间直接传递数据，也能够让多台电脑共享一台摄像机； 。.
(8) the physical size of a small, low cost, easy to install;. .
（9） 非专利性：使用IEEE 1394串行总线不存在专利问题； 。.
(10) cheap: suitable for home appliances. IEEE 1394's price decreased, partly due to a serial data transmission to achieve, and he used to simplify the design of electronic circuits and cables. The sending and receiving device as a standard chipset to handle addressing, initialization, arbitration and agreements. .
二、 IEEE1394接口的两种类别： 。.
6-pin IEEE1394 interface, and 4-pin types. 6 angular 6-pin interface, small square, compared with 4-pin interfaces. Apple developed the first interface is a 6-pin IEEE1394, later, SONY Corporation in love with his fast data transfer rate characteristics of the early 6-pin interface improvements, new designs are now common to all 4-pin interface, and named To ILINK.（这也是IEEE1394的另外一种叫法）6针的，主要用于普通的台式电脑，时下很多主板都整合了这种接口，特别是APPLE电脑，统统采用的这种接口；另一种是4针的接口，从外观上就显得要比6针的小很多，主要用于笔记本电脑和DV上，和6针的接口相比，4针的接口没有提供电源引脚，所以无法供电，但优势也很明显：就是小！ 。.
Especially recently, laptops and DV are small and thin towards the development, recently listed as SONY IP series of digital cameras, compact body, high integration, in such a machine if a 6-pin interface, is clumsy. In addition, DV 1394 is mainly used for transmission of image data, so no need for electricity. But if you add an external hard drive, 6-pin 1394 pin very necessary, and the first volume is relatively large external hard drives, so it does not care about the size of interfaces.其次，外置硬盘运行时需要供电，其次是需要有很高速的传输速率，此时带供电的6针1394接口就很必要了。在这方面，APPLE的IPOD就比较有代表性，其一方面通过1394接口传输文档，另一方面其也通过FIREWIRE线缆进行自动充电。.
Vertical above, two IEEE1394 interfaces can be said is different, so it better not saying who. But this point, but also to tell you a little problem, now on the market only four for the four-pin, 6 pin for six transmission cable, there are 6-pin to switch the transmission of four-pin cable. However, as soon IEEE1394 interface transfer rate, resulting in the connection cable to the shielding of the need to be high, so the market did not see the IEEE1394 lines long, the longest is about 3 meters more.据我所知，4米以上的1394线只有一些外国公司能够生产，并且已申请了专利，需要专门定购，而且价格很贵。.
3, the future interface standards battle:. .
对于串口，并口和IEEE1394的比较而言，他们早就是过时的标准了，所以这里我们就着重说说现在应用最广泛的USB和IEEE1394的对比。其实，IEEE1394和USB早期的版本1。.1在速度上也没有什么可比性，IEEE 1394以其400Mbps的传输速率峰值遥遥领先，而USB 1。.1最大只有12Mbps。显而易见，当经常传输和多媒体相关的大文档时，前者的高速率具备绝对优势。但USB2。.0 Appearance, then to break this situation is the IEEE1394 transmission speed of most immediate challenge, he's transfer rate, in theory can reach 480Mbps, the speed over the IEEE1394. Here we look at comparison of the two interface types:. .
1、两者的主要区别在于各自面向的应用上。USB 2。.0主要用于外设的连接，而IEEE 1394主要定位在声音/视频领域，用于制造消费类电子设备，如数字VCR、DVD和数码电视等。未来，USB 2。.0和IEEE 1394在许多消费类系统上应当能够一起存在,比如现在新的苹果电脑和一些PC电脑都同时配有这两种接口。.
2, today, provides a USB-enabled computer more and more appeared on the market a large number of computers available and connected USB peripherals. So naturally need to further improve the speed of USB, for universal access to USB peripherals to prepare. In the field of audio and video consumer appliances, IEEE 1394 has become a de facto connection standard. Therefore, the future of the computer, if would like to connect with this appliance itself must meet the IEEE 1394 standard. .
3、USB 2。.0传输速度为每秒480 Mbps，比起IEEE1394还快，而USB 2。.0的第二版更将达到800 Mbps的速度（最高理想值1600 Mbps），将会成为超越IEEE1394的最高传输标准。此外“USB 2。.0”兼容现在任何的“USB 1。.1”，且单位造价比IEEE1394还便宜，所以以INTEL、COMPAQ、HP为首的国际电脑厂商都支持“USB 2。.0”。.
4, as IEEE1394 Interface Specification Interface by Apple FireWare evolved into a common international standard, while the industry the leader in PC-INTEL Corporation, of course Apple will not allow the specified standards rob PC market, although no way to open but certainly not support the opposition were very good, so Intel's chipsets have been released a variety of support on the IEEE1394 conceal, to be honest, the 1394 devices to grow today, not much there and the Intel's support.虽然如此，但在此笔者不敢妄下结论评判未来那个接口标准会是主流，只能说未来的外设接口应该是USB2。.0、IEEE1394并立（不排除更有新的标准出现），最终谁将成为主流更有待厂商和用户的支持。.
zanero Note: USB3. .0 IEEE 1394b e-SATA external interfaces of the three criteria the future. .
IEEE 1394 (FireWire?) 高速互连功能在计算机、外设与消费类电子产品之间实现了简单、低成本、高带宽实时数据连接。最初的规范 (1394a) 支持数据传输速率 100Mbps、200Mbps 和 400Mbps，距离最远可达 4。.5 米。.
1394b improve performance (up to 3. .2 Gbps), extended range (up to 100 meters) and allows the use of a variety of cable media to meet any application in the field (STP, UTP, POF or GOF). For the home network, 1394b supported by 100 meters Category 5 unshielded twisted pair (referred to as Cat5 or UTP5) to 100Mbps data transfer, thus providing excellent performance, cost, easy to install and security compromise.作为附加的功能，TI 1394b 向后兼容 1394a，从而使得最终用户进行家庭组网更为方便。.
1394b-2000 advantage of faster: speed range from 800Mbps to 3200Mbps. .
距离更长：对于 GOF 和 Cat5，最大距离为 100 米；对于 POF，最大距离为 50 米 。.
TI 1394b is a two-language: support for 1394a and 1394b mode communication mode. .
布线选项更多：STP、Cat5、POF 和 GOF 。.
Efficient: BOSS arbitration. .
对用户更友善：免环路构建支持任何拓扑和冗余方案 。.
1394b home networking solutions TSB41AB3 and TSB17BA1 chipset designed to support home networking applications through a longer cable lengths required to connect. These devices support the transmission of a large number of common audio and video data, using Cat5 cable, lengths up to 100 meters. Because of their backward-compatible 1394a, thus protecting the client components on the network of early investment in FireWire. .
1394b 高速数据传输解决方案TSB81BA3 和 TSB82AA2 芯片组设计用于高速数据传输。通过支持高达 800Mbps 的速度，这个与 1394b 相符的芯片组使您能够快速下载大量应用数据（例如视频点播）或备份 RAID 阵列。.
Why ExpressCard can not replace the PCMCIA card. .
http://www。.itdigger。.com 2007年10月24日 11:08:00 来源：泡泡网 发表评论 。.
In the notebook computer products, in order to maintain a slim figure, scalability has been a part of the expense, though with a USB or 1394 interfaces, but the speed performance of these interfaces is always unsatisfactory, and often will seriously affect the system overall performance. .
随着CardBus（或称PC CARD、PCMCIA接口）架构的出现，其基于PCI电气规格的可扩充架构，不仅拥有了更好的接口效能，内插式的设计，也能在最低限度影响外观的前提之下进行功能的扩充。.
As the speed, scalability and technology maturity are fairly complete, the external R & D companies and consumers, CardBus architecture has been quite perfect. When the PCMCIA organization launched the ExpressCard-based PCI Express technology architecture, as do combined with the motherboard chipset, so naturally being appointed successor to CardBus. ExpressCard force in the promotion trail, however, is not as well as in the past CardBus. .
ExpressCard与CardBus的尺寸与沟通协议方式比较，ExpressCard能够节省笔记本电脑的生产成本，但是对于外围却无太大帮助。.
● a short time is difficult to replace CardBus. .
过去CardBus得以成功推广的关键，主要是下游厂商提供了足够的外围产品种类与数量，消费者可选择性大，虽然随着各种高带宽应用的出现，基于PCI技术的CardBus可能就难以负担。But, after all, these high-bandwidth applications are still a minority, most of the needs of consumers have stayed CardBus TV card, IO expansion cards and other low-bandwidth applications, if these low-bandwidth peripherals scripted transferred to the ExpressCard platform, it seems that the need for not large, and the PCI technology is mature and high, firms have high familiarity in the design and production, and the final testing process, there are also more energy efficient control, so not only Ge peripheral manufacturers launched CardBus products are still ongoing, even laptops also support CardBus interface to continue, such as Lenovo X61 notebook computers, continued with CardBus interface, part of the notebook computer makers are also continuing with CardBus support and built on, but not integrated ExpressCard。.
● obvious technical superiority is not enough. .
现有的PC卡，也就是CardBus，是平行式的架构，要用68pins（针脚）与PC相连，同时还需要控制芯片把数据传输到现有的PCI端子上。而新一代的ExpressCard则是内建了2个序列型的端子做为交换数据之用，这2个序列架构包含了USB2。.0及PCIExpress标准可供选择。Through the sequence of technology, can significantly reduce the pin, in fact, ExpressCard Zhi takes 26 pins, so in theory it could allow PC makers through ease, but from the introduction of the standard has still lacked sufficient to promote its universal mission-critical applications . .
一般上来说，虽然ExpressCard具备了尺寸小、传输快、低成本的架构优势，但是与CardBus相较起来，并没有绝对的优势存在，首先从尺寸来说，虽然34mm版本的ExpressCard具备了极为迷你的体型，但是一般外围方面往往为了迁就于厂商的制造技术，而仅能使用54mm版本的插槽，就尺寸方面并无太大优势存在，虽然54mm插槽也兼容于34mm扩充卡，但是34mm扩充卡插入时的稳定性就要大打折扣. Low-cost advantages are limited to the notebook computer manufacturing side, the end product can not get much benefit from this, and therefore reduces the peripheral manufacturers shift from CardBus to ExpressCard will. .
PCMCIA组织虽然夸下海口，要让ExpressCard在2007年全面取代CardBus，但是人算不如天算，在前端厂商（笔记本电脑厂商）与后端厂商（外围生产厂商）皆没有配合意愿的情况之下，其实推行起来困难重重，截至目前为止，CardBus产品仍然在市场上占有相当大的比例，ExpressCard所预期产生的推挤效应并不明显。.
● PCI Express PCI-born pan-solving restrictions. .
在PC平台上，PCI接口为了取得更大的可用带宽，出现了不少应用变种，比如说PCI-X和“进阶图形端口”（AGP），就藉由增加总线频率来提供更高的带宽表现。但是增加频率有其副作用存在，举例来说，总线可以路由的距离，以及总线收发器可以驱动的接头数目同量减少，这就形成了将PCI总线分割为多重区块的概念。这些区块的每1个都需要从主机驱动芯片，路由1个完整PCI-X总线到每1现用的插槽中。.
For example, the 64-bit PCI-X in each block need 150 pins. Obviously, these implementations are costly, and for routing, board layers and chip packaging pin output are constrained. This additional cost of the bandwidth only attaches great importance to the occasion, like when the server is excusable, but the emphasis on cost PC platform, is formed to promote the obstacles, the PC platform from start to finish maintained at 32-bit 33MHz specifications, virtually no progress in bandwidth. .
当PCI Express技术推出之后，桌面计算机平台对此技术配合度非常高，除了因为主要主板芯片技术龙头Intel全力推行以外，台式机平台对于带宽的需求非常的渴切也是关键之一，毕竟PC平台可涵盖范围可从服务器领域到高阶游戏计算机，其在储存应用上与高阶显示适配器的产品上，都是主要的带宽消耗者，当时的AGP接口或PCIX接口所能提供的带宽已明显不敷使用，因此在业界龙头的主导下，辅以消费者的需求，PCI Express规格的推广可以说是顺水推舟. .
● 带宽要求不高 市场需求降低。.
However, the notebook platform architecture based on PCI CardBus technology although it has the same problem, but notebook demand for bandwidth is not so urgent, general common external USB or 1349, even though the performance in bandwidth and CPU usage on not very good, but enough to meet the external storage, watching TV or other general applications.然而基于PCI Express技术的ExpressCard在技术特性上，除了带宽更为庞大以外，似乎也没有其他更吸引人的特性，即便具备了较低的功耗，但是缺乏更关键的应用助力，让此标准的推广显得有些停滞不前。.
对带宽需求最大的应用，要属显示适配器与储存界面这两大区块，而恰好笔记本电脑对这两大区块的功能需求并不强，许多主流笔记本电脑甚至只采用整合的显示接口，未另加独立显示模块，对带宽的需求更是不明显，而针对储存方面，一般人也只会选择在方便性与性能平衡点最佳的USB外接式储存媒体，ExpressCard虽然具有eSATA之类的扩充卡产品，但是主流的储存装置，包含硬盘机、固态硬盘等，其最高传输效率也仅在100Mbps以下，一般CardBus（带宽约133Mbps）就足以肩负起此种传输任务，消费者并不会因转移到ExpressCard接口上获得多少好处，加上笔记本电脑的使用者多半也不会有高速磁盘阵列的需求，因此在应用更是倍受限制。.
● opportunities for the development of the desktop platform. .
由于ExpressCard基于PCI Express规范之下，在带宽的扩充上具有极大的潜力，加上台式机也逐渐朝向精简、时尚的概念去设计，体积势必无法像目前的PC机箱那般庞大，采用ExpressCard作为其扩充接口，便可以轻易的在维持机壳体积的小巧之下，进行最大限度的功能扩充，且不用拆卸机壳。.
The latest PCI Express specification has been adopted, although not as fast ExpressCard put technical parameters adjusted to meet the latest specification, but the bandwidth has doubled, and many new features, also contribute to the promotion of ExpressCard, for example, the bandwidth consumption of The most vicious of the high-end display adapters into a single module can be independent, with independent power supply capacity, and using ExpressCard interface to link to your computer, but if it wants to expand the computer's storage space, you can also use a dedicated ExpressCard interface to an external hard drive cabinet , then the computer's internal PCI / PCI Express slot can be replaced gradually replaced is 2 to 4 range of ExpressCard slot。.
● further extended application range. .
当ExpressCard在桌面计算机市场与高带宽需求周边得以推展，加上原本就具备的低技术门坎外围应用，可以交织成完整的产品阵线，由低阶应用到高阶族群，形成完备的市场推力，并且过渡到笔记本电脑平台上，满足过去笔记本电脑所甚少接触的领域，比如说笔记本电脑使用内建独立型显示芯片，通常是为了满足游戏或特定绘图应用。.
However, these applications are going on, usually with a fixed supply of electricity in the environment, seldom out of action when it was in these applications, if the discrete graphics made into ExpressCard interface display functions without the need for independence, can effectively reduce system power consumption, would also be used in the performance is insufficient, the simple purchase of a new ExpressCard display module to upgrade. Instead of as now, if the new graphics technology and specifications are interested, you must replace the entire notebook computer to form a waste.（zanero：lenovo(IBM) ThinkPad T400高端机型就是这样设计的) 。.
In the past, notebook computers are always stretched in the storage area, if you want to expand, it mostly to accommodate the cost and convenience, using performance is due to the USB interface to connect external storage media, when 1 or more within the ExpressCard slot is built in the notebook computer, consumers can easily use the notebook computer's external eSATA high-capacity products, taking into account performance, cost, and convenience.由于体积、功耗与带宽无法与ExpressCard相提并论，这些应用在CardBus上将难以达成，因此也将能成功挤压CardBus市场，并将其淘汰。.
By a similar application, we can expect to your desktop platform and notebook platforms, peripherals unified, desktop platform for large space, multiple slots can be built, and laptop computers depending on their screen size and product positioning , decided to built-in ExpressCard slot number, basically the number two slot be reasonable, of course, the premise is to break into the market success of these external, or highbrow, even built a sufficient number of slots, but no application to use these slots, then in addition to wasting away, nor to promote the ExpressCard standard. .
(作者：DIGITIMES/林宗辉) 。.
Hyacinth. .
目录 。.
Basic information. .
生态习性 。.
Plant propagation. .
形态特征 。.
Common species. .
繁殖 。.
Hyacinth cultivation Fourth. .
选购和栽培 。.
Pest and Disease Control. .
科学培养葡萄风信子 。.
Hyacinth plant technical training material production. .
园艺应用 。.
Florid. .
相关传说 。.
Warning. .
病虫害及其防治 。.
Science and Culture grape hyacinth. .
风信子生产种植技术培训资料 。.
Horticultural applications. .
花语 。.
Related legend. .
警 告 。.
[Edit this section] Basic Information】 【generic hyacinth. .
【英语名字】Hyacinth 。.
【Alias】 Daffodils, Western daffodils, colored narcissus, like when the Kam. .
* Hyacinthus orientalis，东方风信子，仅仅是其中一个大品种，原产于东南亚和西亚。.
】 【Florid joy, race, bet, game, sad, sad love, forever remembered. .
白 / 保守中可爱，谦让的爱，活泼可爱。.
Red / Your love is my heart, I accept your sincerity. .
蓝 / 贞操，仿佛见到你一样的喜悦，感谢你的好意。.
Purple / get my love, you will be happy, sad, jealous. .
黄 / 有你就幸福。.
Pink / admiration, romance. .
桃红 / 希望获得芳心。.
Are classified】 【Branch. .
界： 植物界 / Plantae。.
Door: angiosperm / Magnoliophyta. .
纲： 单子叶植物纲 / Liliopsida。.
Head: Asparagales / Asparagales. .
科： 风信子科（有些人认为是百合科）/ Hyacinthaceae。.
Are: hyacinth is / Hyacinthus. .
风信子，为风信子科风信子属中的多年生草本植物，具鳞茎。 原来属于百合科，现在已被提升为新的风信子科的模式属，而风信子也从原来的百合目改到新成立的天门冬目中。风信子原产于地中海和南非，学名得自希腊神话中受太阳神阿波罗宠眷、并被其所掷铁饼误伤而死的美少年雅辛托斯（Hyacinthus）。.
【Origin】 south-eastern Europe, southern Africa, the eastern Mediterranean coast and along the Turkish Asia Minor. .
[编辑本段]生态习性 喜冬季温暖湿润、夏季凉爽稍干燥、阳光充足或半阴的环境。喜肥，宜肥沃、排水良好的沙壤土，忌过湿或粘重的土壤。风信子鳞茎有夏季休眠习性，秋冬生根，早春萌发新芽，3月开花，6月上旬植株枯萎。凤信子在生长过程中，鳞茎在2～6℃低温时根系生长最好。芽萌动适温为5～10℃，叶片生长适温为10～12℃，现蕾开花期以15～18℃最有利。Bulb storage temperature of 20 ~ 28 ℃, the optimum was 25 ℃, the ideal of the flower bud differentiation. .
[编辑本段]种植传播 荷兰是风信子的主要生产地，在十八世纪风信子的栽种非常流行，在当时有纪录的品种已经超过二千个以上。1596年英国已将风信子用于庭园栽培。18世纪开始在欧洲已广泛栽培，并已进行育种。至今，荷兰、法国、英国和德国将风信子的生产推向产业化。其中荷兰生产量最大，并畅销世界各地。1995年风信子盆花的产值为1220万美元，列荷兰盆花生产的第十九位。Netherlands Feituonuowa (Phytonova) is the hyacinth breeding, production and trade of the main base. So far, hyacinth has been widely cultivated throughout the world, demand is increasing every year. Hyacinth cultivation began in the late 19th century in China, mainly in the coastal cities, culture is not universal. 20th century 50's, around the botanical gardens and parks have small-scale cultivation for ornamental flower beds. Until 80 years later, hyacinth was greater in the development of the country, is widely used in the spring flower show and pot sales.至今，栽培风信子已开始进入家庭和公共场所的室内点缀和摆放，需求量逐年增加。但目前中国尚未能自行繁种，尚需从国外引进。.
[Edit this paragraph] morphology hyacinth is a perennial herb. Bulb ovoid, with membranous skin. Leaves 4 to 8, narrowly lanceolate, succulent, on a concave groove, green and shiny. Stems succulent, slightly higher than the leaves, inflorescence racemose, flowers 5 to 20, horizontal or tilt down, funnel-shaped, perianth tube length, base swollen, lobes oblong, reflexed, flowers purple, white, red , yellow, pink, blue and other colors, there are petals, large flower, such as early flowering and polyploid species. .
[编辑本段]常见品种 花粉红色的安娜·玛丽（AnnaMarie）----早花种，。.
Debi Fu man (LadyDerby )---- in the flower species. .
马科尼（Marconi）----晚花种，。.
Pink pearl (PinkPearl )---- early flowering species. .
软糖（Fondante）、粉皇后（QueenofthePinks）----晚花种。.
Amsterdam red flowers (Amsterdam), Jane Bos (JanBos )---- very early flowering species. .
花白色的卡内基（Carnegie）----晚花种，。.
British Nuo Sense (LInnocence )---- early flowering species. .
白珍珠（WhitePearl）----早花种。.
Flowers blue Atlantic (Atlantic), giant blue (BlueGiant) ---- large flower early flowering species. .
蓝衣（BlueJacket）----晚花种，。.
BlueStar (BlueStar) and the color blue (DelftBlue )---- early flowering species. .
花深蓝色的玛丽（Marie）----晚花种，。.
Aositalei (Ostara )---- early flowering species. .
花紫色的紫晶（Amethyst）----晚花种，。.
Anna Lisa (Lisa )---- early flowering species. .
紫珍珠（VioletPearl）。花橙色的吉普赛女王（GipsyQueen）。花黄色的哈莱姆城（CityofHaarlem）----晚花种。.
[Edit this section] the main breeding to-point propagation, breeding bulbs can also be used. Cue ball planting a year after 1-2 sub-meristematic ball, the ball can be used for sub-breed, son of the ball take 3 years breeding flowers. Seed multiplication, autumn, next year in February before germination, seedling cultivation 4-5 years after flowering. .
[编辑本段]风信子栽培四要 1、种球选择 风信子开花所需养分，主要靠鳞茎叶中储存的养分供给，只要选择表皮无损伤、肉质鳞片不过分皱缩、较坚硬而沉重、饱满的种球，才能开出丰硕美丽的花。.
2, soil requirements requested fertile soil, organic matter content is high, good aggregate structure, pH, levels of 6 to 7; according to leaf mold 5: garden soil 3: Coarse 1. .5: Bone 0. .5 Percentage of soil preparation training; in the plant before it can be formalin and other chemicals in the soil temperature 10 ~ 15 ℃ of the case, immediately after application in the soil surface covered by film, warm weather in three days, dropping the film , air set to 1 days after planting, keep the soil moist. .
3、光照 风信子只需5000Lx以上，就可保持正常生理活动。光照过弱，会导致植株瘦弱、茎过长、花苞小、花早谢、叶发黄等情况发生，可用白炽灯在1米左右处补光；但光照过强也会引起叶片和花瓣灼伤或花期缩短。.
4, temperature and humidity conditioning temperature is too high, even higher than 35 ℃, inhibition of flower bud differentiation occurs, abnormal growth, the phenomenon of blind flower rate increased; the temperature is too low, they will flower bud by frost damage. .
土壤湿度应保持在60～70%之间，过高，根系呼吸受抑制易腐烂，过低，则地上部分萎蔫，甚至死亡；空气湿度应保持在80%左右，并可通过喷雾、地面洒水增加湿度，也可用通风换气等办法，降低湿度。.
[Edit this paragraph] species selection and planting the first time in purchasing, pay attention to skin color selection of distinctive texture and firm, and not for the good spots and insect population, often from the basic types of skin color can determine what it is opened flower color. Such as the skin it will open for the purple flowers purple, white if the white flowers will open, but some varieties bred through hybridization of their color is more complex, sometimes distinguish between the need to clear before the operator asked good buy. When the species after the first purchase, in order for it to break dormancy, most under the first in the refrigerator cold box about a month to bloom well in future.但从冰箱取出时，最好移放在阴凉的地方七八天才可播种。.
The hyacinth cultivation in two ways: first, plants, choose a good loose soil drainage, Shizujifei in October will be kind of the first species into the basin, each Xiaopen kind of a ball, large pan of species 3 to 4 ball and then covered with earth, planting depth of 5-8 cm, after transplantations to maintain soil moisture, keeping in mind that increased phosphorus and potassium. After 120 days will be bloom, flowering before and after fertilization 1. In June after the plant withered dug bulbs, air-dried stored at temperatures not exceeding 28 ℃ in the room. .
风信子在开花后，如果种头保存得好，到第二年再种将有希望再度开花，但因这种头经已退化，即使可能成活，其植株也会变得矮小，花葶亦趋于萎缩，故不能继续保留，到翌年另买新的种头栽培为妥。.
Second, water support, and can be planted in December are the first on the grid wide mouth glass bottle, add a little charcoal to help disinfection and antisepsis. Its kind of the end of the first can only dip to the ball. Then placed in a dark place, and bottle covered with black cloth. After more than 20 days after this, the roots will be in total darkness to germinate out of the environment, then it may be out of the room receiving sunlight. At first, according to one or two hours a day, then gradually increased to 78 hours, if the weather is not the case, to the New Year there may bloom. .
还有许多家庭把风信子养在一个特制的像葫芦般的玻璃瓶里，在上段可以观赏到它的花簇，在下段可以看到它一束粗壮的白根。这种花与根并茂的情景，除了洋兰外，其它花草是难以见到的。.
Need to keep water in the growing season, remaining in the soil, the stems should be cut off after flowering, so the leaves wilt naturally, fertilizer per year, however, some varieties of flowers in a few years will grow less and less; If, after flowering To save the need to pull out after natural drying in the leaves, cut leaves, the best there is sawdust on the permeability of the bag, placed in dry, ventilated, cool place. .
[编辑本段]病虫害及其防治 朽菌核危害幼苗和鳞茎，碎色花瓣病危害花朵和茎线虫病危害地上部。鳞茎收藏时，剔除受伤或有病鳞茎，贮藏鳞茎时室内要通风。.
Hyacinth's disease prevention and treatment should be to strengthen the management as the basis for active prevention and comprehensive control principle. Hyacinth in the greenhouse as a shorter growing season in order to place the main disease. Common disease in their remaining hyacinth bud rot, soft rot, Sclerotinia and viral diseases. Sterilized before planting substrate, kind of ball cleaning and disinfect, spray during the growth of a 1000 times per 7d tuzet or chlorothalonil, alternative use, to a certain extent, inhibited the spread of germs. Strictly control the water volume, increase ventilation management, control environment, relative humidity, strain appears promptly removed center, can significantly reduce morbidity. .
[编辑本段]科学培养葡萄风信子 葡萄风信子花如一串串紫色葡萄，非常美丽。它耐寒性强，在华北地区也能露地越冬。在栽培中应注意：。.
① culture soil drainage might be selected well, deep, fertile sandy loam. .
②用子球繁殖。每隔2~3年将母株掘起，取生长良好的子球为繁殖材料。种植时间可在9~10月份进行，次年4月便可开花。.
③ be Shizujifei before planting. Fertilizer nutrients in the growth phase to a more complete liquid fertilizer 1 to 2 times, keeping in mind water, to promote growth. To reduce watering after Hua Xie, Shi 1 to 2 times liquid fertilizer is beneficial to the growth of underground bulbs. Summer grape hyacinth in the period of dormancy, to stop the fertilization and control of watering to prevent root rot. Winter to be cut above ground, pouring enough water allowed to overwinter. .
[编辑本段]风信子生产种植技术培训资料 1。. 温度处理。.
1. .1 Introduction. .
风信子起源于小亚西亚，现有的荷兰栽培品种是来源于风信子的东方品系的蓝色品种，在16世纪中叶进口到荷兰。作为百合家族的一员，风信子以种球形式越冬。.
Beginning of this century have begun to flower growers in the greenhouse production of hyacinth and gain a certain temperature processing. Plants like tulips and other bulbs, like the kind of ball it needs low temperature for some time, otherwise it will not output high-quality flowers and has a sufficient length of their stems. .
1。.2 用途：介绍。.
Hyacinth can form two kinds of potted plants and cut flowers to the consumer. .
1。.3 用途：盆花。.
One or more of each pot plant hyacinth bulbs, flower bulb temperature treatment can. Hyacinth plants usually flower in the inflorescence of the lowest can be sold separately from the beginning. If the plants out of reach this stage Jibei greenhouse, to be known as "budding hyacinths." Although different specifications of bulbs should be planted hyacinth plants, but usually the size of 17-18,18-19 or 19 cm or more. .
1。.4 用途：切花。.
Hyacinth to produce cut flowers, bulbs were planted in forcing culture box. As mentioned above, by the temperature treatment and contribute to its flowering. Different specifications of the kind of ball can be used for production, but the common size of 15-16,16-17, or 17-18 cm. .
1。.5 温度处理。.
Hyacinth in the growth process, including a leaf formation, a flower formation and elongation. Through the early flower formation, while providing the most effective low-temperature period to facilitate flowering bulbs. It is grown in the Mediterranean region hyacinth can often cause early flowering. Bulb planting stage through to maintain a higher temperature can accelerate the formation of leaves, so the formation of too early a flower. .
与其它球根类植物相比，风信子通过对其施行的特殊的温度处理而提早使其形成花朵。达到此目的的一种方法就是增加种球生长期间的土壤温度。由于这种方法的成本较高，所以很少使用。更为常见的是，种球被提早掘出，同时在有空调的房间内做温度处理，从而达到促进花朵形成的目的。挖掘的时期和处理的温度是区别盆栽和切花风信子的因素。.
1. .6 Been prepared hyacinth. .
风信子种球在6月20日左右被掘出，继而通过进行一系列的温度处理而促成花朵形成。依据种球的生长地点、品种和挖掘时期，花朵将在八月下旬完全形成。在技术上称之为达到了“G阶段”。从风信子有花序形成到最后一朵小花可被辨认出来才算达到此阶段。伸长期便由此继续进行。经过准备的种球通常用于盆栽风信子在12月末开花，而切花风信子在1月中旬开花。.
1. .7 Not prepared hyacinth. .
未准备的风信子种球较晚被挖出（在6月20日以后），继而得到一个适于花朵形成的最佳温度。在这段处理期内，达到了G阶段，尽管这相对于经过准备的风信子种球来说有些迟缓。所提供的温度将一直保持，直到种植者想要开始风信子的伸长期为止。这意味着在G阶段达到以后，将提供一个延迟生长的温度。.
On the kind of ball is not ready, G stage when the reach is not very important. Despite the fact that at some point in the elongation phase did not reach the beginning of G. As the bulbs are not planted very early, after cultivation in no problem. Without prepared hyacinth bulbs as potted plants normally bloom in the January 1 in the future, and cut the opening hours later in mid-January. .
1。.8 中间温度处理。.
For those prepared hyacinth, in G phase is reached to maintain the temperature of 17 ℃. This enabled the plant into the elongation. Despite the fact that the formation of flowers is over, the middle of the processing temperature can still affect the quality of the flowers. A temperature of 17 ℃, will no doubt be useful. Temperature below 17 ℃ in the middle of this is not recommended, because may lead to the risk of fungus infection, but also the quality of the hyacinth will have more or less negative impact. Immature inflorescence, or change the proportion of dry flowers have increased the possibility of blind flower and bud rot and other problems follow. .
对未经准备的风信子来说，中间温度开始于种植前的第四个星期，同期伸长期开始。如果在12月15日以后种植，那么种植前应保持的温度应为25℃而不是17℃。这样做的目的是防止根的形成和避免青霉菌的感染。然而，接下来的低温期，将不得不延长1－2个星期。.
2. . Potted plants hyacinth steps. .
2。.1 概述。.
On the greenhouse, planting boxes, pot, please refer to the information the first tulip Chapter IV. .
2。.2 到货。.
The preparation of the hyacinth should be planted immediately after the arrival. If you must set aside a period of time, then they should be placed in exposure containers and placed in the air, the temperature at 17-20 ℃ in the room. The size of the ventilation rate can be calculated according to the following:. .
- 在17℃时，100升种球每小时为2立方米；。.
- At 20 ℃, 100 liters of 6-10 cubic meters per hour bulbs. .
温度再高，则会推迟花朵的形成。低于17℃的温度导致空气中相对湿度过高，继而使得青霉菌侵染种球组织，如形成的根。这对开花的质量有负面影响。未经准备的种球应在以下温度贮藏：。.
- In the 23-25 ℃, the ventilation rate of 100 liters bulb 6-10 cubic meters per hour, until 4 weeks before planting;. .
- 在17℃，通风率为100升种球每小时2立方米。.
2. .3 Planting time. .
种植风信子的时间要依以下几种因素而定：。.
- Are they ready. The prepared hyacinth species into the box to promote the best planting time is late September. Not been ready to plant in October is appropriate. .
- 低温处理阶段。如果种球贮藏在没有空调的生根室或室外贮藏箱中，在温度没有达到13℃或更低的时候（最佳是9℃），不能种植。较高的温度可使根系差，同时增加了感染镰刀菌的危险，并延缓生长。因此在种植前将种球在13℃条件下放置几周是可以的。.
- Flowering of hope. From the flowering of hope pushed down, you can arrive at the correct planting time. .
- 每个品种在不同阶段所需的冷处理时间。.
- Variety. Not all varieties are suitable for cultivation at any time. In addition to flower stage of the formation stage and cold treatment, the other plants are too high or too soft, such as weakness, and other important issues can not be ignored. .
2。.4 种植方法。.
Is best to plant a pot or 3-5 kind of ball. I must have in order to drain the pelvic floor. There are several soil pH value of 6-7 or mixtures can be used as a pot. Planting hyacinth bulbs in order to prevent the itching caused when, in kind before the jet wet. But the kind of ball immersed in water is not allowed, because that will lead to the risk of infection Owen-type bacteria. Fill the pot when planting can be filled with soil, will be buried in bulb pressure. Another point worth noting is that because of the reaction when the results of root, hyacinth will be top of the soil.在种植季节末期需要在这方面做更多的工作，为避免在生根室发生类似问题。可在种球顶部压一层粗沙（最少3厘米）或盖一层泡沫塑料。种植者为达到这一目的，有时也把架子压在上面。三到四周后种球生根充分了，必须将盖在上面的架子移开，以避免对芽产生影响，而架子可在下一次栽培中重复使用。.
Planting density to be the size of pots, but do not per square meter up to more than 200 kinds of balls. After planting, pots should be watered but not too full. Because too wet pot will reduce the quality of root environment, but also increases the risk of Pythium infection. .
3。. 生根室和自然处理。.
3. .1 Root room. .
将风信子栽入盆后，将其放在生根室内，这里需提供足够的空间供芽生长。.
3. .2 Temperature. .
促成栽培风信子的理想温度是在必需的低温期保持9℃的恒温。该温度在种球种植后就应立即提供。如果只能使用无空调的生根室，开始时的温度也可以是10－13℃。但在1－2周后，温度必须降到9℃。否则，这段低温的缺乏将不得不用延长冷处理来加以补偿。.
Hyacinth and tulip usually placed in the same root room, Table 1 lists the best low-temperature cultivation of tulips. .
从11月5日以后，温度即允许降低到5℃，这样的降温将会延缓风信子的花期。另一方面，将经过准备的风信子至于7℃的环境内，也将推迟郁金香的花期。需要延长冷处理来进行补偿。.
Not prepared hyacinth only under certain conditions to take root in the same room with the tulip. If the October 15 after planting hyacinths, must go through at least 3-4 weeks and the temperature is higher than 5 ℃ (best 9 ℃) later to share the same root with the Tulip Room. In the rooting period, the temperature can not be less than minus. In addition, Table 5 lists the other varieties of cold-treatment time had to be extended, according to the temperature of the extended low temperature for 2-4 weeks. .
如果风信子单独使用一个生根室，可依照表2中数据。.
When the hyacinth in the rooting chamber longer than the recommended time we need to cool down too long in order to prevent bud growth. .
通过冷却期间启动蒸发循环系统，即可确保室内温度平均分配，在开始的冷却期内，有必要使循环不停地工作或使用高速循环器，在生根室内各个局部有规律地做温度测试，特别在种球之间，使用每年都经过校正的温度计。.
3. .3 Relative humidity. .
一旦种植并及时得到了充足的水分后，生根室中就不再需要更多的浇水了。然而，在此建议您：为了防止盆中的土壤过干，通风系统应当而且必须得到严格的限制。开门检查温度和相对湿度的同时就实现了足够的通风。此外，尽可能地将室内空气的相对湿度保持在95％左右，并且通过有规律的局部测试点进行测试。如果需要的话，可在地面上泼水以提高相对湿度。.
3. .4 Natural treatment. .
风信子也可以种植在室外进行自然冷处理，但此方法存在着一定的缺陷。病虫害可能隐匿在外界土壤中，土壤温度也很难控制，在低温期可能会发生冻害，同时这种方法在冷处理结束移入温室过程中，劳动力需求较高。.
The basin, will be buried in outdoor pots and soil, covered by soil. Tulip on the same basin can be placed on the top of the soil, which can also be buried in the soil. .
欲了解有关这种方法的更多信息，您最好翻阅一下第VI章。覆盖风信子的土层厚度有赖于所期望的开花期，要想在一月开花，选择10－15厘米厚的土层；如果希望再晚些，可用8厘米左右的土层。.
Hyacinth in the soil should be subject to prevent freezing damage. Remember in temperatures below freezing on the cover layer in the foam, usually to ensure that these materials do so whenever they were taking. .
3。.5 自然处理温度。.
Hyacinth shoot elongation is the ideal temperature of 9 ℃. Hyacinth root room dedicated the same temperature means that this can also be used. And temperature can be strictly controlled comparison rooting chamber view, using natural cold treatment temperatures are common outdoor temperature. This can be covered with a layer of straw through a certain adjustment. Autumn when the soil temperature is still very high, you can spray cold water to reduce stockpiles of temperature, or cover during the day as the isolation layer of straw. In the winter, straw layer (and possibly foam layer) to ensure a good isolation, so that the temperature is decreased from taking too many seed ball.检查种球处的温度来检测温度的波动。.
When the soil temperature is 13 ℃ or less can be grown after a hyacinth. If the temperature is maintained at this level and more than 2 weeks, it is necessary for its lack of low temperature and to compensate. Soil temperature in the reservoir dropped to 9 ℃ previous best not to plant susceptible to Fusarium species. .
如果想让风信子在12月以后开花，就不得不根据其应有的低温期而延缓种植。然而，当土壤中的温度持续2至4周保持5℃以上时，就必须进行种植了，以便生根正常进行。如果在生根后土壤的温度降到0－5℃之间，表3、表5中所示的低温期将延长3－4周作为补偿。.
Should pay attention to soil moisture, especially just after planting. The need for watering, it should be noted, hyacinths do not like the soil too moist. .
3。.6 移入室内。.
When in below freezing weather in the handling hyacinth, young stem in part or all of the transportation process dry or cold. To prevent this from happening, only the transport time delay, if not delayed, it is necessary to note the following:. .
- 将种球迅速移入温室，最好在下午进行。.
- Do not move the ball on the cover in the kind of soil, until the thaw in the greenhouse before. .
- 运输时在箱子上面盖上塑料薄膜。.
- To prevent damage, do not thaw them completely before watering the greenhouse. .
- 为防止叶尖干燥，移入温室后，将塑料膜罩在风信子上并维持24小时。.
3. .7 Greenhouse growth. .
在经过了应有的低温期（9℃状态下保持数周）以后，生根室中或自然冷处理的风信子即可移入温室。不要过早地将其移入室内，这会导致诸如“顶端开花”和芽腐等质量问题的发生，同时也延长了种植期。芽腐是大花序上的小花干枯状态的表现，这些坏死部位致使青霉菌侵入，继而导致了小花的腐烂，在表3列举了一些重要品种在每个温室期内需要的最佳低温期。.
9 ℃ or above the temperature below 5 ℃ for on the hyacinth, and can not be said with a sufficient low temperature, if the temperature here reached more than 2 weeks duration, the temperature would have extended the period. Unfortunately, also very difficult to calculate the temperature on the need to extend how long the extended period from a few days to 3-4 weeks. .
水分应按要求供应充分，移入温室后室内空气湿度应立即增加到80％。.
4. . Greenhouse stage. .
4。.1 温室要求。.
Hyacinth cultivation requires relatively low light, it almost any greenhouse growth, even in the warehouse only artificial light grow. When the hyacinths as the only cultivation of greenhouse plants, the greenhouse air humidity can be higher. This is why the greenhouse using plastic film on the wall or the roof is sealed, and no problem. If the greenhouse is also kind of a tulip, keep air humidity at 70-80%. .
与郁金香表现出的反应有所不同，风信子喜欢底部加热，这样会使花期提前，而且开花整齐。另一点要注意的是，盆内环境要湿润。.
4. .2 Greenhouse temperature. .
温室的温度由一年中不同生长期和希望的生长速度来决定。如果花期控制在元旦前，标准温度为23－25℃；花期在1月份，温度稍低，保持在20－23℃；花期在2－3月，温室温度应保持在18－23℃。对于易感染“花序弯曲生长病”的品种应该更早被移入温室，但要在完成规定的冷处理之后，温室温度在18－17℃环境下进行生长。这些措施应于1月底之前应用于那些易出现问题的品种。.
Try to maintain a constant greenhouse temperature. Temperature fluctuations, even a very short period of time, will increase the risk of bud rot. Hyacinth in a greenhouse in a high relative humidity requirements for at least 80% should be maintained, even in below freezing weather on the inside. We remain below the recommended temperature and relative humidity indicator will promote leaf growth, while the inflorescence is not extended leaves. If you take the recommended temperature and relative humidity, inflorescence elongation was still very short and no leaves, then the temperature can be slightly more elevated, its helpful. In any case, at the weekend to maintain the necessary low temperature, the air circulation to prevent bud rot. .
虽然人工光照在温室中是不需要的，但如果在冬季光照较短的情况下用人工光照去延长一天的日照时间，这对于植物的生长也是有益的。提供额外的光照和长一些的光照时间能使植物叶和花的颜色较快呈现出来，能加快叶的生长，并有助于保鲜期。.
4. .3 Water supply. .
在栽培过程中，水分的供应必须足以保持盆内土壤的正常水分标准。不能提供过多的水，但也不能让盆土过干，特别是使用盆栽土时。一旦盆土干了，它吸收水分很难。这就是每天必须检查的原因。不要用太冷的水浇灌植物，这样会使温室温度降的太低。这个原则也应用于为保持温室的湿度而进行的浇水过程中。浇水的时间在早上，这样到傍晚时作物上的水分会干掉。.
4. .4 Artificial light. .
与郁金香和洋水仙一样，风信子能在人工光照下生长良好，这种方式类似于温室栽培。.
Although cultivation can control the illumination time, but enough light to prevent the formation of abnormal, pale colors. Specific measures are as follows:. .
- 用36瓦每平方米TL灯或150瓦每平方米的白炽灯。使用任一种灯时需加用反光镜。.
- Light and the distance between the surface of the plant shall be 1 meter. .
- 当用高压蒸气放射灯（400瓦），象HQIT（OSRAM）灯或者也可用HPIT（PHILIPS）灯，每10平方米装1盏，当使用宽束型反光镜或集中型反光镜时，灯与植物的间距应为3米。.
- In mid-January, the length of maintaining 12-hour sunshine. From January to mid-February mid-maintained 14 hours, after 16 hours of sunshine to keep the length. According to the latest experimental results show that 24-hour light treatment throughout the growing season is a good means. .
- 增加光照强度和延长光照时间能提高作物质量，可以实验性地试一下。.
- Proposed in the house walls painted white or covered with a reflective material. .
5。. 采收和销售准备。.
5. Harvest .1. .
盆栽风信子一旦达到要求就可以进行采收了。早期采收的风信子被称作“发芽风信子”。尽管如此，对盆栽风信子，也需要有一个标准来限制何时才能采收，即花在种球外至少5厘米时才能采收。只有这样，才能保证花的质量。.
If you intend to hyacinth planted in a bowl or other places, often harvested when in flower separated between. .
5。.2 准备销售。.
After harvest, in accordance with the hyacinth maturity, height, flower number and hardness classification. Pentu must be sufficient to wet basins must be clean and not damaged. If the hyacinth is sold with pots, can choose the shape of an attractive basin, while preparing for a number of color labels (accompanied by pictures mature products). .
5。.3 贮藏。.
Best able to plant the potted hyacinths immediately sold. Because the hyacinth is not suitable for storage at low temperatures. Most of the cold storage room air humidity high, so easily happen bud rot caused by Penicillium. Changes in temperature can cause bud rot. If the hyacinth to store a few days, these were separated in flowers. When the basic conditions of storage is to maintain about 2 ℃ temperature, air circulation and dry the plants as much as possible. .
5。.4 长期贮藏。.
Best to have a planting plan for hyacinth, so ready to market the product in the stockroom of time as short as possible. If forced to storage, such as Christmas and Valentine's Day before the important holiday, the best to provide the best environment for the following:. .
- 当小花开始分开时将风信子放入冷藏室。.
- Maintain the 0. .5-1 ℃ temperature. .
- 确保充分的空气流通，使用空气循环机或冷气循环机。.
- Pentu do not get too wet. .
- 可以保持叶和花序干燥。.
- In this condition, permitted to keep 2-3 weeks. .
6。. 切花风信子。.
6. .1 Introduction. .
风信子切花生产的许多处理方法是与盆栽风信子类似的。以下有关风信子切花生产的描述，只讨论这两种方法中的不同之处。.
6. .2 Cultivation step. .
种植种球最好的容器是16－18厘米深的盘子或箱子。这个深度很重要，它能保证种球种植深度为8厘米左右。然后，植株长高，叶片可更紧密地生长在茎周围。生根室中箱子间的距离要比盆栽风信子时大一些，因为切花品种需要提供更长的低温期，芽会长得更高。.
Planting is best to use sand or sediment matrix large Pentu or garden soil. .
切花风信子的种植密度如表4所示：。.
6. .3 Moved indoors. .
盆栽风信子与切花风信子的最大不同在于低温期的长短。切花风信子要求茎长，达到这标准就需要较长的低温期。低温期长可使茎更长。表5提供了切花风信子所需的低温期。.
In recommending the end of the cold treatment, box of bulbs from the soil in the rooting out of the room or outdoor. If the bulb is removed from the outdoor soil, and after planting to be covered in plastic film for 24 hours. This prevents the tip dry. Watered immediately after planting. .
6。.4 温室的气候。.
The entire cultivation period, cut flowers hyacinth cultivated in a greenhouse in the suitable temperature is 18-20 ℃, so it may be a long stem longer. Greenhouse cultivation period is about 20 days to 10 days, depending on the depth and greenhouse cultivation of substrate temperature. .
在种植中有规律地浇水而使栽培基质的湿度保持正常水平。如果栽培基质完全或部分有沙子组成，小心管理能避免干燥，千万不要忘记定期检查水分含量。.
6. .5 Water leakage and the hollow stem. .
当花序开始着色，小花从花茎上分开时，切花风信子就可以采收了。花和种球一起从箱中起出。然后最重要的是尽快将风信子放在保持2℃恒温的冷库中，这是为了包装时能使产品保持低温水平。.
The following are types of ball handling, close to the stem of the last layer of scales to be stripped, the work can be done manually, or use "hyacinth bulb removal machine" mechanical completion. Department of the roots to retain the crown, can spend more brilliant vase in the open and extend the vase period. Importantly, both the retailers or customers are not cut stem base to the roots. .
切除种球之后的重要工作是用水清洗茎，这样防止细菌滋生并能提供清洁的产品。然后根据茎长进行分级，使每束茎的长度相同。与其它花不同，风信子不能再切割去达到某种长度，因为这样做会将基部的根盘切掉。分级后，风信子按5支一组捆绑成束。干燥贮藏（最多3天）。为了使质量更好，也可以把它们插在清水中，可能的话每4升水中可以加一小块氯胺T。.
If the flowers must be stored, they can only be short-term storage (up to 3 days) in cold storage at 2 ℃. Last two please consumers to pay attention:. .
- 不要切去最基部的根盘，。.
- Before placing in a clean vase with fresh water to rinse the stems. .
7。. 作物保护、病害和生理失调。.
7. .1 Conventional soil treatment. .
为了防止在室外土壤冷处理时病害的发生，可取的方法是每年使用新鲜的土壤。这样就不必对土壤进行常规处理了。.
If the soil had previously been used, they can be used to Zhuangpen or cover bulbs. Recommend routine use of the soil before sterilization to prevent the occurrence of Rhizoctonia. This conventional soil treatment methods, and soil treatment before planting tulip is the same. Also can refer to the conventional method of soil, we recommend that you consult the local authorities. .
7。.2 种球处理。.
Involving the handling of the various methods of bulbs, please refer to Chapter VII of the fascicle tulip "kind of ball handling" of the content. .
首要的防止真菌病害发生的防护措施是按照前文所述的栽培步骤正确进行。对于为防止真菌而对种球的处理，可参考荷兰国际种球花卉中心每月的信息通告或向当地的咨询部分或供货商咨询。如果你能在风信子种球种植后立刻提供9℃的温度，而且冷处理期间花芽完全暴露而不覆盖土壤的话，没有必要使用杀菌剂来处理种球。.
7. .3 Parasitic top decay. .
植物的一部分位于花序上部花腐烂，被称作“顶腐烂”，它常常伴随着叶尖端出现褐斑。.
Cause. .
这种腐烂多由常态下随机存在的寄生物引起，包括在小花受干后才开始被侵染的植物（生理性芽腐烂）或已预先被寄生菌感染的植物（寄生菌芽腐烂），接着寄生物能引起最初的侵染。.
Rhizoctonia. .
这种真菌从被污染（甚至是在种植前即被污染）的土壤中开始侵染植株。识别的标志是在一些小花上有不规则形状的，亮褐色的锯齿状疤痕。在外部的叶片上的发生程度稍微轻一点。而更严重的侵染是斑点变大，植物叶尖变褐，在温室种植时可以看见蜘蛛网似的真菌生长痕迹。这种侵染常常区域性出现，当土壤温度上升时侵染加剧。.
Fusarium. .
这种真菌的侵染发生在种球的根部开始生长时。一旦被侵染，根尖保持白色，而根冠处腐烂。种球的水分供应被中断，而导致花序干枯，通常接下来是顶腐烂或是植物发育迟缓。影响真菌生长的主要因素是：温度超过9℃以及没有足够的低温处理就移入温室。.
Thrips. .
蓟马危害（蓟马是种体小、细长、黑褐色的害虫）识别的标志是在植株叶片上和花序上有白色的小斑点。这是由于害虫吸食幼嫩的植物组织而引起的。然后这些被危害的地方变褐而死去。花序干枯死亡，枯死的部分又成为寄生虫的食物来源。这种侵染只发生在生根室，当温度升高时侵染加剧。.
Prevention. .
- 经常使用新的土壤作为盆土。被侵染的土壤在使用前用常规方法处理。.
- Natural cold treatment and root chamber to maintain the specified temperature. .
7。.4 青霉菌（贮藏期腐烂）。.
The initial symptoms can be immediately seen before planting. By fungal infection in the apical part of the dry. Cut roots in the Department, you can see the surrounding tissue showed light brown. Department in the small seeds can see the ball fall off the same color organization. Storage and during subsequent cultivation of bulbs will continue to rot. Buds infected bulbs short, kind of the root ball itself is little or no root. Plants are easy to lodging. .
这种真菌侵染也发生在种球的受伤部分。受侵染的部分有白色到蓝绿色的真菌生长。其下组织变褐而松软，但这种侵染并不会延伸到根盘，而且对开花质量也没有不好的影响。.
Cause. .
这种侵染由不同的青霉菌如P。. verrucosum引起。“Pink Pearl”及其变种容易经根尖受到感染。这种侵染主要发生在低温贮藏室（17℃以下），同时湿度高于70％。另一原因是由种球受伤而引起的。.
Control methods. .
- 防止芽早熟或根的形成。在到货后要立即种植（特别是“ Pink Pearl ”及其变种）。.
- In the storage room, to keep under constant temperature and to air circulation. Throughout the storage period to maintain the humidity at 70% or less. .
7。.5 欧文氏杆菌（软腐）。.
In the greenhouse, a serious infection of the kind of ball is no longer germinate. Soft bulbs, bulbs organization transparent and accompanied by white or yellow spots. These bulbs also disseminated infection odor. Infection is not a serious illness: from the base of the formation of a number of wet leaves, dark green long area. The first is stunted, wilting plants up and then die. .
病因。.
This disease is caused by the Erwinia. The bacteria are mostly parasitic, mainly infection or cold water over the organization. When the temperature is too high or the soil is too wet, the other form of infection from those precocious root ball or small seeds peeling Department of wound infection. This problem is mainly due to the fall when natural cold treatment is too high or too wet soil temperature caused. "DelftBlue" and "Carnegie" is highly infected cultivars. .
不要担心伴随这种病害的“黄色病”，这种病在温室中没有传染性，尽管受侵染组织通常出现黄油色，但侵染不会再在其它部位发生。.
Control methods. .
- 通常种植种球在所推荐的条件下进行，即自然处理或生根室保持低温（9℃），同时不要太潮湿。.
- Time and the greenhouse cultivation of the species to remove the ball and infested plants. This prevents the Erwinia through irrigation water to spread the ball close to the species. .
7。.6 生理性芽腐。.
Bud rot that has emerged in some of the flowers on the top of inflorescence rot symptoms. However, the leaves are not usually damaged. Bud rot of early physiological symptoms instead of milky white. It is often moved into the room shortly after the course or demonstrated. The infected flower stamens glass, wilt or wither. In warm, humid greenhouse environment, these dead flowers as often exist in the corruption surrounding the bacteria, fungi and mites provide ideal conditions for survival. .
如果感染是由欧文氏杆菌引起的，感染的小花灰白色（继而变褐）。它们潮湿，发出臭味并最后腐烂。临近的小花也看起来玻璃化。如果感染了青霉菌病症是呈蓝绿色，小花腐烂。在栽培过程的最后阶段，特别是在准备将植物投放市场时，真菌会侵染顶部的小花。茎的颜色是褐红色，小花持续为绿色并可见到蓝绿色真菌生长。如果正在做进入市场准备的风信子处于冷、湿的条件下，就会出现这类问题。.
Cause. .
导致生理性芽腐的主要原因是最后一朵小花脱水，这是由于冷处理过短造成的。对这种芽腐是否敏感要根据不同品种和种球的尺寸来判定。举个例子，“Pink Pearl”的敏感性就高于“Anna Marie”。另一个染病原因是常态下存在的青霉菌或欧文氏杆菌侵染了变干的小花，继而转移到其它临近的小花上。如果未被感染的小花被真菌感染，这些小花将变干（盲花）。.
Control methods. .
- 确保种植种球的生根室和自然处理温度保持在9℃恒温，不是9℃的处理要使用补偿措施。.
- Do not prematurely moved to indoor bulbs will provide the necessary cold treatment in all varieties. .
- 在温室期内保持23－25℃恒温，在种植期间温度降低幅度不要大于1－2℃，以避免温室气候中相对湿度较高而引起的青霉菌侵染。千万不要将水浇灌在花序上，特别是在最后阶段。.
- Before the delivery, if they can not provide storage, do not make the soil too wet basin, while ensuring that the plants have adequate air circulation between. .
7。.7 “顶端变绿”。.
Inflorescence at the top of some flowers remain green, and in severe over the top of the flower. .
病因 。.
As a result of improper handling at low temperature disorder; processing time is too short or not the correct temperature will produce such results. Some species, such as the "Pink Pearl" and its variants and "Jan Bos", etc., the sensitivity of such disorders is higher than other varieties. .
防治方法。.
- After the cultivation, according to the stipulated period of cold treatment and low temperature to operate. .
7。.8 “花序生长歪”。.
Moved into the greenhouse in the kind of ball, the hyacinth stem to the top of the growth has become skewed. .
病因。.
In hyacinth large inflorescence, part of the stem and floret attached growth is relatively faster than other parts, such as the "Delft Blue" and its variants, "Carnegie" and "L'Innocence" and other varieties. This character is not what we expect, this disorder more common in early planting, and the hyacinths in a large inflorescence. .
防治方法。.
- After planting, use of cold treatment and low temperature required standards. .
- 保持稍低的温室气温（18－17℃）也能防止花序歪斜病症的发生。.
7. .9 "Top flower." .
与正常生长状态不同的是，位于顶端的小花提早于较低部位的先开花。这类花朵的花序通常短且健壮。.
Cause. .
这种失调，是由于在将植物移入室内之前没有进行该品种的所需的冷处理而造成的。每个品种于这种病症的敏感性各不相同。.
Control methods. .
- 在种植后，按规定的冷处理和低温标准操作。.
[Edit this section] garden tidy low application hyacinth plant, inflorescence dignified, rich colors, colored appearance beautiful, colorful, fresh green leaves in bright and clean against the backdrop of quiet elegance is well-known spring flowering bulbous flowers, is one of important species potted. Suitable arrangement of flower beds, flower border and flower beds, also can be used for cut flowers, potted plants or water to keep watch. In addition to flowers for the viewing, it can also extract aromatic oils. .
当今，全世界风信子的园艺品种约有130多个，主要分为“荷兰种”和“罗马种”两类。前者属正宗品种，绝大多数每株只长1支花葶，体势粗壮，花朵较大。而后者则多是变异的杂种，每株能着生二三支花葶，体势幼弱，花朵较细，多数消费者喜购荷兰风信子。.
[Edit this paragraph] The florid florid hyacinth as a "fire of life as long as light can share the abundant life." These things happened in the hyacinth of hosting the Games and content.另外不同颜色的风信子有不同的花语，紫色的风信子代表悲伤、妒忌，淡紫色的风信子代表轻柔的气质、浪漫的情怀，白色的风信子代表纯洁清淡或不敢表露的爱，红色的风信子代表感谢你，桃红色的风信子代表热情，粉色的风信子代表淡雅清香，黄色的风信子代表我很幸福，蓝色的风信子代表高贵浓郁，深蓝色的风信子代表因爱而有些忧郁。.
Many horticulturists have previous training of new varieties of horticultural hyacinth, hyacinth flowers, probably because the special attention, right? Its beautiful is - attention. .
受到这种花祝福而生的人，不论好坏与否，都相当引人注目，这大概是你阔气的缘故吧？但是，可能无法产生真正的恋情，若想要抛开故事性的爱情，必须稍稍隐藏天生出手大方的性格，才能考验出真正的情感！ 。.
Hyacinth is considered due to jealousy of brilliant flowers, it was in Greek mythology, the sun god Apollo loved a handsome handsome man's name. Ancient Greek mythology, there is such a legend: Zeus's grandson Haixinsesi (Hyacinthus, another translation of A Letter Waters) is the Greek god of plants, as a handsome youth. Sun god Apollo and zephyr Zefeiluosi is better with him, but only with the Apollo Haixinsesi close, they went fishing, hunting, sports of all kinds, very jealous zephyr. Once the discus with Apollo and Haixinsesi Apollo first throw, Haixinsesi waiting in the side。西风神乘机改变了铁饼的轨迹，将它吹向海辛瑟斯，结果打破了海辛瑟斯的前额。阿波罗想尽一切办法挽救海辛瑟斯的生命，可是无济于事。在鲜血染红的土地上长出了一株风信子，太阳神就将其命名为Hyacinthus，以纪念好友。.
Europeans have a special feeling on the hyacinth. Division of American and love goddess Venus, a favorite collection of hyacinth petals attached to the dew, so that a more beautiful skin smooth. In the UK, blue hyacinth has been a wedding in the bride's bouquet or flower decoration on behalf of essential new purity, hope to bring happiness. .
1月4日 白色风信子(Hyacinth) 。.
Florid: game world. .
花占卜：您给人一种清新温柔的感觉，外表随和活泼，但私底下很有自己的原则，相当好胜；您不会轻易附和他人的意见，做事很有主见，精於人际关系。不要太过嬉戏，无意中的一句话会带给您致命的伤害。.
Flowers maxim: love is everywhere, but how much you could catch your fingertips. .
1月16日 黄色风信子 。.
Beautiful words: competition. .
花占卜：您有积极进取的性格，不断地自我鞭策、力求进步，您处事有计划、有谋略，沉著应战，是一个很好的领导者。但在爱情路上，却不能那麼死板，争先不一定有好处，偶然的退让，伴侣会觉得您有人情味一些。.
Flowers maxim: Do you have aggressive side and emotional side, lavender flowers, always make you Xin Chan. .
二月六日 。.
Birthday Flowers: blue hyacinth (Blue hyacinth). .
花语：生命（Life） 。.
Blue hyacinth is a popular potted plant on behalf of the Europeans loved one. After years of genetic improvement, and now there are white, yellow and other colors of hyacinth, but the most primitive species is blue. Other words, hyacinth blue hyacinth is the ancestor of all, it's beautiful words is - life. Those who are born this blessed person to spend life filled with vitality. Of course, popular to the attention of the opposite sex, love Oh, very good operation! . .
四月六日 。.
Birthday flowers: hyacinth (Common Hyacinth). .
花语：休憩（Rest） 。.
Bible on the so-called "Valley of the Lily" or "Jing polyspike between Lily" is probably the hyacinth. Originating in the Middle East, everywhere in full bloom in the desert and wasteland, so tired travelers feel warmth and comfort. Therefore, its beautiful is - open. Flowers born blessed by this broad-minded people who can bring people in contact with his spiritual comfort. Sometimes lovers also have to lean your shoulders a break, this time Take a good comfort him. .
十一月八日 。.
Birthday flowers: hyacinth (Common Hyacinth). .
花语：顽固（Stubborn） 。.
This has been chosen to dedicate the fourth century AD, defied the emperor orders while on duty refused to portrait sculpture pagan Christian church. He is a mason, so hyacinth also known as "the flower of mason." It represents the spirit is very much adhere to their faith and stubborn. Therefore, the hyacinth beautiful words are - stubborn. Flowers are such a blessing and students who stick to their own beliefs and aesthetics, even if the same is true in love. Once in love with a person, even if the people around him to be discouraged, they will certainly move forward, regardless. So you must carefully choose an object is honest! . .
十一月九日 。.
Birthday flowers: hyacinth (Common Hyacinth). .
花语：注目（Attention） 。.
Many horticulturists have previous gardening training of new varieties with hyacinth, hyacinth flowers, probably because the special attention, right? Therefore, its beautiful is - attention. Blessed by this flower is born, whether good or bad or not, are quite compelling, it is probably the reason you lavish it? However, there may not have a real love, tell a story of love, if you want to put aside to be slightly hidden natural character of a generous giver to test the true feelings! . .
十一月十二日 。.
Birthday flowers: hyacinth (Common Hyacinth). .
花语：道德（Moral） 。.
Hyacinth has been dedicated to the fourth century AD, built monasteries in Turkey, but a definite shape to enhance moral values of many relevant papers Shengseng. Therefore, the hyacinth is beautiful words - morality. This flower is born by the blessing of people, there is obsession with cleanliness and moral people. Although the noble taste, but love can be necessary to pay special attention to the area! If not dwell on the point of young love, once they get injured violently in order to prevent such unfortunate results, and more on point love is the necessary process of life. .
[编辑本段]相关传说 风信子被认为是源于妒忌的烂漫之花，原是希腊神话中被太阳神阿波罗所爱的一位英俊美男子的名字。古希腊神话中有这么一个传说：宙斯的外孙海辛瑟斯（Hyacinthus，又译阿信特斯）是希腊的植物神，为一俊美少年。太阳神阿波罗和西风神泽费罗斯都与他非常要好，然而海辛瑟斯只与阿波罗亲近，他们一起去打鱼，打猎，进行各种体育活动，西风神甚为妒忌。Once the discus with Apollo and Haixinsesi Apollo first throw, Haixinsesi waiting at the side. God took the opportunity to change the discus westerly trajectory, it would be blowing Haixinsesi results broken Haixinsesi forehead. Apollo tried every means to save Haixinsesi life, but of no avail. In the land of red blood grew up a hyacinth, Titan will be named Hyacinthus, to commemorate friends. http://gd288. . Blog. .163. . Com is the hyacinth family. .
[编辑本段]警 告 球茎有毒性，如果误食，会引起头晕、胃痉挛、拉肚子等症状，所以要严防小孩子或者动物的误食。.
The entry for me to help 237. .
参考资料： 。.
1. . Florid world: http://www. .69 Hua. . Cn. .
2。.http://flower。.aweb。.com。.cn/news/2006/5/19/8503671。.shtml 。.
3. . Http://chppm-www. . Apgea. . Army. .mil / ento / plntgrdn. . Htm. .
4。.http://en。.wikipedia。.org/wiki/Hyacinth_%28flower%29 。.
5. . Http://www. . Theflowerexpert. .com / content / growingflowers / growingflowers / hyacinth. .
6。.http://www。.douban。.com/group/topic/3219147/ 。.
[I have to perfect] Related term:. .
更多 。.
Lavender vanilla jasmine jonquil lily tulip geranium Mimosa Morning Glory Wild Lily Iris Carnation. .
仙客来风铃草报春花葡萄风信子水仙大马士革玫瑰洋水仙铃兰番红花银莲花铁线莲唐菖蒲樱草花绣球花舞女兰君子兰圣诞红云竹夜来香雪滴花晚香玉飞燕草大丽花马蹄莲小苍兰香雪兰凤梨花鸢尾花鹤望兰百合花莲 。.
Open Category:. .
植物，自然，花卉，园艺，百合科。.
More co-editor:. .
天蝎教主冥岳客、雪山熊妹、广州芳芳、yinguchuan、Z紫色的天使、nizhi513、菱雪满天、gd289、伊米娜、iamchenzetian 。.
If you think this entry needs further improvement are also welcome to participate in the Wikipedia edit entries Before editing, you can start to learn how to edit entries. .
“风信子”在汉英词典中的解释(来源：百度词典)： 。.
1. . [Botany] a hyacinth. .
词条统计。.
Views: approximately 37 576 times. .
编辑次数：43 次 历史版本。.
Last updated :2008-11-05. .
创建者：天武星 。.
What is a prominent contributor to prominent contributors. .
雷令风行。.
12. .
版本。.
? 2008 Baidu rights statement. .
第一篇参考文章的链接：http://blog。.163。.com/tim_studio/blog/static/238598020081012103755457/以前的120系统的镜头是为胶片机开发的，当然有其时代的局限性，就如同现今推出2400万感光元件的135数码系统要受到它的镜头系统最高分辨率的局限性一样。.
Currently, 120 of 135 digital machine vendors would not get outside the system is digital, mamiya digital back-up and cooperation between the relatively weak German electronics industry, Department of body, lens manufacturers, though Hasselblad outshine others, but also tranquil. So there is no one or several strong manufacturers introduced a new package of 120 digital systems or new systems, because the new light-sensitive component involved, the new body design and a new lens system and many other problems. Nikon, Canon, Sony, are all 135 digital strong, but the market is also not too much news digital system 120. .
现在nikon推出MX画幅的传言并没有公布用于何种系统的消息，但用在135系统上可能性不大，受到可持续性发展，感光元件体积，反光板体积，135镜头分辨率等问题的限制。参考如下，但可持续性发展的高分辨率的镜头系统的影子在哪呢？其他的日系厂家和德系厂家的消息呢？。.
----。 .
参考信息：。.
Nikon's image format. .
尼康自从开始进入数码影像市场，前前后后已经发布了两种影像格式：DX和FX。DX是相当于原来35mm胶片的APS-C格式的，相对于35mm胶片有1。.5x的裁剪率。FX，则是与35mm胶片相同画幅的影像格式。.
DX format. .
在尼康的产品线中，出现过的DX格式机器很多，成像器件也有CCD、CMOS、JFET LBCAST，尺寸大小也有一些细微差异。不过，总体上均大致相对于35mm胶片有1。.5x的裁剪率。原来胶片时代的尼康镜头依然能在DX格式的机身上使用，一部分色友还坚持认为在DX格式的机身上使用了全画幅镜头像质最佳的中间部分而乐此不彼。.
FX format. .
在尼康的产品线中，FX格式的机器都算得上新丁，目前仅有两款：旗舰级的D3和准专业的D700。一千来万有效像素的D3和D700，像素密度比较低，同时影像文件也不会太大，这些为高感光度的成像和不错的连拍表现都提供了有力的支持。从35mm胶片时代延袭下来的镜头依然能够在FX上有不错的表现，尼康也升级了若干镜头进行了必要的数码优化和增加超声波马达、纳米涂层、防抖动等新技术带来的特性和功能。Moreover, DX format lenses can also use the cut mode FX format camera body used. .
MX格式。.
Nikon's product line, there are no MX machine format, but the frame has been no turning back. The current news is that Nikon's MX will be 48mmx48mm in size, that is equivalent to 35mm film than the big two. .667 Times the diagonal of a 35mm film of 1. .569 Times. For example, 55mm of MX is equivalent to 35mm lens angle of FX (35mm film full frame) lenses. .
根据网上流传的消息，尼康考虑在MX画幅基础上推出3:2及1:1的图像格式，同时提供向下的FX画幅的3:2及1:1的图像格式。.
The following table, sorting out the use of several different Nikon image frame and the pixels of the imaging device specific parameters. .
单反机身型号。.
Frame. .
工艺。.
Size of the device. .
图片像素。.
NEF. .
位数。.
Long. .
宽。.
Long. .
宽。.
Total (million). .
面积。.
D100, D70, D70s, D50, D40. .
DX。.
CCD. .
23。.7 。.
15. .6. .
3008。.
2000. .
610。.
61. .46. .
12。.
D200, D80, D40X, D60. .
DX。.
CCD. .
23。.6 。.
15. .8. .
3872。.
2592. .
1020。.
37. .15. .
12。.
D300, D90. .
DX。.
CMOS. .
23。.6 。.
15. .5. .
4288。.
2848. .
1230。.
29. .95. .
14/12。.
D1, D1H. .
DX。.
CCD. .
23。.7 。.
15. .6. .
2000。.
1312. .
260。.
140. .90. .
12。.
D1X. .
DX。.
CCD. .
23。.7 。.
15. .6. .
3008。.
1960. .
530。.
62. .71. .
12。.
D2H, D2Hs. .
DX。.
JFET LBCAST. .
23。.3 。.
15. .5. .
2464。.
1632. .
410。.
89. .81. .
12。.
D2X, D2Xs. .
DX。.
CMOS. .
23。.7 。.
15. .7. .
4288。.
2848. .
1240。.
30. .47. .
12。.
D3, D700. .
FX。.
CMOS. .
36。.0 。.
23. .9. .
4256。.
2832. .
1210。.
71. .38. .
14。.
The following table is a Nikon frame, respectively, for MX using MX and FX frame by frame to provide a list of the new image format. .
画幅。.
3: 2. .
1 : 1。.
Long. .
宽。.
Long. .
宽。.
MX. .
6380。.
4256. .
6380。.
6380. .
4256。.
6380. .
4256。.
4256. .
FX。.
4256. .
2832。.
3184. .
3184。.
2832. .
4256。.
2832. .
2832。.
Some background information. .
APS定位于业余消费市场。和135系统的画幅格式完全不同，共设计了三种底片画幅(H、C、P)：。.
H-type is the full frame (30. .3 Mm × 16. .6 Mm), aspect ratio of 16:9;. .
C型是在满画幅的左右两头各挡去一端，长宽比为3:2(24。.9mm×16。.6mm)，于135底片同比例；。.
P-type is full of lots of up and down both sides of the Dangqu one to make the picture aspect ratio to 3:1 (30. .3 Mm × 10. .1 Mm), known as the panorama mode. .
135（35mm宽，成像部分宽度24mm）胶片的规格尺寸有：。.
24mmx18mm (half-cell 135), 24mmx36mm (full-135), 24mmx65mm (XPAN). .
120（61。.5mm宽，成像部分宽度56mm）胶片的规格尺寸有：。.
56mmx41. .5 Mm (6x4. .5), 56mmx56mm (6x6), 56mmx70mm (6x7), 56mmx76mm (6x8), 56mmx82. .6 Mm (6x9), 56mmx170mm (6x17). .
－－－－。.
http://www. . Leica. . Org. .cn/news/nikon_mx_120 /. .
『中画幅』Nikon开发中画幅数码机型？。.
Full-frame digital SLR is more competitive and 135 at the same time, Nikon seems to have begun to consider the market to return to 120 and started 120 of frame development of sensitive components. .
近日披露的这张内部资料照片显示，除了已有的FX以及DX感光元件外，Nikon还计划开发一系列代号为MX的感光元件，最高像素达到4070万像素。.
Alleged, Nikon's new model will use the 48mm × 48mm frame photosensitive element, and possibly through the adapter compatible with DX and FX lenses, Nikon lenses from the Bronica 120 past production, the new 120 system digital cameras simply two options: the Zeiss other vendors, or develop a new design on their own. .
由于感光元件面积足以覆盖135镜头完整像场，使用FX镜头转接时，一样可以拍摄出正方形构图的照片。.
Nikon has not officially released now to comment on this. .
http://www。.dimoim。.net。.
Very pleased, on the open source code. .
DimoIM。.Net 网络图片管理软件是为需要大量使用图片/照片进行工作的企事业单位和个人设计的，如出版社、杂志、设计师、设计室、图片社、学校、政府部门、网站等等。.
By DimoIM. . Net to picture / photo stored in the server for all to share the use of staff not only can save hard disk space, but also greatly enriched the available image resources. DimoIM. . Net Web photo management software, powerful search function helps users quickly and easily find the required picture / photo files. All results of the work can be uploaded to the server, categorized storage, unified management, quick search. DimoIM. .Net 网络图片管理软件就是一个为用户提供数字图像管理，检索服务的商业软件。.
Manufacturing enterprise, trade or other trade-type businesses often need a lot of product images and customer information management exchange, product often can reach thousands of pictures Shu Liang Zhang and even tens of thousands, then through Email, the traditional site in the form can no longer meet the business on speed, cost, convenience needs. .
我们的产品则可以帮助您快速建立一个发布产品图片，展示产品，提供报价的网络平台，帮助您管理几万甚至更多的产品图片信息，帮助您方便的把产品图片展示给您的客户或潜在客户，而这一切只需要980元。 了解详情 演示程序。.
Click here to view the version of the update. .
980元开放所有源代码。.
Yoshiro Mori demo site for a software application cases. .
Chadpic。.com 应用案例网站二 。.
System Screenshot Click thumbnail to view larger image. .
·日历浏览方式。.
* My album management. .
·照片搜索。.
* User group management. .
·照片详细信息查看。.
* Photo Upload assistant. .
对于我的功用稍后测试一下：。.
Studio, design studios, photo studio can use this software do? . .
实现多摄影师，多设计师图片/照片作品的管理、检索；。.
Multi-user picture / photo file sharing, transfer;. .
图片/照片作品发布；。.
Provide customers with paid / unpaid electronic album services;. .
为自主版权图片/赵篇作品加注水印，提供版权保护；。.
Through the issuance of self-copyright works, for image / photo sales, agent, find resources for more value;. .
等软件所具备的其它功能。.
C / S and B / S distinction. .
Client/Server是建立在局域网的基础上的。.Browser/Server是建立在广域网的基础上的。.
1. Hardware environment is different:. .
C/S 一般建立在专用的网络上, 小范围里的网络环境, 局域网之间再通过专门服务器提供连接和数据交换服务。.
B / S based on wide area networks, and need not be a dedicated network hardware environment, patients and telephone access, rental of equipment. . Information own management. . Than C / S greater scope to adapt the general as long as the operating system and browser on the line. .
２．对安全要求不同 。.
C / S for the general user base is relatively fixed on a strong information security control. . Usually highly confidential information systems by C / S structure fit. . Can be B / S part of publicly released information. .
B/S 建立在广域网之上, 对安全的控制能力相对弱, 面向是不可知的用户群。.
3. Different structure of the program. .
C/S 程序可以更加注重流程, 可以对权限多层次校验, 对系统运行速度可以较少考虑。.
B / S on the security and access speed of the multiple considerations, based on the basis of need for more optimized. . Than the C / S have higher requirements B / S structure of the procedural framework is the development trend, from the MS's. . Net series of BizTalk 2000 Exchange 2000, a comprehensive support network set up the system components. . SUN and IBM pushed the JavaBean component technology, so that B / S is more mature. .
４．软件重用不同 。.
C / S program integrity can be considered inevitable, as the reusability of components in the B / S request the reuse of components is good. .
B/S 对的多重结构,要求构件相对独立的功能。. 能够相对较好的重用。.就入买来的餐桌可以再利用,而不是做在墙上的石头桌子 。.
5. Different system maintenance. .
系统维护是软件生存周期中,开销大, -------重要。.
C / S program as holistic, we must examine the whole deal with the problems and system upgrades. . Upgrading difficult. . Probably do a completely new system. .
B/S 构件组成,方面构件个别的更换,实现系统的无缝升级。. 系统维护开销减到最小。.用户从网上自己下载安装就可以实现升级。.
6. Address different issues. .
C/S 程序可以处理用户面固定, 并且在相同区域, 安全要求高需求, 与操作系统相关。. 应该都是相同的系统。.
B / S based WAN, for different user groups, geographic dispersion, which is C / S can not be done for. . And the relationship between the operating system platform, minimum. .
７．用户接口不同 。.
C / S multi-establishment of the Window platform, performance is limited and generally require a higher on the programmer. .
B/S 建立在浏览器上, 有更加丰富和生动的表现方式与用户交流。. 并且大部分难度减低,减低开发成本。.
8. Information flow different. .
C/S 程序一般是典型的中央集权的机械式处理, 交互性相对低。.
B / S information flow can be changed, BB BC BG and other information, the flow of change, more like a trading center. .
